U.S. and the Shadow of War

The London Conference

• An international meeting set up to create a coordinated attack on the Great Depression

• The main goal was to stabilize the exchange rate for global currencies.

• Roosevelt did not want to be tied to an international agreement that could affect America’s recovery. It reemphasized America’s isolationism.

Freedom for the Philippines

• Passed the Tydings – McDuffie act in 1934• U.S. plans to give the Philippines their

independence on July 4,1946.• U.S. would give up their army bases, but keep

the naval bases.• Why? – To cut down on Filipino labor from

coming into the U.S. and to eliminate Filipino sugar

• Japan sees this as the U.S. retreating from Asia

Recognition of the Soviet Union

• U.S. formally recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933.

• Roosevelt hoped for trade with Soviet Russia

• Hoped to use the Russians as a power counterbalance between Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” FDR’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyPolicy

5 Important to have all Important to have all nations in the Western nations in the Western Hemisphere united in Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign lieu of foreign aggressions.aggressions.

5 FDR FDR The good The good neighbor respects neighbor respects himself and the rights himself and the rights of othersof others..

5 Policy of non-Policy of non-intervention and intervention and cooperation.cooperation.

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” FDR’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyPolicy

• Acid test in Mexico– 1938, Mexican government seizes American

oil interest– American investors demanded armed

intervention– 1941 a settlement was agreed upon– Roosevelt’s negotiations led to an era of

friendliness in the Western Hemisphere

Reciprocal Trade Agreement

• Roosevelt believed that trade was a two way street.

• He wished to lower tariffs as much as 50% to encourage trade.

• By 1939 twenty-one nations signed treaties of reciprocity with the U.S.

Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

• Fascism – an aggressive nationalism• The nation is more important than the

individual• Strongly anti-Communist• Mussolini portrayed his party as the wall

between Communism and the ownership of property and the Middle class.

• He promised full employment

Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

• In 1922 leads a march on Rome to protect the nation

• Conservatives get the King of italy to name Mussolini premier.

• With the backing of industrialist, landowners and the Catholic Church, Mussolini takes over the government

• He is called Il Duce

http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/leaders/mussolini.jpg

Adolf Hitler and Germany

• A strong anti-communist and admirer of Mussolini

• Helped form the Nationalist Socialist Worker’s Party or Nazi Party

• Led a rebellion in Munich in 1923 and tried to seize power. The power grab known as the “Beerhall Putszh” failed and Hitler was imprisoned

• While in prison wrote a book called Mein Kampf.

Mein Kampf

• Called for unification of all German people• A master race of “blonde blue-eyed

Germans” called Aryans• Lebensraum or living space – get the land

from the East from the inferior Slavic people who would be enslaved.

• Blaming the Jews for the world’s problems and the German loss in World War I

Mein Kampf

• 1925 Copy of Hitler's Mein Kampf

The Rise to Power• Hitler persuaded the German government to lift its ban

on the Nazi party.• In 1928, the Nazis polled just 810,000 votes in German

elections; however, in 1930 after the Depression began, they polled 6 ½ million votes.

• Two years later, Hitler ran for president; he lost, but received 13 ½ million votes--37 percent of all votes cast.

• The Nazis had suddenly become the single largest party in the German parliament.

• In January 1933, Germany's president named Hitler chancellor. The German elite thought they could control Hitler

• A year and a half later Hitler was Germany's dictator.

Hitler’s Germany• Hitler's government outlawed labor unions, imposed

newspaper censorship, and decreed that the Nazis would constitute Germany's only political party.

• The regime established a secret police force, the Gestapo, to suppress all opposition and required all children, 10 years and older, to join youth organizations designed to indoctrinate Nazi beliefs.

• By 1935, Hitler had transformed Germany into a fascist state. The government exercised total control over all political, economic, and cultural activities.

Hitler’s Germany

• Replacing crucifixes in some German houses were Hitler Corners which were suppose to bring good luck to families

• The Volkswagen was created by Ferdinand Porsche so that all Germans could afford automobiles

• Rest farms create so women could breed the perfect Aryan child.

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany• Anti-Semitism was an integral part of Hitler's

political program. • The 1935 Nuremberg Laws forbade

intermarriages, restricted property rights, and barred Jews from the civil service, the universities, and all professional and managerial occupations.

• On the night of November 9, 1939--a night now known as Kristallnacht (the night of the broken glass)--the Nazis imprisoned more than 20,000 Jews in concentration camps and destroyed more than 200 synagogues and 7,500 Jewish businesses

Militarist Take Control of Japan

• Economics in Japan collapsed because Japan had to import the majority of their resources

• Japanese military officers blamed the problems on corrupt politicians

• Believed that democracy was un-Japanese and bad for the country

Japan Invades Manchuria

• Japanese officers invade resource rich Manchuria without government permission

• When the Japanese Prime Minister tried to negotiate a peace, he was assassinated.

• http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/search/assetDetail.cfm?guidAssetID=9F9214BD-A6A0-4DA2-8087-AE2DF83C818A&tabStart=videoSegments

• Japan viewed themselves as the future of Asia

Japanese Attack Manchuria Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)(1931)

League of Nations condemned the League of Nations condemned the action.action.Japan leaves the League.Japan leaves the League.Hoover wanted no part in an American military action Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.in the Far East.

Hoover-Stimpson Hoover-Stimpson DoctrineDoctrine

(1932)(1932)US would not recognize any territorial US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force.acquisitions that were achieved by force.Japan was infuriated because the US hadJapan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new conquered new territories a few territories a few decades earlier.decades earlier.Japan bombed Japan bombed Shanghai in Shanghai in 1932 1932 massive massive casualties.casualties.

Nye Committee HearingsNye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)(1934-1936)

The Nye Committee IThe Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge investigated the charge that WW I was needless and that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”][“merchants of death.”]The Committee did charge The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.money.Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.sailing in to warring nations’ waters.Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

Ludlow Amendment (1938)Ludlow Amendment (1938)

A proposed A proposed amendment to the amendment to the Constitution that Constitution that called for a national called for a national referendum on any referendum on any declaration of war by declaration of war by Congress.Congress.

Introduced several Introduced several times by times by Congressman Ludlow.Congressman Ludlow.

Never actually Never actually passed.passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowCongressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN][D-IN]

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 19371937

When the President proclaimed the existence of When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:automatically go into effect:

Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].at war [in contrast to WW I].Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up. pay when goods are picked up.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

This limited the options of the President in a This limited the options of the President in a crisis.crisis.America in the 1930s declined to build up its America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!forces!

US NeutralityUS Neutrality

Rome – Berlin – Tokyo Axis

• 1936 - Hitler and Mussolini signed a treaty pledging cooperation on international issues

• 1936 – Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy with the Anti-Comintern Pact

• Became known as the Axis Powers

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)(1936-1939)

The American “Lincoln The American “Lincoln Brigade”Brigade”

Spanish Civil War

• The Civil War devastated Spain from July 17,1936 to April 1, 1939, ending with the victory of the rebels and the founding of a dictatorship led by the General Francisco Franco who was supported by Fascist, army officers, landowners and the Catholic Church

• A preliminary of World War 2 – Germany and Italy supported Franco while the Soviets supported the Coalition of Republicans

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capa%2C_Death_of_a_Loyalist_Soldier.jpg

Japan Moves1937 – the Japanese attack China from ManchuriaThe Japanese armed forces were surprised by the level of Chinese resistance that preceded the fall of Shanghai and took out their frustration on the civilians and soldiers who surrendered the city of Nanking in December of 1937. Realistic estimates indicate that 300,000 Chinese civilians and soldiers were killed and that Japanese soldiers raped tens of thousands of the city’s women.

Panay Incident (1937)Panay Incident (1937)December 12, 1937.December 12, 1937.Japan bombed Japan bombed USS USS PanayPanay gunboat & three gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.the Yangtze River.The river was an The river was an international waterway.international waterway.Japan was testing US resolve!Japan was testing US resolve!Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.promised no further attacks.Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.ResultsResults Japanese interpreted US tone as a license Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for for further aggression against US interests. further aggression against US interests.

Italian Aggression

• One of Mussolini's goals was to create an Italian empire in North Africa.

• In 1912 and 1913, Italy had conquered Libya.

• In 1935, he provoked war with Ethiopia, conquering the country in eight months.

Germany Strikes 1935, he publicly announced that he was building an air force and a 550,000-man army. He also declared that Germany would have a peacetime draft, a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles. 1936, German troops re-occupied the Rhineland, the German-speaking region between the Rhine River and France. France and Great Britain did not oppose Hitler's bold advance, for they believed (or wanted to believe) the Rhineland would satisfy his ambitions.

Germany Strikes

Intent on reuniting all German-speaking peoples of Europe under the "Third Reich," Hitler annexed Austria in 1938 and imprisoned the country's chancellor. Once again, the British and the French acquiesced, hoping Austria would be Hitler's last stop. Later that year, he demanded the Sudentenland, the German-speaking region of western Czechoslovakia.

Germany Strikes

In September 1938, Edouard Daladier, the premier of France, and Neville Chamberlain, Britain's prime minister, met with Hitler in Munich, Germany, to determine whether he had further designs on Europe. Fearing they could not count on each other to use force, British and French leaders eagerly accepted Hitler's promises not to seek additional territory in Europe.

Germany Strikes

Upon arriving in England, Chamberlain told his anxious countrymen that he had returned with an agreement that guaranteed "peace in our time." In less than a year, Munich would become synonymous with shameful appeasement, and Chamberlain would be vilified for believing Hitler's lies

Germany Strikes

In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression treaty. In exchange for the pact, Hitler agreed to grant the Soviet Union a sphere of influence over eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and Bessarabia (northeastern Romania), while Stalin approved Germany's designs on western Poland and Lithuania. With his eastern front protected from attack, Hitler was now prepared for war.

World War 2 Begins

At daybreak on September 1, 1939, mechanized German forces broke across the Polish border, while German bombers and fighters attacked Polish railroads from the air. On September 17, Russia attacked Poland from the east. Within three weeks, Poland was overrun.

World War 2 Begins

New military strategy known as blitzkrieg (lightning war). Blitzkrieg stressed speed, force, and surprise and closely coordinating air power and mechanized ground forces. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939, two days after the German invasion began. But the two countries did little while Poland fell.

1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality ActIn response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.FDR persuades Congress in special session to FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:limited way:

The US could sell weapons to the European The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.which US ships and citizens could not enter.

Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:Aggressors could not send ships to buy US Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.munitions.The US economy improved as European demands The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.1937-38 recession.

America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

1940

France moved its troops to its famous Maginot Line, a supposedly invincible line of defensive fortification built to protect France's eastern border. No fighting took place in late 1939 and 1940, leading people to call this a "phony war." Hitler captured Denmark and NorwayThe capture of Norway forces Chamberlain to resign and he’s replaced by Winston Churchill

1940Winston Churchill, who (since 1932) had been warning people about the danger Hitler posed Churchill told the British people that he had nothing to offer them but "blood, toil, tears, and sweat" in their fight to resist foreign aggression

FranceMay 1940, Hitler began his assault on Western Europe. He outflanked France's Maginot Line by attacking Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands before driving his forces into France British expeditionary force rushed across the English Channel to try to stop the German offensive. However, a German tank thrust forced the British to retreat to the French seaport of Dunkirk. With the British force nearly surrounded, Hitler had a chance to crush his opponents. But Britain's Royal Air Force held off German bombers long enough to allow a flotilla of yachts, ferries, and fishing boat to evacuate 338,000 allied troops across the English Channel.

Anglo-U.S. Friendship

British forces had been driven from the continent. Worse yet, they had been forced to leave

their weapons and tanks behind. Britain turned to the United States for

help. President Roosevelt responded to the Dunkirk disaster by ordering U.S. military arsenals to send all available war materiel to Britain to replace the lost equipment.

The Fall of FranceDuring World War I, France held out against the Germans for four years. This time, French resistance lasted two weeks. Germany began its assault on France on June 5; a German troop entered Paris on June 14; and on June 22, a new French government, made up of pro-German sympathizers, was set up at Vichy. In just six weeks, Germany had conquered most of continental Europe.

The Battle of Britain

Hitler sought to occupy Britain. Convinced that Britain would negotiate with him (in order to keep control of its empire), Hitler decided against an immediate invasion. Churchill, however, refused to bargain. Defiantly, he told his people that he would resist any German assault: "We shall fight on the beaches...we shall fight in the streets...we shall never surrender."

The Battle of BritainHitler was furious. First, he unleashed German submarines against British shipping. Then, in July, he sent his air force, the Luftwaffe, to destroy Britain from the air. At the time the assault began, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had just 704 serviceable planes, while Germany had 2,682 bombers and fighters ready for action. Throughout July and August, the Luftwaffe attacked airfields and radar stationed on Britain's southern and eastern coast

The Battle of BritainNext, in September Hitler shifted strategy and began to bomb civilian targets in London. These air raids, known as the blitz, continued through the fall and winter. In May 1941, the blitz ended. While outnumbered, the RAF had won the Battle of Britain. Churchill expressed his nation's gratitude with the famous words: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."

Hitler Lies!!!!Hitler shifted strategy and invaded the Soviet Union. The attack, which began on June 22, 1941, violated the German-Soviet nonaggression pact. Hitler's goal was to seize Soviet food and oil and to capture slave labor for Germany. At first, the Nazi war machine seemed invincible; by fall, Hitler's armies had overrun the grain fields of Ukraine and were approaching Moscow and Leningrad. But instead of pressing ahead toward Moscow, as his generals advised, Hitler decided to seize Leningrad and occupy the Ukraine. By the time he was ready to advance on Moscow, temperatures had plunged to 40 degrees below zero. In the frigid cold, German troops suffered frostbite, and their equipment broke down.

““America First” CommitteeAmerica First” Committee

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

FDR Supports England

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• Two days after Britain and France declared war against Germany, President Roosevelt declared the United States neutral.

(pages 601–602)

FDR Supports England

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• The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the United States as long as they paid cash and carried the arms away on their own ships.

(pages 601–602)

• President Roosevelt used a loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939 and sent 50 old American destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands.

FDR Supports England (cont.)

(pages 601–602)

The Isolationist Debate

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• The America First Committee opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies.

Charles Lindberg giving a speech for “America First”

The Isolationist Debate

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• After the German invasion of France and the rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk, American public opinion changed to favor limited aid to the Allies.

(pages 602–603)

Section 4-9• President Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented third

term as president in the election of 1940. • Both Roosevelt and the Republican candidate,

Wendell Willkie, said they would keep the United States neutral but assist the Allied forces.

The Isolationist Debate (cont.)

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(pages 602–603)

• Roosevelt won by a large margin.

The Isolationist Debate

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(pages 602–603)

You Don’t Say 1-1

"Suppose my neighbor's home catches fire, and I have a length of garden hose four or five hundred feet away. If he can take my garden hose and connect it up with his hydrant, I may help him to put out his fire...I don't say to him before that operation, "Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it."... I don't want $15--I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. "

- Franklin Roosevelt (March 1941) In support of the Lend-Lease Act

Edging Toward War

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• Congress passed the act by a wide margin.

(pages 603–604)

“Lend-Lease” Act (1941)Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Japan Attacks the United States

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• When Britain began moving its warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire.

• In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials–materials important for fighting a war–to other countries.

• Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan.

• The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy.

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Japan Attacks the United States (cont.)

(pages 604–606)

• By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat to the British Empire.

• Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all Japanese assets in the United States and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan.

.

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Japan Attacks the United States (cont.)

(pages 604–606)

• The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the Philippines, and attack Pearl Harbor.

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Japan Attacks the United States (cont.)

(pages 604–606)

• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring hundreds more.

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Japan Attacks the United States (cont.)

(pages 604–606)

Beginning in 1931, ten years before Japan attacked, every graduate of the Japanese Naval Academy had to answer the following question as part of their final examination:

The question remained on the cadets’ exam every year until the beginning of the war in the Pacific. It is not known if the Japanese high command used any of the answers from the ten-year period while planning the real attack.

Final Exam: Essay Question

“How would you carry out a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor?”

• The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

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Japan Attacks the United States (cont.)

(pages 604–606)

“Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan . . . I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense . . . No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.”

— Franklin D. Roosevelt  December 8, 1941

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Japan Attacks the United States

(pages 604–606)

• On December 11, 1941, Japan’s allies – Germany and Italy–declared war on the United States.

Japan Attacks the United States

• According to the Axis treaty, Hitler did not have to declare war on the U.S. (only if Japan was attacked)

• Hitler grew frustrated with the U.S. Navy’s attacks on German subs in the Atlantic and the Lend-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy? Both a Top Secret Army Board Report and a Joint Congressional

Committee concluded in 1945 that there was in fact a cover-up in U.S. intelligence toward Pearl Harbor- not made public because of what it would do to moral

ARMY BOARD, 1944 "everything that the Japanese were planning to do was known to the United States…."

Why would FDR let Pearl Harbor be attacked? Needed to look unprovoked• he had actually cut off the

Japanese through a trade embargo

• the U.S. was the only military threat to Japan in Asia

The attack had to be HUGE• just firing between the

Germans and U.S. in Atlantic was not enough to cause war

• the U.S. had to look weak and beatable in order for Germany and Italy to join Japan

• it had to outrage the American public

How could the U.S. of known of the attack? U.S. intelligence had been

able to decode all Japanese radio transmissions

• they were taped in the Pacific, radioed to Washington, and then sent back de-coded to Hawaii

• The U.S. had received warnings from the Soviet Union, British, Netherlands, Australia, Peru, and Korea that an attack was coming

By November 29th, U.S. knew where and whenU.S. interception of a phone conversation from the Japanese

embassy in D.C.• Embassy Worker: "Tell me, what zero hour is. Otherwise, I won't be

able to carry on diplomacy."• Voice from Tokyo: "Well then, I will tell you. Zero hour is December 8th

at Pearl Harbor" (Tokyo time which is Dec 7th Washington time)

Argument Against a Conspiracy Many historians argue that the Japanese just pulled off a brilliant

surprise with everything going right for them.With the attack coming from the Northeast, American radar

operatives thought it was American B-17s coming in from the mainland with a delivery.

Concern in Hawaii was sabotage Any attack on Hawaii by the

Japanese was thought to be coming from acts of sabotage operatives.

At Pearl Harbor the ships were lined up on “Battleship Row” with smaller ships in front to protect from these attacks.

At their airfield the planes were lined up wingtip to wingtip outside to protect against attacks of sabotage.

Both of these make them easy targets for the Japanese.

Conspiracy, Miscommunication or Overconfidence? It is hard to believe that FDR or

the military had any clue about the magnitude of the possible attack that would cripple the US Navy in the Pacific and lose 2400 men.

Similar to 9/11, although some people in the military knew of the possibility of an attack, there were lapses in communication

Many expected an attack to happen in the Philippines. They also felt the Japanese were inferior pilots and any attack in Hawaii would be easily defeated.

M/C 3-1Remembering Pearl Harbor

M/C 3-1Remembering Pearl Harbor

M/C 3-1Remembering Pearl Harbor