US Agency for International Development (USAID) Moldova ...US Agency for International Development...

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US Agency for International Development (USAID)

Moldova Amendment to Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Program/Project/Activity Data

Activity/Project Name: High Value Agriculture Activity (HVAA) PERSUAP

Assistance Objective: Economic Growth

Program Area: Private Sector Competitiveness

Country(ies) and/or Operating Unit: Moldova Originating Office: Date:7/21/2017 PAD Level IEE: Yes No Supplemental IEE: Yes NoRCE/IEE Amendment: Yes No

DCN of Original RCE/IEE: 2017-MOL-023

DCN of Amendment(s):

If Yes, Purpose of Amendment (AMD): Add PERSUAP

DCN(s) of All Related EA/IEE/RCE/ER(s):

Implementation Start/End: LOP: 11/18/2016 – 11/17/2021

Funding Amount: LOP Amount: $20,960,357

Contract/Award Number (if known): AID-117-C-17-00001 Recommended Environmental Determination:

Categorical Exclusion: Positive Determination: Negative Determination: Deferral:

Additional Elements:

Conditions: Local Procurement: Government to Government: Donor Co-Funded:

1. Purpose of Amendment

1.1. Purpose of Amendment: The purpose of this amendment is to add the PERSUAP.

1.2. All conditions of the original IEE remain in effect. With this Amendment, all existing reporting requirements shall remain in place.

1.3. This PERSUAP fulfills one of the requirements of the IEE. With this amendment approved activities related to pesticides will be able to proceed. This PERSUAP should be updated every two years.

1.4. This project is currently in compliance.

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CLEARANCE PAGE

________________________________________ _______________ Rodica Miron Date USAID Moldova HVAA COR ________________________________________ _______________ Karen Hilliard Date USAID Moldova Misison Director

________________________________________ _______________ Mark Kamiya Date Bureau Environmental Officer

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April 2017

This publication was produced for the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics

International. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for

International Development or the United States Government.

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

PERSUAP MOLDOVA HIGH VALUE AGRICULTURE ACTIVITY (HVAA)

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PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

Contract No.AID-117-C-17-00001

The author's views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for

International Development or the United States Government

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS _________________________________ 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ____________________________________________ 8

I. INTRODUCTION _____________________________________________ 16

1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE PERSUAP _______________________________________ 16

1.2. BACKGROUND TO HVAA _______________________________________________ 16

1.3. COUNTRY BACKGROUND ______________________________________________ 17

1.4. TARGET CROPS AND PEST ISSUES ______________________________________ 19

II. PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT ____________________________ 21

2.1. THE USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES __ 21

2.2. THE BASIS FOR SELECTION OF THE PESTICIDES ________________________ 35

2.3 THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS PART OF AN IPM PROGRAM _________________________________________________________________ 52

2.4 THE PROPOSED METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT ____________________ 53

2.5 ACUTE AND CHRONIC HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS _________ 55

2.6 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES FOR PROPOSED USE 73

2.7 COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDES WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS ___________________________________________________ 74

2.8 THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDES ARE TO BE USED (CLIMATE, FLORA, FAUNA, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, SOILS) ________________ 74

2.9 THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF OTHER PESTICIDES AND NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS _________________________________________ 77

2.10 THE REQUESTING COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES 93

2.11 THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR TRAINING USERS AND APPLICATORS _____ 96

2.12 THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR MONITORING USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PESTICIDES _______________________________________________________________ 98

III. SAFER USE ACTION PLAN ___________________________________ 100

IV. REFERENCES ________________________________________________ 103

Annex 1: Pesticides (N=90) for use on HVAA ________________________ 106

Annex 2: Toxicity of Pesticides - EPA and WHO Classifications _______ 140

Annex 3: Pesticide Management and Safeguards: USEPA, WHO, EU and Private ___________________________________________________________ 142

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Annex 4: Listing of Key Moldovan Legislation on Environment and Phytosanitary Issues _______________________________________________ 145

Annex 5: Application for state approval of pesticides _________________ 147

Annex 6: Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Procedures _________ 159

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ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS AI Active Ingredient ANSA National Food Safety Agency DCN Document Control Number EA Environmental Assessment EHS Environment Health and Safety EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan ER Environmental Review EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GAP Good Agricultural Practice GlobalGAP Global Standard for Good Agricultural Practice GUP General Use Pesticide HT Highly toxic HVA High Value Agriculture HVAA USAID High Value Agriculture Activity IEE Initial Environmental Examination IPM Integrated Pest Management MCC Millenium Challenge Corporation MRL Maximum Residue Limit MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MT Moderately toxic NAT Not acutey toxic NL Not listed NCV No Consensus Value PAN Pesticide Action Network PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safety Use Action Plan PGR Plant Growth Regulators PNT Practically non toxic POPs Persistant Organic Pollutants PRA Pest Risk Analysis RNT Relatively non toxic RUP Restricted Use Pesticide ST Slightly toxic T Toxic TOT Training of Trainers USAID United States Agency for International Development USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VHT Very highly toxic VT Very toxic WHO World Health Organization

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY USAID High Value Agriculture Activity will support targeted value chains and accelerate the growth of the HVA sector, tailored to the Moldovan development context and maturity of the targeted value chains. The targeted value chains include: apples, pears, table grapes, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, blueberries, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, lettuce, cabbage, potatoes, garlic, almonds, hazelnuts, walnuts. The objectives of the USAID High Value Agriculture Activity (HVAA) are to:

1. Expand trade and strengthen linkages to domestic, regional and international markets for targeted value chains;

2. Improve productivity, post-harvest handling and private sector capacity to comply with European and international standards in targeted value chains;

3. Increase capacities of member-based groups (producer groups, Water User Associations (WUAs) and industry associations) to serve their members in targeted value chains; and

4. Improve the enabling environment leading to increased investments and an improved workforce in key value chains.

Some HVAA activities may require the "use" of pesticides. The USAID Environmental Procedures for pesticide “use” (as provided by USAID Environmental Procedures: Text of Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations Part 216), requires that all projects involving assistance for the procurement or use, or both, of pesticides shall be subject to the procedures prescribed in 22 CFR 216.3. “Use” is interpreted broadly to include the handling, transport, storage, mixing, loading, application, clean up of spray equipment, and disposal of pesticides, as well as the provision of fuel for transport of pesticides, and providing technical assistance in the use of pesticides. This Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) has been prepared to provide guidance to the team implementing the USAID High Value Agriculture Activity (HVAA) in Moldova and ensure that the implementation of this project is carried out in compliance with USAID’s Environmental Compliance Procedures (22 CFR 216). This report addresses the 12 factors according to 216.3 (b)(1)(i) (a through l). The HVAA PERSUAP is organized in such a way that each section corresponds to the Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216). Each

THE 12 FACTORS ADDRESSED IN THE PERSUAP

a. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

b. Basis for Selection of Pesticides c. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or

could be, part of an IPM program d. Proposed method or methods of application,

including the availability of application and safety equipment

e. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

f. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

g. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

h. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

i. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

j. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

k. Provision for training of users and applicators. l. Provision made for monitoring the use and

effectiveness of each pesticide

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pesticide is evaluated with respect to the risks and benefits of the planned use, relying on previous reviews and assessments prepared by the USEPA as well as WHO Toxicity Classes. The WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. The distinction between the two classification systems is further elaborated in Annex 1. To prepare the report, staff at relevant government departments were consulted- namely the Moldovan State Agency for Certification and Approval of Phytosanitary Products and Fertilizers. In particular, a close review was conducted of the State register of phytosanitary products, a very comprehensive document that lists registered active ingredients, commercial products names, and crops for which pesticides are permitted for use. Furthermore, previously approved PERSUAPs for Moldova (i.e. the earlier USAID agriculture activity) were reviewed including the original PERSUAP (DCN: 2012-MOL-001), and subsequent amendments (DCN: 2012-MOL-003, DCN: 2013-MOL-004, DCN: 2014-MOL-004). HVAA applied a similar approach for the review of pesticides. All pesticides registered in Moldova for high value agricultural crops supported by HVAA were reviewed according to Regulation 216.3. Three hundred and eighty (380) pesticides registered in the Republic of Moldova were screened based on the current registration permitting use on HVA crops: and then screened based on US EPA registration status and toxicity. The output of this process is a long list of pesticides (90 as per Table 1) that HVAA may promote under Integrated Pest Management (IPM)-based programs. It is unlikely that the project will promote the use of all pesticides for which HVAA seeks approval. Instead, this PERSUAP provides a full list of pesticides that HVAA may consider when developing crop specific IPM plans in consultation with leading IPM experts in Moldova. Table 1: Pesticides approved for use on HVAA. The use of such pesticides must follow instructions as stated on the label and any specific instructions as per Annex 1. Ref Active ingredient/chemical Commercial name / locally registered products

Fungicides 1 Azoxystrobin Quadris 250 SC; Azoshy 250 SC; Aztec EC; Brodvei, SC; 2 Azoxystrobin +

Cyproconazole Amistar XTRA 280 SC; Amigo 330 SC;

3 Boscalid Cantus 4 Bromuconazole Vectra 10 SC 5 Captan Buvicid 370 K SC; Kito 800 WDG;Capral 80 WG 6 Copper hydroxide Kocide 2000 7 Copper hydroxide +

Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3)

Airone, SC

8 Copper sulfate (tribasic) Cupro Star 46 SC, Cuprofix 40 Dispers WDG, Cuproxat SC 9 Cyazofamid Mildicut,SC ;Ranman Top, SC

10 Cymoxanil Akkord, WP; Calenta, WP; Cymbal, WG; Presto 500 WP; Tamoxanil 450 WG;

11 Cymoxanil + Famoxadone Epic,WG ;Tanos 12 Cymoxanil + Copper

oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3)

Ordan WP; Curage, WP;

13 Cymoxanil + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) + Mancozeb

Triomax 45 WP

14 Cymoxanil + Mancozeb Presto Plus 72 WP; Profilux,WG; Rapid Gold 72 WP 15 Cymoxanil + Metalaxyl Zahist,WP

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Ref Active ingredient/chemical Commercial name / locally registered products 16 Cyproconazole +

Propiconazole Alto Super 330 EC

17 Cyprodinil Chorus 75 WG; Chorale, WDG; Atlet 75 WG; Prezent 75 WG; Quantum, WG; Qualy 300 EC;Respect 750 WG;Tafrinil,WG

18 Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil Forsaj 62,5 WG ;Switch 62,5 WG; 19 Difenoconazole Score 250 EC; Raiok EC; Scorazol, EC; Doctor 250 EC;

Difo 250 EC; Scorpion 250 EC;Scoramex 250 EC, Cursor, EC; Caldera 250 EC;Combat 25 EC

20 Difenoconazole + Kresoxim methyl

Samsit, CS

21 Difenoconazole + Propiconazole

Taspa 500EC; Dinazol Plus 500 EC; Riba Gold 500 EC ; Superior 500 EC

22 Dimethomorph + Folpet Sphinx Extra, WG 23 Dimethomorph+ Mancozeb Acrobat Mz 90/600 WG; Avatar,WG 24 Fenamidone +Propamocarb

hydrochloride Consento SC 450

25 Fenhexamid Teldor 50 WG 26 Fluazinam Banjo 500 SC; Nando,SC 27 Fluopicolide +

Propamocarb hydrochloride

Infinito SC

28 Flutriafol Impact 25 SC; Leader 250 SC; Etalon 250 SC; Fitolecari,SC; Impuls-F,SC; Xenium 25 SC

29 Folpet Folpan 50 WP; Folpan 80 WG; Solofol,WG; Niptan,WG 30 Folpet + Triadimenol Shavit F 72 WDG; Shavit F 72 WP 31 Fosetyl-Al + Fluopicolide Profiler WG 71 32 Fosetyl-Al Aliette WP 80; ALUMAX; Efatol 80 WP 33 Fosetyl-Al + Folpet Momentum Extra,WDG 34 Fosetyl-Al + Mancozeb +

Myclobutanil Manoxin M 60 PU

35 Iprodione Rovral Aquaflo 36 Kresoxim-methyl Ardent 50 SC; Strobitec 50 WG; Tuoreg 500 WP; Novaxim 50 WG; Giga

Plus 50 WG;Stroll, WDG; Power 50 WP; Fram 50 WG; Strike, WG;Stroby 37 Kresoxim-methyl +

Boscalid Collis;

38 Mancozeb Classic MZ 800 WP; Dithane M-45 WP; Doza 80 WP; Harvest,WP; Kadillak WP;Mancomex 80 WP;Olympus,WP; Penncozeb 75 WG; Pilarzeb 80 WP; Sanntozeb 80 WP; Valsazeb 800; Ventozeb 80 WP

39 Mancozeb + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) + Cymoxanil + Copper sulfate (tribasic)

Remiltine CS

40 Mancozeb + Mefenoxam Ridomil Gold MZ 41 Mancozeb + Metalaxyl Acidan 72 WP; Armetil-M; Curaiv,WP; Gold-M,WP; Matador 720 WP;

Metaxil,WP; Pyrenomil 720; Valsalaxil 720 WP; Unomil 72 WP 42 Mandipropamid +

Mancozeb Pergado MZ,WG

43 Metalaxyl Protexyl 350 WP; Maxcel WP 44 Metiram Venturam 70 WG, POLYRAM DF 45 Metiram + Pyraclostrobin Cabrio Top 46 Myclobutanil Laurin 400 WP; Monterrey, WP 47 Propamocarb

hydrochloride + Cymoxanil Proxanil,SC

48 Propamocarb hydrochloride + Fosetyl-Al

Previcur Energy SL 840

49 Pyraclostrobin+ Boscalid Bellis; Signum 50 Pyrimethanil Scala 400 SC, Lotus 400 SC,

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Ref Active ingredient/chemical Commercial name / locally registered products Ventapir, SC, Azimut, SC; Report 400 SC; Pyrus 400 SC

51 Pyrimethanil + Trifloxystrobin

Flint Star 520 SC; Lotus Extra 520 SC

52 Sulfur Sayfoss,WG; Cosavet 80 DF; Kumulus DF; Microthiol Special Disperss; Sulf praf umectabil; Sulfomat 80 PU; Sulfostar 800 SC; Sulfet,WG; Thiovit Jet 80 WG

53 Tebuconazole Dospeh 25 EC; Folmex,EW; King 250 EC; Arbalet 75 WG; Cerfun 250 EW; Colosal,EC; Concord 250 EW; Dospeh 25 EC; Folicur EW 250; Folmex,EW; GAT Tessla 25 WG; King 250 EC; Mystik 25 EC; Orius 25 EW; Riza 250 EW; Unical,SC

54 Tebuconazole + Sulfur Unicorn WG 55 Tebuconazole +

Trifloxystrobin Nativo 75 WG

56 Thiabendazole Cronos 220 SC 57 Thiophanate-methyl Tiofen 70 WP; Scaut 700 WP; Eclipse 700 WP; Octrotitor,SC; Scaut 700

WP; Tank 70 W ; Tiofen 70 WP; Topsin M 70 WP 58 Triadimenol Magistru 25 EC; Hardy 250 EC; Praktik 25 EC 59 Triflumizole Trifmine 30 WP

Insecticides 60 Acetamiprid

Acetamiprid 22,5 SL; Colorit SP; Mospilan 20 SG; Kestrel 20 SL; Lux, WP; Dolor 20 SG; Maccet, WG; Michigan 20 WP; Mosaprid SP; Taco 22.5 SL;

61 Clofentezine Apollo 500 SC 62 Chlorantraniliprole Coragen 20 SC; Artus 200 SC 63 Dimethoate Hitmite 50 SC ; 64 Fenpyroximate Nissorun 10 WP; Vulcan 10 WP; Kordox 10 WP; Mayor 10 WP; 65 Hexythiazox Avaunt SC; Avanguard SC; Pitch 150 SC; 66 Indoxacarb, S-isomer Box 50 EC ;Match 050 EC 67 Lufenuron Fostio, EC; Fufanon 570 EC; Maladion 570 EC; Smart 44 EW; 68 Malathion Sanmite 20 WP; Shockmite 20 WP; Taurid 200 WP; Zilot 20 WP 69 Pyridaben Admiral 10 EC; Control 100 EC; Amarok EC; 70 Pyriproxyfen Envidor SC 240 ; Krown SC; Stopmite 240 SC 71 Spirodiclofen Sulf praf umectabil; Thiovit Jet 80 WG; Sayfoss,WG 72 Sulfur Masai, Pirrat WP; Troyan WP;

Herbicides 73 Glufosinate, ammonium salt Fusilade Forte 150 EC 74 Glyphosate Basta SL 150 75 Glyphosate + Flazasulfuron

Absolut,SL; Argument,SL; Barclay Gallup 360 SL; Boom Efekt; Clean-X 360 SL; Dominator 360 SL; Dominator Mega 480 SL; Fachel 48 SL; Fachel Extra,SL; Felix WDG; Gliacint,SL; Glifovit 48 SL; Klinik 360 SL; Leone 36 SL; Muscle-Up 500 SL; Nuarid 500 WG; Ouragan Forte 500 SL; Roundup 360 SL; Roundup Max Plus,SL; Terminator 410 SL; Tornado 500 SL; Tornado, SL; Valsaup 360 SL ; Zero 360 SL

76 Oxyfluorfen + Glyphosate Chikara Duo,WG 77 Pendimethalin Zoomer, SC 78 Quizalofop-P-ethyl Paragon 330 EC, Prospect 330 EC, Stomp 330 EC, Stop EC 79 Rimsulfuron Escudo,WG; GAT Tiger 25 WG; Satir 25 WG; Tiran WG; Titus 25 WG 80 S-Metolachlor Dual Gold 960 EC

Biopesticides 81 Bacillus subtilis QST 713 Serenado ASO 82 Reynoutria sachalinensis

extract Recol

83 Trichoderma harzianum (Th-7F-BL)

Trihodermina Th-7F-BL

84 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Virin-MB; Virin-HS-2; Virin HS-P, Virin-OS Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)

85 1-Methylcyclopropene Fitomag; Fysium; Smart Fresh

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Ref Active ingredient/chemical Commercial name / locally registered products 86 Chlorpropham Neostop Starter 300 EC 87 Ethephon Cerone SL 480 88 Gibberellins Gerlagib LG; Gobbi Gib 2 LG , Habifol P 89 N6-benzyl adenine + 1-

Naphthaleneacetic acid Dira-Max LG

90 Prohexadione calcium Regalis Plus Operating within the parameters of this PERSUAP, HVAA will be able to remain in compliance with USAID regulations, while providing sound advice on pesticide use in an IPM context. HVAA will also be able to manage pesticide use on demonstration plots and research sites when developing effective crop-specific IPM systems. Rather than avoid pesticide issues, HVAA will be able to (1) provide recommendations on alternatives to pesticides and the use of least toxic pesticides when necessary; (2) provide safe use and IPM recommendations; and (3) recommend improved practices in transport, storage, mixing, application, and disposal of pesticides. These recommendations, offered to farmers and others throughout the targeted value chains, will help ensure that growth of high value agriculture in Moldova will not have a negative impact on the natural environment or human health. HVAA will oversee a rigorous training and monitoring program, which will mitigate the risk to human health and the environment that could result from HVAA’s programs in pest management. IPM will be a guiding principle in HVAA’s training design, implementation, and oversight. A useful definition of IPM is provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations UN): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. The above definition has been widely adopted, including by GlobalGAP1. Among other safer practices discussed in the PERSUAP, HVAA will recommend only “judicious use” of pesticides to help avoid, reduce, and mitigate the risks to human health and the environment. In the future, if HVAA intends to assist in the use of pesticides other than those requested and approved herein, HVAA will submit an amendment to this PERSUAP with a request for the specific pesticides, in accordance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3). This PERSUAP shall be reviewed every two years.

1 As per CB. 6 on pg 48 of GlobalGAP Integrated Farm Assurance Edition 5, July 2016 http://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/documents/160630_GG_IFA_CPCC_CC_V5_0-2_en.pdf

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While this PERSUAP requests the least toxic pesticides, all pesticides are hazardous to the environment and human health to some degree. Hence, this PERSUAP includes recommendations which will mitigate significant adverse impacts of pesticide use on the environment, including the human environment.

For each pesticide listed in Table 1 there are recommended mitigation procedures or actions that will need to be completed in order to increase the safety of pesticide use to both the environment and human health and safety (EH&S). Further details on the EH&S are in Annex 6. Below is an action plan for each recommendation with a timeline, responsibility and an estimated budget.

HVAA shall report to USAID in an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) on mitigation measures required herein:

1. HVAA will not promote the use of pesticides that are not listed in Table 1, and

HVAA will not promote the use of the more hazardous pesticides (EPA Toxicity I) in HVAA’s extension activities or extension materials, unless specified otherwise in this PERSUAP.

Timeline: Immediate Responsibility: HVAA project staff. Budget: project staff costs only.

HVAA will only recommend or assist with the use of pesticides approved herein, and with formulations that are USEPA registered as General Use Pesticides (GUPs); that are suitable for use on the target crops; that are registered for use in Moldova; and that are the least toxic pesticide choices available for the control of pests in target crops. HVAA will not encourage the use of pesticides in USEPA Toxicity Class I or II or WHO Toxicity Class I or II except for those with no practical alternative, and for those pesticides whose risk can easily be mitigated (e.g. copper-based pesticides). Furthermore, HVAA will actively discourage the use of any pesticides listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)2under the Stockholm Convention or pesticides listed under Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention3.

2. HVAA will review USEPA registration status, and EPA and WHO Toxicity

Classes of approved pesticides, registration status in Moldova, and HVAA will report to USAID on any significant revisions. An amendment to this PERSUAP will be submitted for USAID approval in case additional pesticides need to be used by the project.

Timeline: Annually. Responsibility: HVAA project staff. Estimated Budget: Project staff costs only.

3. HVAA will ensure that IPM and safe use practices described in the PERSUAP

(some examples in Sections 2.3 and 2.9) and others developed by HVAA technical experts are disseminated. Specifically:

a) Conduct training of trainers (ToT) of Business Development Service Providers (BDSPs)

to facilitate the implementation of the GlobalGAP standard among major farmer groups in Moldova Timeline: By July 2017 Responsibility: HVAA

2http://www.pops.int/ 3http://www.pic.int

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Budget: Project staff costs b) Develop an IPM program for HVAA targeted crops (using this PERSUAP and

earlier publications as the starting point) and conduct training on IPM for targeted crops with information on practical ways/cultural methods to manage pests and diseases and minimize pesticide use.

Timeline: start from April 2017 Responsibility: HVAA staff and partners Estimated Budget: to be included in the existing training budget program.

This training program needs to highlight preventative measures and cultural practices as a first-line of defense. It should also highlight ways pesticides can be integrated into the overall IPM program and used only as a last resort. It is best to incorporate this IPM training into the overall technical training program for producers that HVAA is already undertaking and should incorporate training on safe pesticide use and selection and use of appropriate equipment. IPM recommendations can be incorporated in HVAA extension materials on production or presented in stand-alone extension materials.

c) Train farmers in safe pesticide use practices covering topics such as: use of protective clothing, pesticide storage and disposal, proper disposal of empty pesticide containers, restricted entry intervals, environmental protection – especially regarding protection of aquatic habitats, fish, and terrestrial wildlife including bees—and EHS procedures.

Timeline: start from April 2017 Responsibility: HVAA Estimated Budget: project staff

This training can be conducted during IPM or other production-related training and during direct one-on-one TA to farmers. For pesticides toxic to aquatic organisms, and/or that could contaminate groundwater, trainers/technicians will give specific instructions about protecting aquatic habitats and groundwater. For pesticides highly toxic to birds, bees, and other wildlife, trainers/technicians will give specific instructions about protecting habitat, including preventing drift.

d) Produce a simple but attractive safe pesticide use poster, brochure or a DVD film,

with general information on pesticide toxicity, safe handling practices, safety clothing, EHS procedures, best practice in disposal of empty pesticide containers. Build on earlier publications covering this topic and ensure wide dissemination and promotion of its use through various communication channels.

Timeline: by December 2017 Responsibility: HVAA in collaboration with local partner organizations. Estimated Budget: $15,000 (possibly a grant)

If a brochure or poster is developed, it should be primarily a pictorial guide. Any text should ideally be brief, concrete, in the local language, and distributed during training events described above.

e) Raising awareness on the importance of pollination and proper application of

pesticides in orchards in order to protect bees and increase yields.

Timeline: by March 2018

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Responsibility: HVAA in collaboration with a local partner organization e.g. Moldovan Association of Beekeepers and the Moldova-Fruct Association.

Budget: $25,000 f) Support the Moldovan State Food Safety Agency (ANSA) in developing Pest Risk

Analysis (PRA) for crops/markets and updating the phytosanitary control sheets.

Timeline: From June 2017 Responsibility: HVAA staff with international expert support as needed Budget: $20,000

g) Findings of this PERSUAP should be disseminated to all relevant project staff who will

need to abide by the PERSUAP recommendations.

Timeline: as soon as PERSUAP is approved Responsibility: HVAA Estimated Budget: none

With such activities, the impact on the environment is expected to be beneficial as trained local advisors and farmers are likely to make better decisions regarding pest management technologies and, when pesticides are used, they will be used in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. The outcome of such efforts should also be progress towards addressing some of the important pesticide-related issues (such as pesticide labeling in the local language, disposal of empty pesticide containers, low use of safety clothing, and preparing the ground for GlobalGAP implementation and certification.

4. HVAA will implement an EMMP:

a) All HVAA training materials and demonstration plans will be screened by the HVAA Environmental Specialist to ensure that materials comply with the provisions of this PERSUAP, namely that any pesticides recommended are on the approved list of pesticides (Table 1) and that any pest management recommendations are promoted within the framework of IPM and safe pesticide use.

b) HVAA shall implement the risk mitigation and monitoring plan described herein, and report in Project Annual Reports (with brief updates in monthly reports) on progress, successes and failures. Where monitoring indicates that safer use practices are not being implemented, or where they are not adequately addressing impacts, HVAA will report to USAID and develop ways to respond to the problem.

c) PERSUAP mitigation and monitoring requirements will require HVAA to

allocate funding to implement the above measures. The PERSUAP will be updated every two years.

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE PERSUAP

The USAID Environmental Procedures for pesticide “use” (as provided by USAID Environmental Procedures: Text of Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations Part 216), requires that all projects involving assistance for the procurement or use, or both, of pesticides shall be subject to the procedures prescribed in 22 CFR 216.3. “Use” is interpreted broadly to include the handling, transport, storage, mixing, loading, application, clean up of spray equipment, and disposal of pesticides, as well as the provision of fuel for transport of pesticides, and providing technical assistance in the use of pesticides. At least 12 factors must be addressed according to 216.3 (b)(1)(i) (a through l). These 12 factors are examined in a technical analysis document called a “Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan” (PERSUAP). According to the US EPA, products are generally considered to be pesticides if they are intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. The HVAA PERSUAP is organized in such a way that each section corresponds to the Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216). Each pesticide is evaluated with respect to the risks and benefits of the planned use; relying on previous reviews and assessments prepared by the USEPA as well as WHO Toxicity Classes. The WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. The distinction between the two classification systems is further elaborated in Annex 2, with additional pesticide management and safeguards in Annex 3. Operating within the parameters of this PERSUAP, HVAA will be able to remain in compliance with USAID Regulations, while providing sound advice on pesticide use in an IPM context, and within the framework of a comprehensive safe use program. It will also be able to manage pesticide use on demonstration plots and research sites in the context of effective crop-specific IPM systems. Rather than avoid pesticide issues, HVAA can provide recommendations on use of least toxic pesticides and alternatives to pesticides, provide safe use and IPM recommendations, and can recommend improved practices in transport, storage, mixing, application, and disposal of pesticides. These recommendations, offered to farmers and others throughout the targeted value chains, will help to ensure that growth of high value agriculture in agriculture production in Moldova will not have a negative impact on the natural environment or human health. This PERSUAP enables HVAA to provide advice on pesticide use, to recommend pesticides, in an IPM context and, within the framework of a safe use program, to use pesticides on demonstration plots. The project will provide information on least toxic pesticides and alternatives to pesticides, provide safe use and IPM recommendations, and recommend improved practices in transport, storage, mixing, application, and disposal of pesticides.

1.2. BACKGROUND TO HVAA

USAID High Value Agriculture Activity is an activity within the Moldova Economic Growth Project – an overarching project that encompasses competition and regulatory reform. The USAID HVAA will therefore implement a set of interventions based on their potential to realize systemic changes in targeted value chains and accelerate the growth of the HVA sector, tailored to the Moldovan development context and maturity of the targeted value chains. The work of High Value Agriculture on increasing the Moldovan agribusiness competitiveness in high

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potential value chains is nation-wide, including the left-bank region of Transnistria and Gagauzia. Primary program beneficiaries are expected to be principally commercially-oriented small and medium agricultural producers, emerging producer organizations (associations, cooperatives, Water Users Associations (WUAs), member-based informal farmer groups), sector industry associations, and individual agribusinesses engaged in agricultural input supply, processing, service provision, marketing, storage, branding, transport, export, etc. Because access to affordable irrigation is a necessary condition for HVA sector competitiveness, HVAA will prioritize assistance to the 10 WUAs created through the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact, which led the rehabilitation of 10 irrigation systems along the Nistru and Prut Rivers. HVAA has planned activities that will help WUAs become successful and sustainable.

On the workforce development side, program beneficiaries are expected to be agricultural education and research bodies, public and private extension bodies. On the policy/enabling environment side, primary project beneficiaries are expected to be local NGOs active in the agricultural/policy development area, relevant Government bodies such as the Ministry of Agriculture, and relevant sector associations. HVAA will also assess activities and interventions that engage women and youth across all four objectives of High Value Agriculture, including as beneficiaries of the Agricultural Innovation and Technology Transfer Fund (AITTF). AITTF is expected to serve as a catalyst for private and public interventions leading to competitiveness gains that ensure export viability, especially in the framework of the DCFTA trade liberalization. HVAA will also identify specific interventions that promote youth engagement in targeted value chains that offer opportunities for youth productive employment and income generation. HVAA will promote green opportunities and Good Agricultural Practices which include climate-smart agricultural practices including drought resistant/tolerant varieties, as well as water-efficient and energy efficient irrigation systems. An important aspect of HVAA work will be to build capacity of Business Service Providers (BSPs) and associations in quality and food safety related topics including standards such as GlobalGAP and organic as certifications under these standards are increasingly demanded by the EU market. The implementation of such practices is expected to contribute to sustainable agriculture and rural development. HVAA will be working in the following value chains:

1. Apples 2. Table grapes 3. Stone fruits (cherries, plums, peach, apricot) 4. Berries (namely strawberries and raspberries; other berries and currant to a lower

extent) 5. Vegetables (greenhouses and open field), including tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers,

lettuce; and to a lower extent possibly potatoes and cabbage. 6. Nuts (walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts) 7. HVAA will also provide support to the medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) value chain

and honey. HVAA does not plan to promote pesticide use in the MAP value chain. Honeybee populations may be affected by pesticide use hence various measures are recommended to mitigate potential adverse effects.

1.3. COUNTRY BACKGROUND

Moldova is located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Ukraine and Romania. It is a landlocked country with the closest large body of water being the Black Sea, which is located south of Moldova. Moldova has an area of 33,843 square km and a population of 3,552,000 people (2016

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estimate4). The total area of the country includes the territories of its two autonomous regions, Transnistria with 3,363.22 square km and Gagauzia with 1,848.45 square km. Agriculture is a driving force in Moldova’s economy, contributing to 45 percent of exports and more than 27 percent of the labor force; but recent events — including the $1 billion bank heist in 2015, the devaluation of the local currency, and Russia’s ban on Moldovan fruit imports — have had ripple effects throughout the economy. Five government turnovers in the last four years, corruption, vested bureaucratic interests, and ongoing geopolitical tensions related to Transnistria, all contribute to a shaky investment climate and inhibit Moldova’s economic development. Challenges to market access, productivity, member-based group capacity, and the enabling environment impede the growth of the High Value Agriculture (HVA) sector.

1.3.1 Fruit Production Fruit-growing represents one of the main strategic branches of the national economy, accounting for around 40 percent of the agricultural production value5. The main fruit planted is apples, covering approximately 64 thousand hectares, followed by stone fruits with 33 thousand hectares of mainly plums and cherries, and table grapes with 20 thousand hectares. Geographically the main zones for production of apples are in the northern part of the country, and plums which are produced in the central part, peaches in the south and table grapes in the southern and central areas. Total annual production is about 322 thousand tons, with apples the biggest crop accounting for a minimum of 60 percent of total production. Plums are the second biggest crop with the annual volumes of around 54 thousand tons followed by cherries (11 thousand tons), peaches (15 thousand tons). Approximately 46 thousand tons of table grapes are produced annually. Moldova also produces strawberries and raspberries, and smaller quantities of red and black currants as well as gooseberries. Other berries and currants are also produced but in very small quantities. The production of berries has risen in recent years. Significant new investments were made in the berry sector since 2014, resulting in increased production. 1.3.2 Vegetable Production Vegetable production remains one of the main branches of the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova, which provides fresh vegetables to consumers and raw material to the canning industry, Individually Quick Frozen (IQF) industry, and drying industry. Relatively favorable climatic conditions of the country, traditions, and experience allows the cultivation of over 60 species of vegetable crops, obtaining relatively high yields and good profit of most vegetable crops. Briceni, Soroca, and Stefan Voda are the primary regions for the production of vegetables. The main vegetable crops produced in open field are tomatoes, cabbage, peppers, cucumbers, pumpkins, carrots, red beets and garlic. 1.3.3 Nut Production Moldova grows three species of nuts: walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts. The country has a long tradition growing walnuts, which dates back to the Soviet period when walnut trees were planted as windbreaks rather than to harvest walnuts. However, Moldovan climatic and soil conditions are ideal for nuts. Walnuts are grown throughout Moldova; hazelnuts only in areas where there is access to water for irrigation; while almonds are grown primarily in the southern and southeast part of Moldova. According to official statistics, nut plantations have

4 World Bank data: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?page=2 5 Moldova Investment and Export Promotion Organization (MIEPO) Agriculture and Food Processing - Republic of Moldova (2015/2016). http://miepo.md/sites/default/files/Agriculture_report_!_0.pdf

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grown from about 6,700 ha in 2008 to 25,200 ha in 2015. It is estimated that of the 25,200 ha of nuts, walnut plantations occupy around 23,000 ha (approx. 91% of the total area), almond plantations occupy around 2,000 ha (approx. 8% of the total area), and hazelnuts occupy around 200 ha (less than 1% of the total area).

1.4. TARGET CROPS AND PEST ISSUES

With a large proportion of the population in Moldova earning their livelihoods from agriculture-related activities, pest outbreaks can cause significant economic consequences. Key pests affecting target crops are listed in the table below. Table 2 Main pest issues for each target crop

Crop Pest and disease issues Almonds (Al) Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum), Leaf curl (Taphrina deformans) Apples (Ap) Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea),Green apple aphid(Aphis pomi),

Apple leaf miner(Leucoptera scitella(Zeller)), European red mite(Panonychus ulmi), Rose tortrix (Archips rosana), Fall webworm (Hyphantriacunea), Summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana (Reticulana)), Garden rose tortrix (Archips variegana), San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)), Brown mite (Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheut.)), Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew(Podosphaera leucotricha), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena), Blister spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans), Apple blossom beetle (Tropinota hirta (Poda)), Summer fruit tortrix moth(Adoxophyes orana), Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann))

Apricot (Apr) Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Twig blight (Monilia cinerea), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum), Green peah aphid (Myzodes persicae), Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta), Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis)

Blueberries (Blu)

Stem Canker (Fusicoccum putrefaciens, Phomopsis vaccinii), Mummy Berry (Monilinia vaccinii), Leaf Spot diseases(Septoria Gloeosporium), Alternaria leaf spot and fruit rot (Alternaria tenuissima),

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum), Gall Midge (Dasineura oxycoccana), Cranberry Fruit Worm,

(Acrobasis vaccinii Rile) Blueberry Maggot (Rhagoletis mendax) Cabbage (Ca) Red cabbage bug (Eurydema ornatum), Cabbage stem weevil (Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens),Large white

butterfly (Pieris spp.), annual monocotyledonous weeds, perennial mono- and dicotyledonous weeds Cucumbers (Cu)

Melon aphid (Aphis gossypii), Angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv.Lachrymans), Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris), Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum), Cucumber mosaic virus, Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Garlic (Ga) Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora), Basal rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae), Garlic rust (Puccinia porri), Garlic MosaicVirus, Garlic fly(Suillia lurida)

Gooseberries (Go)

Mildew (Sphaeroteca mors-uvae), Anthracnose (Pseudoperiza ribes), Septoriosis (Septoria ribes), Stem borer (Sesia) (Sesia tipuliformis), Caterpillars (Erannis defoliaria), San Jose louse (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus)

Hazelnuts (Hz) Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestri), Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae) Lettuce (Let)

Late blight (Bremia lactucae), Lettuce Aphid (Nasonovia ribis-nigri), Foxglove Aphid (Aulacorthum solani), Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae), Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae), Lettuce Mosaic Virus

Pears (Pr) Pear psylla (Psylla pyricola), Pearleaf blister mite (Eriophyes pyri), Pear scab (Venturia pirina), Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), Ashy leaf spot (Mycosphaerella sentina), Brown rot (Monilinia fructigena), European canker (Nectria galligena)

Peaches (Pc) Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholitha molesta), Bacterial dieback of peach (Pseudomonas syringae), Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans), Jacket Rot (Monilinia laxa/fructigena), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum), Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa), Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.Pruni), Peach scab (Clasterosporium carpophilum)

Peppers (Pe) Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) Plum (Pl) European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), Plum rust mite (Aculus fockeui), Yellowplum sawfly (Hoplocampa

flava), Waspy seed plum(Eurytoma schreineri), Plum fruit moth(Grapholitha funebrana), Plum Pox Virus, Sharca (Annulus pruni), Red polystigma(Polystigma rubrum), Brown rot on fruit(Monilinia laxa), Plum powdery mildew (Podosphaera tridactyla)

Potatoes (Po) Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Stem and stolon canker (Rhizoctonia solani), The Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Aphids (Aphididae)

Raspberries (Ra)

Raspberry anthracnose (Gloeosporium venetum), Raspberry rust (Phragmidum rubi idaei), Mildew (Sphaeroteca humuli), , Black weevil (Antbonomus rubi), Small beetle of the raspberry flowers (Byturus tomentosus, B.fumatus), Louse of the shoots of raspberry (Aphis ideai), Red spider (Tetranychus ulmi), Raspberry cane midge (Thomasiniana theobaldi), Raspberry moth (Incurvaria rubiella)

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Crop Pest and disease issues Strawberries (St)

Red spider mite (Tetranychinae), Strawberry mite (Tarsonemus pallidus (Banks)), Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), Powdery mildew (Spaherotheca aphanis)

Sweet Cherry(SwC)

Brown rot blossom and Twig blight (Monilinia laxa), Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis), Coryneum fruit spot (Coryneum beijerinkii)

Table Grapes (TG)

Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana), Grape mites (Tetranychus, Eotetranychis, Penonychis ulmi), Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina), Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), Phomopsis cane and Leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola), Vine Mosaic Virus (Marmor viticola Holmes), Grapevine Vein Mosaic Virus

Tomatoes (To) Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium(Westwood)), Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Aphids (Aphididae), Tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera), Bactrial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani)

Walnuts (W) Walnut Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis), Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella), Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot (Phytophthora spp.)

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II. PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT The information presented in the Pesticide Evaluation Report corresponds to the factors in 22 CFR 216.3(b)(i) (a) through (l). The HVAA PERSUAP team evaluated 380 pesticides registered in the Republic of Moldova. This list of pesticides was screened based on the current registration permitting use on HVA crops: almonds, apples, apricot, blueberries, cabbage, cucumbers, garlic, gooseberries, hazelnut, lettuce, pear, peach, peppers, plum, potato, raspberries, strawberry, sweet cherry, table grapes, tomatoes, walnuts. These pesticides were then screened based on US EPA registration status and toxicity.

2.1. THE USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES

Table 3 shows active ingredients, USEPA registration status for pesticides (with commercial product name in listed) that HVAA is seeking approval for use on HVA crops based on current registration in Moldova (which is regularly updated on http://www.pesticide.md/registrul-de-stat/). The table also shows EPA and WHO Toxicity Classes. These classification systems are further elaborated in Annex 1. Table 3 Registration status and toxicity of pesticides

# Active Ingredient/ Chemical

Crop requested for*

EPA Registration Status

Toxicity class (US EPA)

Toxicity class (WHO)

Commercial Product Name

Fungicides

1 Azoxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 128810

TG, Po, To, Cu

GUP III U Quadris 250 SC; Azoshy 250 SC; Aztec EC; Brodvei, SC;

2 Azoxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 128810 + Cyproconazole Chemical Class Azole US EPA PC Code: 128993

TG GUP III U+III Amistar XTRA 280 SC; Amigo 330 SC;

3 Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008

TG GUP II, III U Cantus

4 Bromuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 120503

Ap, TG GUP II, III II Vectra 10 SC

5 Captan Chemical Class:Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081301

Ap, TG, Pc, To

GUP I, II, III U Buvicid 370 K SC; Kito 800 WDG; Capral 80 WG

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Crop requested for*





6 Copper hydroxide Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023401, 823401

Ap, TG, Pc, Pl, Po, To, Cu, W,

GUP I, II, III III Kocide 2000 (Moldova does not have Class 1 products registered)

7 Copper hydroxide Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023401, 823401 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501

TG, To GUP I, II, III + I, II, III II + II Airone, SC

8 Copper sulfate (tribasic) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 008101

Al, Ap, Apr, TG, Pc, Pr, To, Po, Cu, Go, SwC,

GUP II NL Cupro Star 46 SC, Cuprofix 40 Dispers WDG, Cuproxat SC

9 Cyazofamid Chemical class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 085651

TG, To GUP III NL Mildicut,SC ;Ranman Top, SC

10 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106

TG, Po, To GUP III III Akkord, WP; Calenta, WP; Cymbal, WG; Presto 500 WP; Tamoxanil 450 WG;

11 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Famoxadone Chemical Class:Oxazolidinedione US EPA PC Code: 113202

TG, Po, To GUP III+ III III+U Epic,WG ;Tanos

12 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501

TG, Po, To, Cu

GUP III+I, II, III III+II Ordan WP; Curage, WP;

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Crop requested for*





13 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

TG, Po, To GUP III+ I, II, III + III III+II+U Triomax 45 WP

14 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

TG, Po, To GUP III+ III III+U Presto Plus 72 WP; Profilux,WG; Rapid Gold 72 WP

15 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Metalaxyl Chemical class: Xylylalanine

TG, Po, To GUP III+II, III III+III Zahist,WP

16 Cyproconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128993 + Propiconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 122101

Ap, TG GUP III + II, III III+II Alto Super 330 EC

17 Cyprodinil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288202

Ap, Apr, TG, Pc, Pl, Pr

GUP III III Chorus 75 WG; Chorale, WDG; Atlet 75 WG; Prezent 75 WG; Quantum, WG; Qualy 300 EC;Respect 750 WG;Tafrinil,WG

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Crop requested for*





18 Cyprodinil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288202 + Fludioxonil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 071503

Ap, Apr, TG, Pc, Pl, SwC

GUP III+III III+U Forsaj 62,5 WG ;Switch 62,5 WG;

19 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847

Ap, Pc, TG GUP III III Score 250 EC; Raiok EC; Scorazol, EC; Doctor 250 EC; Difo 250 EC; Scorpion 250 EC;Scoramex 250 EC Cursor, EC; Caldera 250 EC;Combat 25 EC

20 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 + Kresoxim methyl Chemical class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111

Ap, TG GUP III+III III+NL Samsit, CS

21 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 + Propiconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 122101

Pc, Ap GUP III+II, III III+II Taspa 500EC; Dinazol Plus 500 EC; Riba Gold 500 EC ; Superior 500 EC

22 Dimethomorph Chemical Class: Morpholine US EPA PC Code: 268800 + Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601

Po, To, TG GUP III+ II, III U+U Sphinx Extra, WG

23 Dimethomorph Chemical Class: Morpholine US EPA PC Code: 268800 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

TG, Po, To, Cu

GUP III U+U Acrobat Mz 90/600 WG; Avatar,WG

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Crop requested for*





24 Fenamidone Chemical class: Imidazole US EPA PC Code: 046679 + Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302

Cu, To, Po GUP II, III + III NL+NL Consento SC 450

25 Fenhexamid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 090209

Pc, TG, St GUP III U Teldor 50 WG

26 Fluazinam Chemical class: 2.6-Dinitroaniline (phenylpyridinamine) US EPA PC Code: 129098

Ap, TG, Po, To

GUP II NL Banjo 500 SC; Nando,SC

27 Fluopicolide Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 027412 + Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302

Cu, Po GUP III + III NL+NL Infinito SC

28 Flutriafol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128940

Ap, TG, Pc, Pr

GUP III III Impact 25 SC; Leader 250 SC; Etalon 250 SC; Fitolecari,SC; Impuls-F,SC; Xenium 25 SC

29 Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601

Ap, TG, Pl, Po

GUP II, III U Folpan 50 WP; Folpan 80 WG; Solofol,WG; Niptan,WG

30 Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601 + Triadimenol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 127201

Ap, TG GUP II, III +II, III U+III Shavit F 72 WDG; Shavit F 72 WP

31 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Fluopicolide Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code:

TG GUP III + III NL + NL Profiler WG 71

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Crop requested for*





027412

32 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301

Ap, TG, Pl, Pr, Cu, SwC

GUP III NL Aliette WP 80; ALUMAX; Efatol 80 WP

33 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601

To, Po, TG GUP III+ II, III NL+U Momentum Extra,WDG

34 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Myclobutanil Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128857

TG GUP III + III + III NL+U+NCV Manoxin M 60 PU

35 Iprodione Chemical Class:Dicarboximide US EPA PC Code: 109801, 209900

Po GUP III U Rovral Aquaflo

36 Kresoxim-methyl Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111

Ap, TG, PC GUP III NL Ardent 50 SC; Strobitec 50 WG; Tuoreg 500 WP; Novaxim 50 WG; Giga Plus 50 WG;Stroll, WDG; Power 50 WP; Fram 50 WG; Strike, WG;Stroby

37 Kresoxim-methyl Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111 + Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008

TG GUP III+ II, III NL+U Collis;

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Crop requested for*





38 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

Ap, TG, Pl, Pc, Po, Pr, To, Cu

GUP III U Classic MZ 800 WP; Dithane M-45 WP; Doza 80 WP; Harvest,WP; Kadillak WP; Mancomex 80 WP; Olympus,WP; Penncozeb 75 WG; Pilarzeb 80 WP; Sanntozeb 80 WP; Valsazeb 800; Ventozeb 80 WP

39 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501 + Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper sulfate (tribasic) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 008101

TG, Po, To GUP III + I, II, III +III+II, III U+II+III+II Remiltine CS

40 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Mefenoxam Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 013502

TG, Po, To, Cu

GUP III +II, III U+NL Ridomil Gold MZ

41 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Metalaxyl Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 113501

Ap, TG, Po, To

GUP III +II, III U+III Acidan 72 WP; Armetil-M; Curaiv,WP; Gold-M,WP; Matador 720 WP; Metaxil,WP; Pyrenomil 720; Valsalaxil 720 WP; Unomil 72 WP

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Crop requested for*





42 Mandipropamid Chemical Class: Mandelamide US EPA PC Code: 036602 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

TG, Po GUP III +III U+U Pergado MZ,WG

43 Metalaxyl Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 113501

TG, Po, To GUP II, III III Protexyl 350 WP; Maxcel WP

44 Metiram Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc complex US EPA PC Code: 114601

Ap, TG, Po, To, Pl

GUP III U Venturam 70 WG, POLYRAM DF

45 Metiram Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc complex US EPA PC Code: 114601 + Pyraclostrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 099100

TG, To GUP III + II, III U+NL Cabrio Top

46 Myclobutanil Chemical Class:Azole US EPA PC Code: 128857

Ap, TG, Cu GUP III III Laurin 400 WP, Monterrey, WP

47 Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 + Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106

Po, To, Cu GUP III +III NCV+III Proxanil,SC

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Crop requested for*





48 Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 + Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301

Cu GUP III +III NCV+ NL Previcur Energy SL 840

49 Pyraclostrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 099100 + Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008

Ap, Pc, Pl, To, SwC, Ca, Cu

GUP II, III +II, III NL+U Bellis; Signum

50 Pyrimethanil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288201

Ap, Pl, TG GUP III III Scala 400 SC, Lotus 400 SC, Ventapir, SC, Azimut, SC; Report 400 SC; Pyrus 400 SC

51 Pyrimethanil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288201 + Trifloxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129112

Ap, TG GUP III +III III+U Flint Star 520 SC; Lotus Extra 520 SC

52 Sulfur Chemical Class: Inorganic US EPA PC Code: 077501

Ap, Blu, TG GUP III III Sayfoss,WG; Cosavet 80 DF; Kumulus DF; Microthiol Special Disperss; Sulf praf umectabil; Sulfomat 80 PU; Sulfostar 800 SC; Sulfet,WG; Thiovit Jet 80 WG

53 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997

Ap, TG GUP II, III III Dospeh 25 EC; Folmex,EW; King 250 EC; Arbalet 75 WG; Cerfun 250 EW; Colosal,EC; Concord 250 EW; Dospeh 25 EC; Folicur EW 250; Folmex,EW; GAT Tessla 25 WG; King 250 EC; Mystik 25 EC; Orius 25 EW; Riza 250 EW; Unical,SC

54 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 + Sulfur Chemical Class: Inorganic US EPA PC Code: 077501

Ap, TG GUP II, III +III III+III Unicorn WG

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

30


Crop requested for*





55 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 + Trifloxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129112

Ap, TG GUP II, III +III III+U Nativo 75 WG

56 Thiabendazole Chemical Class: Benzimidazole US EPA PC Code: 060101

Ap, TG GUP III U Cronos 220 SC

57 Thiophanate-methyl Chemical Class: Benzimidazole precursor US EPA PC Code: 102001

Ap, TG,Pc GUP III U Tiofen 70 WP; Scaut 700 WP; Eclipse 700 WP; Octrotitor,SC; Scaut 700 WP; Tank 70 W ; Tiofen 70 WP; Topsin M 70 WP

58 Triadimenol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 127201

Ap, TG GUP II, III III Magistru 25 EC; Hardy 250 EC; Praktik 25 EC

59 Triflumizole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128879

Ap, TG, Pc, Blu, St, Cu, To

GUP III III Trifmine 30 WP

Insecticides/Miticides

60 Acetamiprid Chemical class: Neonicotinoid US EPA PC Code: 099050

Ap, To, Po GUP III NL Acetamiprid 22,5 SL; Colorit SP; Mospilan 20 SG; Kestrel 20 SL; Lux, WP; Dolor 20 SG; Maccet, WG; Michigan 20 WP; Mosaprid SP; Taco 22.5 SL;

61 Clofentezine Chemical class: Tetrazine US EPA PC Code: 125501

TG, Ap, St GUP III U Apollo 500 SC

62 Chlorantraniliprole Chemical class: Anthranilic diamide US EPA PC Code: 090100

Ap, Pc, Pl, Po, To, Ca

GUP III U Coragen 20 SC; Artus 200 SC

63 Dimethoate Chemical class: Organophosphorus US EPA PC Code: 035001

Ap, Apr, Ca, Pc, Ca, Pl, TG

GUP II II Sirocco, EC; Bastar 40 EC; BI-58 NEW; Bimmer EC; Bishka, EC; Danadim 400 EC; Demeter 400 EC; Demethoate 40 EC; Dimevit, CE; Dingo 400 EC; Fostran 40 EC; Gorzi 400 EC; Kraft, EC; Magnus 400 EC; Shinthoate 40 EC; Steel 40 EC; Successor 400 EC

64 Fenpyroximate Chemical class: Pyrazole US EPA PC Code: 129131

Ap GUP II II Hitmite 50 SC

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

31


Crop requested for*





65 Hexythiazox Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 128849

Ap, TG, Pl GUP III U Nissorun 10 WP; Vulcan 10 WP; Kordox 10 WP; Mayor 10 WP;

66 Indoxacarb, S-isomer Chemical class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 067710

Ap, Pl, To, Ca

GUP II II Avaunt SC; Avanguard SC; Pitch 150 SC;

67 Lufenuron Chemical Class:Benzoylurea US EPA PC Code: 118205

Ap, To GUP III NL Box 50 EC; Match 050 EC

68 Malathion Chemical class: Organophosphorus UE EPA PC Code: 057701, 857701

Ap, To, Ca, SwC

GUP II, III III Fostio, EC; Fufanon 570 EC; Maladion 570 EC; Smart 44 EW;

69 Pyridaben Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129105

Ap, TG GUP II III Sanmite 20 WP; Shockmite 20 WP; Taurid 200 WP; Zilot 20 WP

70 Pyriproxyfen Chemical Class: Juvenile hormone mimic US EPA PC Code: 129032

Ap, To, Cu GUP III U Admiral 10 EC; Control 100 EC; Amarok EC;

71 Spirodiclofen Chemical class: Keto-enol US EPA PC Code: 124871

Ap, TG, Pr GUP III NL Envidor SC 240 ; Krown SC; Stopmite 240 SC


Ap, TG GUP III III Sulf praf umectabil; Thiovit Jet 80 WG; Sayfoss,WG

Herbicides

73 Fluazifop-P-butyl Chemical class: Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid US EPA PC Code: 122809

Ap, TG, Po GUP III III Fusilade Forte 150 EC

74 Glufosinate, ammonium salt Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 128850

Ap, TG GUP II, III III Basta SL 150

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

32


Crop requested for*





75 Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300

All fields once crops are harvested

GUP III U (III PAN) Absolut,SL; Argument,SL; Barclay Gallup 360 SL; Boom Efekt; Clean-X 360 SL; Dominator 360 SL; Dominator Mega 480 SL; Fachel 48 SL; Fachel Extra,SL; Felix WDG; Gliacint,SL; Glifovit 48 SL; Klinik 360 SL; Leone 36 SL; Muscle-Up 500 SL; Nuarid 500 WG; Ouragan Forte 500 SL; Roundup 360 SL; Roundup Max Plus,SL; Terminator 410 SL; Tornado 500 SL; Tornado, SL; Valsaup 360 SL ; Zero 360 SL

76 Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300 + Flazasulfuron, Chemical class: Sulfonylurea US EPA PC Code: 119011

TG GUP II, III+III U+NL Chikara Duo,WG

77 Oxyfluorfen Chemical Class: Diphenyl ether US EPA PC Code: 111601, 288600 + Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300


GUP II, III+II, III U+U Zoomer, SC

78 Pendimethalin Chemical Class: 2,6-Dinitroaniline US EPA PC Code: 108501, 454300

Po, To, Ca GUP III III Paragon 330 EC, Prospect 330 EC, Stomp 330 EC, Stop EC

79 Rimsulfuron Chemical Class: Sulfonylurea US EPA PC Code: 129009, 129024

To, Po GUP III U Escudo,WG; GAT Tiger 25 WG; Satir 25 WG; Tiran WG; Titus 25 WG

80 S-Metolachlor Chemical class: Chloroacetanilide US EPA PC Code: 108800

To GUP III III Dual Gold 960 EC

Biopesticides

81 Bacillus subtilis QST 713 Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 006479

Ap, Apr, Pc, To, Cu, St, SwC

GUP III NL Serenado ASO

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

33


Crop requested for*





82 Reynoutria sachalinensis extract Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 055809

Ap, Cu, TG GUP II, III NL Recol

83 Trichoderma harzianum (Th-7F-BL) Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 128903 (assumed as Moldovan registration does not provide details)

All veg GUP III NL Trihodermina Th-7F-BL

84 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Chemical class: Insect virus US EPA PC Code: 107303 (assumed as Moldovan registration does not provide details)

To, Ca and other veg

GUP NL NL Virin-MB; Virin-HS-2; Virin HS-P, Virin-OS

Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

85 1-Methylcyclopropene Chemical class: Not listed US EPA PC Code: 224459

Ap, Pl GUP III NL Fitomag; Fysium; Smart Fresh

86 Chlorpropham Chemical class: Other carbamate US EPA PC Code: 018301

Po GUP III U Neostop Starter 300 EC

87 Ethephon Chemical class: Organophosphorus US EPA PC Code: 099801

Ap, TG GUP II III Cerone SL 480

88 Gibberellins Chemical class: Botanical US EPA PC Code: 043801, 911153

Ap, TG GUP III U Gerlagib LG; Gobbi Gib 2 LG, Habifol P

89 N6-benzyl adenine Chemical class: Botanical US EPA PC Code: 116901, 911647 + 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA) Chemical class: Botanical US EPA P Code: 056002

Ap III+II NL+U Dira-Max LG

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

34


Crop requested for*





90 Prohexadione calcium Chemical class: NL US EPA P Code: 112600

Ap GUP III NL Regalis Plus

Notes: (1) GUP: General Use Pesticides; RUP: Restricted Use Pesticide; NR: not registered (2) EPA Toxicity classification: I, Highly toxic; II, Moderately toxic; III, Slightly toxic; IV Not acutely toxic, (3) WHO classification: Ia, extremely hazardous; Ib, highly hazardous; II, moderately hazardous; III, slightly hazardous; U, unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use: NL, Not Listed. The LD 50 used for acute toxicity is either oral (O) or dermal (D). *Al-Almonds, Ap-Apples, Apr-Apricots, Blu-Bluberries, C-Cabbage, Cu-Cucumbers, Ga-Garlic, Go-Gooseberries, Hz-Hazelnuts, Let-Lettuce, Pr-Pears, Pc-Peaches, Pe-Peppers, Pl-Plum, Po-Potatoes, Ra-Raspberries, St-Strawberries, SwC-Sweet Cherry, TG-Table grapes, To-Tomatoes, W-Walnuts. In addition to the WHO and EPA classification, the PERSUAP does not recommend any pesticides listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention nor pesticides listed under Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention. The Status of ratification and implementation of international treaties related to POPs is described in section 2.10. In addition, HVAA will not recommend the use of pesticides containing neonicotinoid AIs imidacloprid, clothianidin and thimamethoxam as their use has been restricted in the EU. Furthermore, HVAA will not recommend the use of thiacloprid as although thiacloprid has a lower toxicity (in terms of its lethal dose) to bees than the three neonicotinoids covered by the permanent restrictions, it is likely to be found at higher levels in pollen and nectar than neonicotinoids applied as seed treatments. Only pesticides classified as GUP are recommended in the PERSUAP.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

35

2.2. THE BASIS FOR SELECTION OF THE PESTICIDES The list of pesticides that could potentially be used by HVAA during the provision of technical assistance were screen and a selection was made based on the pesticide’s USEPA registration status—they are GUPs; they are registered by the USEPA; they are registered by the Moldovan State Agency for Certification and Approval of Phytosanitary Products for use on the specific crop and pest/disease; they have relatively lower human toxicity or health risks; and relatively lower environmental risks (the last two criteria are based on the EPA and WHO Toxicity Classes and on the information in Table 4); and they treat the target pests or diseases in the project locations. Pesticides that passed the screening process are presented in Table 4 showing the basis for selection. The selection takes into account the need to use a variety of pesticide families so that pathogens and pests do not develop resistance. A wide selection of pesticides, selecting from the least toxic and most effective alternatives, was identified to ensure broad coverage of target pests/diseases on HVAA target crops and to avoid pest resistance. The pesticides selected will allow farmers to achieve adequate control, within an overall IPM program. Pesticides chosen are applied during different periods of the year, some before the start of plant growth, others during plant growth.

Table 4: Basis for selection of the requested pesticides

# Active Ingredient/ Chemical; Trade Name

Crop requested for*

Pest/disease Basis for selection

Fungicides 1 Azoxystrobin

Quadris 250 SC; Azoshy 250 SC; Aztec EC; Brodvei, SC;

TG, Po, To, Cu

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Powdery mildew of tomato (Leveillula taurica) Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea)

Controls the most important diseases. Systemic control.

2 Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole Amistar XTRA 280 SC; Amigo 330 SC

TG TG: Plasmopara viticola, Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Controls the most important diseases. Systemic control.

3 Boscalid Cantus

TG TG: Gray mould (Botrytis cinerea) Fungicide with protectant and systemic activity. Useful in alternation with fungicides from a different group.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

36


Crop requested for*


4 Bromuconazole Vectra 10 SC

Ap, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Foliar fungicide with systemic action. Primarily used as a preventative fungicide but it has some curative activity as well. It gives comparable levels of disease control at similar or lower application rates than standard fungicides.

5 Captan Buvicid 370 K SC; Kito 800 WDG;Capral 80 WG

Ap, TG, Pc, To

Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequali); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), Peach scab (Clasterosporium carpophilum; To: Early blight (Alternaria solani)

Contact fungicide with preventative and curative action. Compatible and mixed with many fungicides and insecticides. Degrades in soil in 1 day.

6 Copper hydroxide Kocide 2000


W: Xanthamonas juglandis, Gnomonia leptostyla Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Grape Antracnose (Gloeosporium ampelophagum), Red fire disease of grapevine (Pseudopeziza tracheiphila), Crown gall (Agrobacterium spp.), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Clavibacter michiganense, Pl: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Red polystigma (Polystigma rubrum), Plum Shot Hole (Clasterosporium carpophilium), Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Xantomonas spp. Pc: Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum), Jacket Rot (Monilia laxa), Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Copper-based pesticides work preventatively against many types of pathogens. Also used to treat wounds. Use on stone fruits only during vegetative rest (winter spraying) at higher concentrations.

7 Copper hydroxide + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Airone, SC

TG, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola) To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Tomato leaf mould (Cladosporium fulvum), Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria)

Copper-based pesticides work preventatively against many types of pathogens. Also used to treat wounds. Use on stone fruits only during vegetative rest (winter spraying) at higher concentrations.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

37


Crop requested for*


8 Copper sulfate (tribasic) Cupro Star 46 SC, Cuprofix 40 Dispers WDG, Cuproxat SC


Al: Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum), Leaf curl (Taphrina deformans) Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena) Apr: Twig blight (Monilia cinerea), Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum), Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis) Go: Goeosporium ribis, Septoria ribis, Cronartium ribicola To: Early blight (Alternaria solani), Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici), Po: Early blight (Alternaria solani), Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Cu: Downy mildew (Psedoperonospora cubensis), Colletotrichum lagenanarium, Ascochyta cucumeris, Pseudomonas lachrymans. Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), SwC, Pl: Monilia cinerea, Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis), Clasterosporium carpophillum Pr: Pear scab (V. pirina), Phyllosticta spp. TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Grape antracnose (Gloeosporium ampelophagum)

It is very effective against fungi, algae, bacteria and viruses. It is used in combination with lime and water as a protective fungicide, referred to as Bordeaux mixture,

9 Cyazofamid Mildicut,SC ;Ranman Top, SC

TG, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Spraying during the growing season. Cyazofamid has limited systemic activity so it is used as a protectant fungicide applied by ground or aerial spray. The biochemical mode of action of cyazofamid is inhibition of all stages of fungal development.

10 Cymoxanil Akkord, WP; Calenta, WP; Cymbal, WG; Presto 500 WP; Tamoxanil 450 WG;

TG, Po, To Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

Has a contact and systemic effect. It penetrates rapidly and when inside the plant, it cannot be washed off by rain. It controls diseases during the incubation period and prevents the appearance of damage on the crop

11 Cymoxanil + Famoxadone Epic,WG ;Tanos

TG, Po, To Po, To: Phytophora infestans, Early blight (Alternaria solani) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

38


Crop requested for*


12 Cymoxanil + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Ordan WP; Curage, WP;

TG, Po, To, Cu

To, Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Cu: Pseudoperonospora cubensis


13 Cymoxanil + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) + Mancozeb

Triomax 45 WP

TG, Po, To Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)


14 Cymoxanil + Mancozeb Presto Plus 72 WP; Profilux,WG; Rapid Gold 72 WP



15 Cymoxanil + Metalaxyl Zahist,WP

TG, Po, To Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani); TG: Plasmopara viticola


16 Cyproconazole + Propiconazole Alto Super 330 EC

Ap, TG Ap: powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Powdery milder (Uncinula necator)

Prevention and treatment fungicide. Most effective when used early in the infection.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

39


Crop requested for*


17 Cyprodinil Chorus 75 WG; Chorale, WDG; Atlet 75 WG; Prezent 75 WG; Quantum, WG; Qualy 300 EC;Respect 750 WG;Tafrinil,WG


Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena); Apr: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum) TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Pl: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Pc: Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum),Jacket Rot (Monilia laxa, Monilia cinerea), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina)

Has a preventative and curative effect. Systemic fungicide which controls a wide range of pathogens.

18 Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil Forsaj 62,5 WG ;Switch 62,5 WG;


Ap:Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena),Soft rot of apple (Penicillium expansum), Antracnose (Gloeosporium fructigenum),Botrytis cinerea Apr: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa) Pl, Pc: Jacket Rot (Monilia laxa) Ap, TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Has a preventative and curative effect. Systemic fungicide which controls a wide range of pathogens.

19 Difenoconazole Score 250 EC; Raiok EC; Scorazol, EC; Doctor 250 EC; Difo 250 EC; Scorpion 250 EC;Scoramex 250 EC, Cursor, EC; Caldera 250 EC;Combat 25 EC

Ap, Pc, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina) Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), Plum Shot Hole (Clasterosporium carpophilium), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola)

Systemic fungicide with preventative and curative effect. It can be mixed with compounds based on fludioxonil. Complementary with different adjuvants which increase its activity. During the year it can be applied 3 times on the same surface.

20 Difenoconazole + Kresoxim methyl Samsit, CS

Ap, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)


21 Difenoconazole + Propiconazole Taspa 500EC; Dinazol Plus 500 EC; Riba Gold 500 EC ; Superior 500 EC

Pc, Ap Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Brooks fruit spot (Phyllostica mali), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena), Ochraceous sports of apple (Phyllosticta briardi) Pc: Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans)


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

40


Crop requested for*


22 Dimethomorph + Folpet Sphinx Extra, WG

Po, To, TG TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), To, Po:Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Preventive systemic contact translaminar water dispersible granule fungicide, which protects plants from molds, as well as killing molds on plants and preventing their spread

23 Dimethomorph + Mancozeb Acrobat Mz 90/600 WG; Avatar,WG

TG, Po, To, Cu

Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani),

Preventive systemic contact translaminar water dispersible granule fungicide, which protects plants from molds, as well as killing molds on plants and preventing their spread

24 Fenamidone + Propamocarb hydrochloride Consento SC 450

Cu, To, Po Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) To: Early blight (Alternaria solani); Late blight (Phytophthora infestans); Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

A fungicide product offering reliably, high level of late and early blight control. It combines the strengths of two active ingredients exhibiting both translaminar and systemic properties resulting in consistent preventive and curative efficacy. The product is well adapted to respond to the most severe situations by protecting the foliage, stem and tuber of plants during periods of new growth.

25 Fenhexamid Teldor 50 WG

Pc, TG, St TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Pc: European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena) St: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Botriticide which does not have cross resistance with other botriticides.

26 Fluazinam Banjo 500 SC; Nando,SC

Ap, TG, Po, To

Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena)

Broad spectrum protectant fungicide (neither systemic nor curative). It acts by inhibiting the germination of spores and the development of infection structures.

27 Fluopicolid + Propamocarb hydrochloride Infinito SC

Cu, Po Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Results are long-lasting with antisporulant activity and curative potential along with built-in resistance management by combining two active ingredients with different modes of action. It can be used in IPM systems and fits well with irrigation programs due to very good rainfastness.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

41


Crop requested for*


28 Flutriafol Impact 25 SC; Leader 250 SC; Etalon 250 SC; Fitolecari,SC; Impuls-F,SC; Xenium 25 SC

Ap, TG, Pc, Pr

TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Ap: Podosphera luecotricha, Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina), Pc: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

A curative and preventative conazole fungicide

29 Folpet Folpan 50 WP; Folpan 80 WG; Solofol,WG; Niptan,WG

Ap, TG, Pl, Po

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Po: Phytophthora infestans Pl:Polystigma rubrum,Clasterosporium carpophilum

Contact (not systemic) fungicide with protective action. Inhibits enzyme activity involved in breathing (SH-enzymes). Effective against a large number of pathogenic fungi. Compatible with many pesticides but not highly alkaline preparations. Mixed with preparations based on copper oxychloride, cymoxanil, mancozeb, metalaxyl, etc.

30 Folpet + Triadimenol Shavit F 72 WDG; Shavit F 72 WP

Ap, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator),

Fungicide with protective and curative action. Inhibits enzyme activity involved in breathing (SH-enzymes). Effective against a large number of pathogenic fungi. Compatible with many pesticides but not highly alkaline preparations. Mixed with preparations based on copper oxychloride, cymoxanil, mancozeb, metalaxyl, etc.

31 Fosetyl-Al + Fluopicolide Profiler WG 71

TG Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) A fungicide with systemic activity.

32 Fosetyl-Al Aliette WP 80; ALUMAX; Efatol 80 WP


Ap: Crown canker (Phytophthora cactorum); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); Pl: Crown canker (Phytophthora cactorum, Root rot (Phytophthora omnivora); Pr: Crown canker (Phytophthora cactorum); Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Fosetyl-aluminium is a fungicide with systemic activity.

33 Fosetyl-Al + Folpet Momentum Extra,WDG

To, Po, TG To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans); Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

A fungicide with systemic and contact activity.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

42


Crop requested for*


34 Fosetyl-Al + Mancozeb + Myclobutanil Manoxin M 60 PU

TG TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

It is a broad spectrum fungicide - bactericidal, contact and systemic, with high efficacy.

35 Iprodione Rovral Aquaflo

Po Po: Stem and stolon canker (Rhizoctonia solani), Powedery scab (Spongospora subterranean), Potato scab (Streptomyces scabies), Fusarium crown (Fusarium solani)

Highly effective contact fungicide that inhibits the germination of fungal spores and blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium.

36 Kresoxim-methyl Ardent 50 SC; Strobitec 50 WG; Tuoreg 500 WP; Novaxim 50 WG; Giga Plus 50 WG;Stroll, WDG; Power 50 WP; Fram 50 WG; Strike, WG;Stroby

Ap, TG, PC TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina) Pc: Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

Systemic fungicide with strong protective, eradicative, curative and other residual actions. Inhibits mitochondrial breathing. Controls a large number of pathogenic organisms which parasitizes different cultivars.

37 Kresoxim-methyl + Boscalid Collis

TG TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Systemic fungicide with strong protective, eradicative, curative and other residual actions. Inhibits mitochondrial breathing. Controls a large number of pathogenic organisms which parasitizes different cultivars.

38 Mancozeb Classic MZ 800 WP; Dithane M-45 WP; Doza 80 WP; Harvest,WP; Kadillak WP;Mancomex 80 WP;Olympus,WP; Penncozeb 75 WG; Pilarzeb 80 WP; Sanntozeb 80 WP; Valsazeb 800; Ventozeb 80 WP


Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), Pl: Polystigma rubrum TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Alternaria porri, Early blight (Alternaria solani), Rizoctonia solani To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Alternaria porri, Early blight (Alternaria solani), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina) Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Fungicide with protective action. Works on a large number of pathogenic fungi and is frequently mixed with systemic fungicides through which a more effective protection of cultivars is obtained.

39 Mancozeb + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) + Cymoxanil + Copper sulfate (tribasic) Remiltine CS

TG, Po, To Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Alternaria solani

Fungicide with contact and systemic action. Works on a large number of pathogenic fungi. Due to the copper sulfate and copper hydroxide, formulation is very effective against bacterial diseases as well.

40 Mancozeb + Mefenoxam Ridomil Gold MZ

TG, Po, To, Cu

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Fungicide with effective control of downy milder and certain foliar diseases.

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Crop requested for*


41 Mancozeb + Metalaxyl Acidan 72 WP; Armetil-M; Curaiv,WP; Gold-M,WP; Matador 720 WP; Metaxil,WP; Pyrenomil 720; Valsalaxil 720 WP; Unomil 72 WP

Ap, TG, Po, To

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), To, Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)

Curative and preventive fungicidal action. Components of the system - metalaxyl get into the plants through the leaves and destroys mycelium of the pathogens and protect the plant from infection. Mancozeb doubles the effectiveness of the product by formation of a protective screen on the plant surface.

42 Mandipropamid + Mancozeb Pergado MZ,WG

TG, Po Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

Mandipropamid is a new fungicide in the mandelamide class. A fungicide with systemic and contact action.

43 Metalaxyl Protexyl 350 WP; Maxcel WP

TG, Po, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); To,Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani);

Systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. Absorbed through the leaves, stem and roots. Inhibits protein synthesis. Controls a large number of pathogenic fungi. Compatible with many pesticides. Can be phototoxic if applied in cold and humid weather.

44 Metiram Venturam 70 WG, POLYRAM DF

Ap, TG, Po, To, Pl

Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Pl: Plum rust (Tranzschelia pruni spinosae)

Low toxicity; an alternate formulation of Maneb; protectant fungicide used as potato seed treatment.

45 Metiram + Pyraclostrobin Cabrio Top

TG, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) To: Late blight (Phytophtora infestants), Early blight (Alternaria solani)

Low toxicity; an alternate formulation of Maneb; protectant fungicide used as potato seed treatment.

46 Myclobutanil Laurin 400 WP, Monterrey, WP

Ap, TG, Cu TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) Cu: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea)

Systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. Inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Mixed with other pesticides such as captan, mancozeb etc.

47 Propamocarb hydrochloride + Cymoxanil Proxanil,SC

Po, To, Cu To, Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani); Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Fungicide with protectant and limited systemic activity for the control of soil borne diseases. In moist soil the product is absorbed by the roots and translocated to the aerial parts of the plants.

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Crop requested for*


48 Propamocarb hydrochloride + Fosetyl-Al Previcur Energy SL 840

Cu Cu: Damping off (Pythium debaryanum), Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Colletotrichum lagenarium

Fungicide with protectant and limited systemic activity for the control of soil borne diseases. In moist soil the product is absorbed by the roots and translocated to the aerial parts of the plants.

49 Pyraclostrobin + Boscalid Bellis; Signum


Ap: European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternata Ca: Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae), Downy mildew (Peronospora brassicae), White rust (Albugo candida) Pl, Pc: European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena), Cu: Downy mildew (Psedoperonospora cubensis), Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Foliar fungicide with preventative and curative action. Can be used on a wide range of crops against a wide range of diseases. Low environmental toxicity.

50 Pyrimethanil Scala 400 SC, Lotus 400 SC, Ventapir, SC, Azimut, SC; Report 400 SC; Pyrus 400 SC

Ap, Pl, TG TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Acts as a contact fungicide with protective and curative function. Prevents diseases caused by a wide spectrum of fungi.

51 Pyrimethanil + Trifloxystrobin Flint Star 520 SC; Lotus Extra 520 SC

Ap, TG Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

The combined mezostemno-system fungicide with two active ingredients and a broad spectrum of activity intended for protection of fruit crops, vineyards against diseases. The preparation is used both for prevention, and for direct treatment of the revealed disease.

52 Sulfur Sayfoss,WG; Cosavet 80 DF; Kumulus DF; Microthiol Special Disperss; Sulf praf umectabil; Sulfomat 80 PU; Sulfostar 800 SC; Sulfet,WG; Thiovit Jet 80 WG

Ap, Blu, TG Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) Blu: Microsphaera grossulariae; TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Not very toxic. Should not be used in higher temperatures

53 Tebuconazole Dospeh 25 EC; Folmex,EW; King 250 EC; Arbalet 75 WG; Cerfun 250 EW; Colosal,EC; Concord 250 EW; Dospeh 25 EC; Folicur

Ap, TG Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Tebuconazole uses a systematic action that can work to prevent and eradicate fungi. This chemical compound eliminates fungi by inhibiting their ability to spread spores, which slows growth

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Crop requested for*


EW 250; Folmex,EW; GAT Tessla 25 WG; King 250 EC; Mystik 25 EC; Orius 25 EW; Riza 250 EW; Unical,SC

54 Tebuconazole + Sulfur Unicorn WG

Ap, TG TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Tebuconazole uses a systematic action that can work to prevent and eradicate fungi. This chemical compound eliminates fungi by inhibiting their ability to spread spores, which slows growth

55 Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin Nativo 75 WG


Protective and curative activity. High and long lasting efficacy. Flexible application timing. Widely established MRLs.

56 Thiabendazole Cronos 220 SC

Ap, TG Grey mold (Botrytis cinere), Blue mold decay (Penicillium expansum), Gleosporium fructigenum

Thiabendazole is used to control a variety of fruit and vegetable diseases such as mold, blight, rot and stains caused by various fungi.

57 Thiophanate-methyl Tiofen 70 WP; Scaut 700 WP; Eclipse 700 WP; Octrotitor,SC; Scaut 700 WP; Tank 70 W ; Tiofen 70 WP; Topsin M 70 WP

Ap, TG, Pc Pc: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea),

A preventive and systemic fungicide with contact action. It is absorbed through the plant’s leaves and roots and provides a very good protective and curative effect against a wide range of fungal pathogens responsible of surface plant infection. can be used additionally as a wound protectant for pruning cuts on trees.

58 Triadimenol Magistru 25 EC; Hardy 250 EC; Praktik 25 EC

Ap, TG Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicant action. Short withholding period/pre-harvest interval.

59 Triflumizole Trifmine 30 WP


Cu: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), To: Early blight (Alternaria solani), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Pc: Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) St: Sphaerotheca macularis

Broad spectrum foliar fungicide which inhibits spore germination, mycelial growth and the spread of the fungi within the plants.

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Crop requested for*


Insecticides

60 Acetamiprid Acetamiprid 22,5 SL; Colorit SP; Mospilan 20 SG; Kestrel 20 SL; Lux, WP; Dolor 20 SG; Maccet, WG; Michigan 20 WP; Mosaprid SP; Taco 22.5 SL;

Ap, To, Po Ap: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), Flower bud weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), Sciaphobus squalidis, Tortricidae, Green apple aphid (Aphis pomi), Stigmella malella, Lithocolletis spp., Apple leaf minor (Cemiostoma scitella),Adoxophyes orana To: Bollworm (Heliothis armigera) Po: The Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

Systemic. Very effective on resistant populations of pests.

61 Clofentezine Apollo 500 SC

TG, Ap, St Ap: Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae; TG: Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae; St: Bryobiidae, Tetranychidae

Clofentezine is an acaricide, which interferes with cell growth and differentiation during the final stages of embryonic and early larval development

62 Chlorantraniliprole Coragen 20 SC; Artus 200 SC


Ap: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Tortricidae, Summer fruit totrix moth (Adoxophyes orana (Reticulana)), Ancylis variegana, Bud moth (Spilonota ocellana), Ancylis achatana, Lithicolletis sp., To: Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Bollworm (Heliothis armigera), Agrotis spp., Pl: Plum fruit moth(Cydia funebrana) Pc: Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholitha molesta), Po: Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) Ca: Plutella masculipennis, Ballworm (Heliothis armigera), Pieris spp.

New pesticide. Low toxicity (IV). Works quickly and is effective at low doses.

63 Dimethoate Sirocco, EC; Bastar 40 EC; BI-58 NEW; Bimmer EC; Bishka, EC; Danadim 400 EC; Demeter 400 EC; Demethoate 40 EC; Dimevit, CE; Dingo 400 EC; Fostran 40 EC; Gorzi 400 EC; Kraft, EC; Magnus 400 EC; Shinthoate 40 EC; Steel 40 EC; Successor 400 EC


Ap: Spilonota ocellana, Cydia pomonella, Aphididae, Hoplocampa testudinea, Tortricidae, Anthonomus pomorum, Sciaphobus squalidus, Coenorrhinus aequatus, Lithocolletis corylifoliella, Archips rosana Apr: Myzodes persicae, Grapholita molesta Ca: Brevicoryne brassicae, Phyllotreta spp., Aphididae Pc: Grapholita molesta Pl: Cydia funebrana, Aphididae, Hoplocampa flava, Eurytoma schreineri, Eurytoma schreineri, Cydia pomonella TG: Eupoecilia ambiquella, Lobesia botrana

The only insecticide registered for use on apricots in Moldova. Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide that is used to kill a wide range mites and insects systemically and on contact on a wide range of crops.

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Crop requested for*


64 Fenpyroximate Hitmite 50 SC

Ap European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), Hawthorn spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis)

Contact insecticide. Useful in managing target pests as part of a larger IPM program that is intended to control a range of pests.

65 Hexythiazox Nissorun 10 WP; Vulcan 10 WP; Kordox 10 WP; Mayor 10 WP;

Ap, TG, Pl Ap, Pl, TG: Bryobiidae, Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Bryobiidae

Hexythiazox is an ovacide (kills mite eggs)

66 Indoxacarb, S-isomer Avaunt SC; Avanguard SC; Pitch 150 SC;

Ap, Pl, To, Ca

Ap: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella),Tortricidae,Lithicolletis spp., To: Ballworm (Heliothis armigera), Pl: Prune moth (Cydia funebrana), Ca: Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), Pierris spp., Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis)

Indoxacarb is designated by the EPA to be a “reduced-risk” pesticide and is considered an organophosphate (OP) replacement. It has moderate to low acute and chronic toxicity and does not cause mutagenic, carcinogenic, developmental, or reproductive effects.

67 Lufenuron Box 50 EC ;Match 050 EC

Ap, To Ap: Colding moth (Cydia pomonella), tortricidae; To: Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera)

Lufenuron, a selective pesticide, a growth regulator, inhibits the production of chitin in insects. Without chitin, a larval flea will never develop a hard outer shell (exoskeleton). Very effective if applied at an optimal period. No resistance.

68 Malathion Fostio, EC; Fufanon 570 EC; Maladion 570 EC; Smart 44 EW;

Ap, To, Ca, SwC

Ap: Sciaphobus squalidus, Apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Coenorrhinus aequatus, Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), Archips rosana, Lithocolletis corylifoliella, Aphis pomi; To: Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera) Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphididae; Ca: Heliothis armigera, Piersis spp., Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis), Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae); SwC: Cherry fly (Rhagoletis cerasi)

Malathion is a nonsystemic, widespectrum organophosphate insecticide.

69 Pyridaben Sanmite 20 WP; Shockmite 20 WP; Taurid 200 WP; Zilot 20 WP

Ap, TG Ap:Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Fruit tree spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis), Aculus schlehtendali TG: Tetranychidae

Pyridaben is an insecticide and acaricide.

70 Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC; Control 100 EC; Amarok EC;

Ap, To, Cu To: Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Ap: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.

Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator. It prevents larvae from developing into adulthood and thus rendering them unable to reproduce.

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Crop requested for*


71 Spirodiclofen Envidor SC 240 ; Krown SC; Stopmite 240 SC

Ap, TG, Pr Ap: European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), Brown mite (Bryobia redikorzevi), Tetranychus viennensis Pr: Pear psylla (Psylla pyri) TG: Spired mites (Tetranychus urticae)

Spirodiclofen is a tetronic acid with acaricidal action. It acts by interfering with mite development. Spirodiclofen is active by contact to mite eggs, all nymphal stages, and adult females (adult males are not effected).

72 Sulfur Sulf praf umectabil; Thiovit Jet 80 WG; Sayfoss,WG

Ap, TG Ap: Apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Tetranychidae, Eryophyidae,Tetranychus urticae

Not very toxic. Should not be used in higher temperatures

Herbicides

73 Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Forte 150 EC

Ap, TG, Po Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

A selective postemergence phenoxy herbicide. It has essentially no activity on broadleaf species. It is compatible with a wide variety of other herbicides.

74 Glufosinate, ammonium salt Basta SL 150

Ap, TG Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

It is effective against a broad range of weeds, eliminating the need to apply several herbicides to control different weeds on a given crop. Glufosinate also has shown to provide some protection against various plant diseases, as it also acts to kill fungi and bacteria on contact. Useful for rotation with other herbicides to mitigate weed resistance.

75 Glyphosate Absolut,SL; Argument,SL; Barclay Gallup 360 SL; Boom Efekt; Clean-X 360 SL; Dominator 360 SL; Dominator Mega 480 SL; Fachel 48 SL; Fachel Extra,SL; Felix WDG; Gliacint,SL; Glifovit 48 SL; Klinik 360 SL; Leone 36 SL; Muscle-Up 500 SL; Nuarid 500 WG; Ouragan Forte 500 SL; Roundup 360 SL; Roundup Max Plus,SL; Terminator 410 SL; Tornado 500 SL; Tornado, SL; Valsaup 360 SL ; Zero 360 SL


All crops: Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Very effective broad spectrum herbicide but need to ensure that it does not reach green parts of grown crop. Effective only on actively growing plants and is not effective as a pre-emergence herbicide.

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Crop requested for*


76 Glyphosate + Flazasulfuron, Chikara Duo,WG

TG Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Very effective broad spectrum herbicide but need to ensure that it does not reach green parts of grown crop. With flazasulfuron, the compound is pre- and post-emergence selective herbicide used to control a wide range of annual and perennial weeds

77 Oxyfluorfen + Glyphosate Zoomer, SC


Annual dicotyledonous weeds Zoomer is a non-selective, contact and systemic herbicide with foliar and soil activity. It has broad spectrum activity on grasses, sedges & broad leaved weeds.

78 Pendimethalin Paragon 330 EC, Prospect 330 EC, Stomp 330 EC, Stop EC

Po, To, Ca Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Used in premergence and postemergence as it controls the weed population and prevents weeds from emerging, particularly during the crucial development phase of the crop.

79 Rimsulfuron Escudo,WG; GAT Tiger 25 WG; Satir 25 WG; Tiran WG; Titus 25 WG

To, Po Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Rimsulfuron is a herbicide of certain grasses, annual broadleaf weeds and perennial broadleaf weeds and is also particularly effective for the management of glyphosate-resistant weed species.

80 S-Metolachlor Dual Gold 960 EC

To Mono- and some dicotyledonous annual weeds

Growth inhibitor. Most susceptible weeds fail to emerge from the soil. Phytotoxic to emerging weed seedlings.

Biopesticides

81 Bacillus subtilis QST 713 Serenado ASO


Ap, Apr, SwC: Monilia spp. Pc: Taphrina deformans St: Botrytis cinerea To: Botrytis cinerea, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Corynebacterium michiganense Cu: Botrytis cinerea, Pseudomonas lachrymans

A biological control agent to treat a variety of plant diseases and fungal pathogens. Bacillus subtilis is a ubiquitous bacteria commonly found in various ecological niches including soil, water and air which does not have a history of pathogenicity from contact in the environment.

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Crop requested for*


82 Reynoutria sachalinensis extract Recol

Ap, Cu, TG Cu: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

When sprayed on plants, extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (giant knotweed) causes the plants to activate an internal defense system that prevents growth of certain fungi, especially powdery mildew and gray mold. No adverse effects to humans or the environment are expected from use of the extract. Furthermore, products containing this active ingredient may help reduce human and environmental risks by decreasing the use of more toxic fungicides.

83 Trichoderma harzianum (Th-7F-BL) Trihodermina Th-7F-BL

All veg Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phythium debaryanum, Rhizoctonia solani

Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that is also used as a fungicide. It is used for foliar application, seed treatment and soil treatment for suppression of various disease causing fungal pathogens. The availability of a biological fungicide would provide a less toxic alternative to the currently registered chemical treatments. However, it primarily reduces disease incidence rather than providing 100 percent efficient control.

84 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Virin-MB; Virin-HS-2; Virin HS-P, Virin-OS


Cannage moth (Mamestra brassicae), Cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera)

The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) which belongs to the family Baculoviruses is a virus affecting insects, predominantly moths and butterflies. It has been used as a pesticide for crops infested by insects susceptible to contraction. Though commercialization of the viral pesticide is slow as the virus is very species specific, making it effective under certain circumstances. Mortality in infected insects is nearly 100 percent. NPV is an important biopesticide, as it is ecofriendly, having less residual toxicity, compatible with many chemical pesticides, self-perpetuating nature. Hence, NPV can be implemented as one of major components in IPM program.


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Crop requested for*


85 1-Methylcyclopropene Fitomag; Fysium; Smart Fresh

Ap, Pl Ethylene Inhibitor Synthetic plant growth regulator. It is structurally related to the natural plant hormone ethylene and it is used commercially to slow down the ripening of fruit post harvest.

86 Chlorpropham Neostop Starter 300 EC Neostop Starter 300 EC

Po Growth regulator, inhibits potato sprouting.

Chlorpropham belongs to the carbamates class of herbicides. The compounds of this class are absorbed by green mass of plants or tubers and inhibit cell division in the growth points. Thus, after the treatment of potato tubers the product is concentrated in sprouts and prevents tuber sprouting for a long time (up to 1 year).

87 Ethephon Neostop Starter 300 EC

Ap, TG Optimizing fruit ripening and coloring Ethephon is a plant growth regulator used to promote fruit ripening, abscission, flower induction, and other responses.

88 Gibberellins Gerlagib LG; Gobbi Gib 2 LG, Habifol P

Ap, TG Growth regulator Naturally occurring plant hormones that are used in agriculture as plant regulators. GAs stimulate both cell division and cell elongation that can affect leaves as well as stems (eventually affecting fruit development and fruit set). Applications of these compounds can also hasten plant maturation and seed germination. Given the fact that these acids are naturally occurring compounds and have a non-toxic mode of action in target plants, GA and related isomers have been classified as biochemical pesticides. GAs are used in all of the major fruit and grape producing regions of the world due to their positive effects on fruit quality parameters.

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Crop requested for*


89 N6-benzyl adenine + 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid Dira-Max LG

Ap Plant growth regulator used for chemical fruit thinning.

The removal of excess flowers or fruitlets for apple trees by chemicals is an important tool to achieve regular crops of the desired size and quality specifications. The main advantages of chemical thinning are labor saving and lower thinning costs. Secondly, because chemical thinners are applied in or shortly after blossom, competition between developing fruitlets is reduced at an early stage. The early removal of excess fruit has a beneficial effect on final fruit size but equally important is the fact that it helps to ensure regular crops by decreasing the biennial bearing habit of many cultivars.

90 Prohexadione calcium Regalis Plus

Ap Plant growth regulator with a retardant action

Reduced shoot growth. Prohexadione calcium is foliarly applied plant regulator which reduces vegetative growth by inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellin, a naturally occurring plant hormone.

Note: check product label to confirm target pests and crops and updates on http://www.pesticide.md/registrul-de-stat/

2.3 THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS PART OF AN IPM PROGRAM

An IPM program combines the use of complementary strategies to control pests and diseases. These strategies include physical prevention, mechanical control, biological control, cultural management, and pesticides (as a last resort). These methods are applied in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. It is an environmentally friendly approach that aims to reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level. The pesticides that are discussed in trainings or used on demonstration sites supported by HVAA will be reviewed by agronomists who will specify why the pesticide is recommended and for which uses. Good agricultural practices (GAP) will be recommended to select and apply pesticides as one part of a comprehensive IPM program specifically designed for each crop. The range of available IPM practices is very large and includes the following specific alternatives that may be used in varying combinations in response to specific problems in targeted crops:

Select pest resistant varieties and high quality certified seed/plant materials;

Implement companion cropping;

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Monitor pest populations regularly through inspection and traps to manage pest outbreaks early;

Maintain good plant health through optimal application of nutrients and sound water management practices.

Keep plantings free from weeds and plant debris;

Manually control pests and diseases when infestations are low.

Remove infected plant material from the field;

Select pesticides that are recommended by agronomists as suitable for use in an IPM or Integrated Production program;

Apply pesticides as a measure of last resort, when no effective measures are available;

Apply pesticides as a measured response to monitored pests/diseases rather than on a fixed "calendar" schedule;

Apply pesticides in the early morning or late afternoon when honeybees are inactive, winds and temperatures are lower;

Apply lowest effective amounts of pesticides;

Alternate protectant and systemic fungicides from different chemical families to reduce the use of more toxic pesticides and to avoid developing resistant pest, pathogen and weed strains; and

Implement crop rotation.

Information about recommended alternative pest management practices will be included in all training materials with the application of pesticides presented as the last resort. The focus of any recommendations and training will be on IPM and the environmentally responsible and safe use of pesticides when they are needed.

2.4 THE PROPOSED METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT

Methods most commonly used for pesticide application now are most commonly those with which farmers became familiar during Soviet times. In greenhouses, an estimated 80% of all pesticide application is done by manual back pack sprayers applying the chemicals directly on the plants. A few of the larger (and more technically sophisticated) greenhouses have converted to motorized backpack sprayers or centralized systems. Most pesticide applications on table grapes

and tree fruits are still accomplished with tractor-drawn spraying units with tanks of one to two-ton capacity. Aerial spraying may be done in larger fields.

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More modern spraying equipment is now being imported to Moldova from the EU. These are generally more cost effective in that they are more precise in the regulation of application rates and are able to reduce “drift” by directing the chemicals more directly to the crop. Larger tree fruit farmers are the first to adopt the improved technologies. HVAA will include training on improved application techniques and the adoption of specialized application equipment for specific crops in all of its production training programs and encourage all producers to adopt improved practices as quickly as possible. Controlling the “drift” of pesticide sprays is a key factor in several aspects of effective and safe pesticide use. The waste of expensive material is reduced by preventing it from being carried away from its target plants. Human health consequences resulting from the unintended exposure to dangerous products can be limited by proper application practices. And, environmental damage can be avoided by eliminating the unintended application of dangerous chemical to soils, water bodies and other plants by ensuring that the spraying process is tightly controlled. The key way to avoid pesticide drift is to not spray when the wind is blowing and apply the chemical as directly on the desired areas as possible. The use of specialized spraying equipment tailored to the needs of specific crops is to be encouraged but it is also important to ensure that proper nozzles are used, properly calibrated and carefully maintained and that dosages are carefully calculated to avoid over spraying. In this context, the benefits of implementation of adequate maintenance and calibration practices will be promoted during demo and training activities. Moreover, the individual maintenance and calibration plans and implementation activities, that have a “high importance” as a GlobalGAP requirements, will be developed and supported by HVAA. The use of safety equipment for pesticide application is specified in the Labor Safety Instructions developed by manufacturers for each specific product, complemented by standard operation procedures developed by each producer. Also, at the national level, a special “Regulation on industrial machines” was adopted by the Governmental Decision #130 in 2014 (HOTĂRÎRE Nr. 130 din 21.02.2014 cu privire la aprobarea Reglementarii tehnice „Mașini industriale”), that prescribes detailed OHS requirements for spraying machines used in agriculture. The compliance with legal requirements is checked regularly by the Department of Pesticide and Fertilizer Control of the National Food Safety Agency (ANSA) and by the National Public Health Center by its local representatives. Pesticides should only be recommended in conjunction with the use of appropriate protective gear. Practical advice for safety clothing, equipment, and precautions go a long way, and with appropriate recommendations, HVAA assistance for the use of approved pesticides is not expected to have adverse impacts on human health. There are several suppliers of safety equipment in Moldova and farmers have access to a wide range of government certified safety gear – at least in the larger cities. Working with suppliers as important value chain participants, HVAA will encourage them to make safety equipment more generally available, distribute training materials for its correct use, and encourage the use of protective gear. HVAAwill always recommend and demonstrate protective gear, as required by the label, when they recommend use of pesticides. Where labels are absent or incomplete, HVAAwill provide appropriate advice on the correct use of protective gear based on US EPA recommendations (Table 5) and national Regulation (Regulament nr. 231 din 28.11.2003 privind gestionarea produselor de uz fitosanitar și a fertilizanţilor în economia naţională).

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Table 5: Protective clothing recommended by US EPA Toxicity Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product Route of exposure I

Danger II Warning

III Caution

IV Caution

Dermal toxicity or skin irritation potential

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear, boots Chemical resistant gloves

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear, boots Chemical resistant gloves

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes or boots Chemical resistant gloves

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes or boots No minimum (check pesticide label)

Inhalation toxicity Carbon-filter respiratory protection device

Carbon-filter respiratory protection device

No minimum (check pesticide label)


Eye irritation potential

Protective eyewear Protective eyewear No minimum (check pesticide label)


2.5 ACUTE AND CHRONIC HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS

Table 6 shows human and environmental toxicological hazards associated with pesticides. Potential acute or long-term hazards are minimal if the applicators follow the recommendations and training provided by the project since chemicals will be selected for low toxicity and safe application will be taught. The more highly toxic pesticides are not allowed to be used or recommended by HVAA at all and copper compounds will only be used in the absence of viable alternatives. There are numerous ways to mitigate exposure to humans. Among these are the following:

- Read labels carefully and follow instructions with regard to product use and protective clothing or equipment;

- Do not re-enter a treated area until the pesticide has dried or the prescribed re-entry interval has passed;

- Never eat, drink or smoke while working with any pesticide; - Wash thoroughly with soap and water after working with pesticides; - Do not expose food, beverages, drinking vessels or cigarettes to pesticides; - Wear gloves, face masks, long sleeved shirt and trousers, shoes, socks and hat

and other prescribed protective gear (e.g. rubber aprons and goggles) when working with pesticides; and

- Stay up-wind during application process. Appropriate precautions to minimize adverse impacts on the environment should be taken for all pesticides. Best practices in mixing, storing, applying, disposing, and transporting of pesticides should be instilled in farmers and applicators when using any pesticide.In training, best practices should be encouraged for all pesticides (including for storage, application, etc.).These best practices will be demonstrated on HVAA demonstration sites. Guidance in case of pesticide exposure emergencies, spills or fires, is presented in Annex 6.

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Table 6: User and Environmental Hazards Associated with Requested Pesticides


Acute/Chronic Toxicity (human hazards)

Eco-toxicity

Groundwater (GW) Contamination Potential

Fungicides 1 Azoxystrobin

Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 128810

Acute oral, dermal, inhalation-RNT-ST. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Not a likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish. VHT to zooplankton. MT to birds, bees, worms and crustaceans.

Potential water contaminant; For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables).

2 Azoxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 128810 + Cyproconazole Chemical Class Azole US EPA PC Code: 128993

Acute oral, dermal, inhalation-ST. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Suspected carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Azoxystrobin:MT to fish. VHT to zooplankton. MT to birds, bees, worms and crustaceans. Cyproconazole: Cyproconazole:ST to fish. MT to zooplankton. NAT to bees.


3 Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008

Not acutely toxic. Possible carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to birds, bees, worms and crustaceans.

Boscalid has low mobility in soil; however, boscalid may move to surface water through spraydrift and runoff of soil and suspended sediments.

4 Bromuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 120503

Moderate acute toxicity. Not a Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, bees, moolusks and crustaceans. ST to bees and worms.

Insufficient data

5 Captan Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081301

High acute toxicity: Skin, eye and respiratory tract irritant. Irreversible eye damage Unknown endocrine disruptor; cholinesterase inhibitor-no; Carcinogen therefore long term exposure should be minimized

HT to VHT to fish; MT to insects, amphibians, molluscs and zooplankton.

Captan dissipates rapidly in the environment, with a half-life of less than 1 day, based on the results of hydrolysis and aerobic soil studies. Parent captan is slightly mobile to relatively immobile in various soils. Even if captian and major degrades reach the ground and surface waters, they are not expected to be persistent.

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Eco-toxicity


6 Copper hydroxide Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023401, 823401

Slight acute toxicity. Severe eye irritation. Skin and respiratory tract irritation. Carcinogenicity unknown. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

HT to fish and molluscs. NAT to crustaceans. MT to brids, bees and worms.

Copper is considered to be among the more mobile of the heavy metals in surface environments but it is mainly bound, or adsorbed, to organic materials, and to clay and mineral surfaces. Some may leach to gw.

7 Copper hydroxide Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023401, 823401 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501

Slight acute toxicity. Severe eye irritation. Suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity. Chronic toxicity includes hepatic cirrhosis and brain damage.

Copper hydroxide:HT to fish and molluscs. RNT to MT to fish. MT to brids, bees and worms. Copper oxychloride: VHT to amphibians, echinoderms and phytoplankton. HT to earthworms; MT to fish, aquatic inverts, nematodes and molluscs; RNT to birds, beneficial arthropods


8 Copper sulfate (tribasic) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 008101

Suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Can be MT to amphibians and crustaceans. HT to birds and plankton. MT to birds and worms.


9 Cyazofamid Chemical class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 085651

Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

ST to honeybees. Potential gw contaminant.

10 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106

Acute oral, dermal-ST; inhalation-RNT No chronic symptoms known

MT to fish, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans.

Low persistence in soils thus minimal threat to GW

11 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Famoxadone Chemical Class: Oxazolidinedione US EPA PC Code: 113202

Acute oral, dermal-ST; inhalation-RNT No chronic symptoms known

Cymoxanil: MT to fish, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans. Famoxadone: HT to fish, crustaceans. MT to bees.

Low persistence in soils thus minimal threat to GW

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Eco-toxicity


12 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501

Slight acute toxicity. Chronic toxicity includes hepatic cirrhosis & brain damage. Carcinogenicity unknown. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Cymnoxanil: MT to fish, bees, worms, crustaceans, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans. Copper oxychloride: VHT to amphibians, echinoderms and phytoplankton. HT to earthworms; MT to fish, aquatic inverts, nematodes and molluscs; RNT to birds, beneficial arthropods

Potential gw contaminant.


Slight acute toxicity. Chronic toxicity includes hepatic cirrhosis & brain damage. Mancozeb is a probably carcinogen and a probable endocrine disruptor. Mancozeb is a developmental and reproductive toxin. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity.

Cymnoxanil: MT to fish, bees, worms, crustaceans, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans. Copper oxychloride: VHT to amphibians, echinoderms and phytoplankton. HT to earthworms; MT to fish, aquatic inverts, nematodes and molluscs; RNT to birds, beneficial arthropods. NAT to bees. Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees.

Mancozeb: Potential GW contaminant

14 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

Mancozeb is a probably carcinogen and a probable endocrine disruptor. Mancozeb is a developmental and reproductive toxin. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity.

Cymoxanil: MT to fish, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans. Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees.

Mancozeb: Potential GW contaminant

15 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Metalaxyl Chemical class: Xylylalanine

Metalaxyl has moderate acute toxicity. No chronic symptoms known.

Cymoxanil: MT to fish, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans. Metalaxyl: ST to fish and plankton.

Metalaxyl is a potential GW contaminant.

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Eco-toxicity


16 Cyproconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128993 + Propiconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 122101

Cyproconazole: Slight acute toxicity. Likely carcinogen. Propiconazole: Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

Cyproconazole:ST to fish. MT to zooplankton. NAT to bees. Propiconazole: MT to fish, insects, molluscs. ST to crustaceans. T to bees.

Propiconazole: Potential GW contaminant.

17 Cyprodinil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288202

Slight acute toxicity. Potential skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation. Harmful if absorbed though the skin. Not a likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, birds, worms, crustaceans, phytoplankton and aquatic invertebrates.


18 Cyprodinil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288202 + Fludioxonil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 071503

Slight acute toxicity. Potential skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation. Harmful if absorbed though the skin. Not a likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, birds, worms, crustaceans, phytoplankton and aquatic invertebrates. ST to bees. Fludioxonil: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans.


19 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847

Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

MT to fish, bees, worms and crustaceans. HT to zooplankton.


20 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 + Kresoxim methyl Chemical class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111

Difenoconazole: Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Kresoxim methyl: Slight acute toxicity. Carcinogen.

Difenoconazole: MT to fish, bees, worms and crustaceans. HT to zooplankton. Kresoxim methyl: MT to worms, crustaceans, HT to plankton.

Kresoxim methyl: Potential GW contaminant.

21 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 + Propiconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 122101

Difenoconazole: Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Propiconazole: Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

Difenoconazole: MT to fish, worms and crustaceans. HT to zooplankton. NAT to bees. Propiconazole: MT to fish, insects, molluscs. ST to crustaceans. T to bees.

Propiconazole: Potential GW contaminant.

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Eco-toxicity


22 Dimethomorph Chemical Class: Morpholine US EPA PC Code: 268800 + Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601

Dimethomorph: Slight acute toxicity. No known chronic symptoms. Folpet: Not acutely toxic. Likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Dimethomorph: MT to fish, birds, bees, worms. ST to zooplankton. Folpet: HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to zooplankton. ST to bees

Potential GW contaminant but overall low leaching potential.

23 Dimethomorph Chemical Class: Morpholine US EPA PC Code: 268800 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

Dimethomorph: Slight acute toxicity. No known chronic symptoms. Mancozeb: probably carcinogen and a probable endocrine disruptor. Mancozeb is a developmental and reproductive toxin. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity.

Dimethomorph: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms. ST to zooplankton. Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees.

Potential GW contaminant.

24 Fenamidone Chemical class: Imidazole US EPA PC Code: 046679 + Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302

Not likely carcinogen or cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected neurotoxicity.

Fenamidone:MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans. Propamocarb hydrochloride: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans.


25 Fenhexamid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 090209

Acute oral, dermal, inhalation-RNT. Not a likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, bees, birds, worms,crustaceans, zooplankton.


26 Fluazinam Chemical class: 2.6-Dinitroaniline (phenylpyridinamine) US EPA PC Code: 129098

Possible carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected immunotoxicity hazard and skin or sense organ toxicity hazard.

VHT to fish. MT to bees, birds, worms, crustaceans.

Low potential for gw contamination due to low mobility,

27 Fluopicolide Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 027412 + Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302

Not likely carcinogen or cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected neurotoxicity.

Fluopicolide:MT to fish, bees, worms, crustaceans. Propamocarb hydrochloride: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans.


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Eco-toxicity


28 Flutriafol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128940

Slight acute toxicity. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, bees, worms, crustaceans.


29 Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601

Not acutely toxic. Likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to worms, zooplankton. ST to bees

Degrades rapidly in water.

30 Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601 + Triadimenol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 127201

Folpet: Not acutely toxic. Likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Triadimenol: Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Folpet: HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to worms, zooplankton. ST to bees Triadimenol: MT to fish, birds, worms.

Degrades rapidly in water.

31 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Fluopicolide Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 027412

Fosetyl-Al: High Acute Toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Fluopicolide: no known chronic systems.

Fosetyl-Al: NAT to fish and crustaceans. MT to worms, zooplankton. ST to birds, bees. Fluopicolide: MT to fish, bees, worms, crustaceans.


32 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301

High Acute Toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

NAT to fish and crustaceans. MT to worms and zooplankton. ST to bees, birds.


33 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601

Fosetyl-Al: High Acute Toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Folpet: Not acutely toxic. Likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Fosetyl-Al: NAT to fish and crustaceans. MT to worms and zooplankton. ST to bees, birds. Folpet: HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to zooplankton. ST to bees


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Eco-toxicity


34 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Myclobutanil Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128857

Fosety-Al: High Acute Toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Mancozeb is probably a carcinogen and a probable endocrine diruptor. Mancozeb is a developmental and reproductive toxin. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity. Myclobutanil has slight acute toxicity, it is a development or reproductive toxin and a suspected endocrine disruptor.

Fosetyl-Al: NAT to fish and crustaceans. MT to worms and zooplankton. ST to bees, birds. Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees. Myclobutanil: MT to fish, birds, worms, crustaceans, HT to phytoplankton.

Fosetyl-Al and Mancozeb: Potential GW contaminant.

35 Iprodione Chemical Class: Dicarboximide US EPA PC Code: 109801, 209900

Slight acute toxicity. Chronic health issues: Known carcinogen and suspected endocrine disruptor. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

ST to slightly toxic to birds; MT to fish; HT to crustaceans.


36 Kresoxim-methyl Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111

Slight acute toxicity. Likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Kresoxim methyl: MT to worms, crustaceans, HT to plankton. ST to fish, bees, birds.


37 Kresoxim-methyl Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111 + Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008

Kresoxim-methyl: Slight acute toxicity. Likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Boscalid: Not acutely toxic. Possible carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Kresoxim methyl: MT to worms, crustaceans, HT to plankton. ST to fish, bees, birds. Boscalid: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans.


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Eco-toxicity


38 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

Not acutely toxic. Causes cough, sore throat, redness and pain of skin and eyes; diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Chronic issues: Known carcinogen, therefore long-term exposure should be minimized. Suspected endocrine disruptor (on 4 of 5 lists). Known development or reproductive toxin.

Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees.

Does not accumulate in soil; moderate potential to contaminate GW

39 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501 + Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper sulfate (tribasic) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 008101

Acute oral, dermal-ST. Causes cough, sore throat, redness and pain of skin and eyes; diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Chronic issues: Known carcinogen, hepatitis cirrhosis and brain damage, therefore long-term exposure should be minimized. Suspected endocrine disruptor (on 4 of 5 lists). Known development or reproductive toxin. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees. Copper oxychloride: VHT to amphibians, echinoderms and phytoplankton. HT to earthworms; MT to fish, aquatic inverts, nematodes and molluscs; RNT to birds, beneficial arthropods. NAT to bees. Cymoxanil: MT to fish, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans. Copper sulfate (tribasic): MT to bees, amphibians, worms. aquatic insects; HT to birds, plankton.

Potential to contaminate GW

40 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Mefenoxam Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 013502

Highly toxic. Causes cough, sore throat, redness and pain of skin and eyes; diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Chronic issues: Known carcinogen, therefore long-term exposure should be minimized. Suspected endocrine disruptor (on 4 of 5 lists). Known development or reproductive toxin.

Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees. Mefenoxam: MT to fish. HT to plankton.


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Eco-toxicity


41 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Metalaxyl Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 113501

Moderate acute toxicity. Causes cough, sore throat, redness and pain of skin and eyes; diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Chronic issues: Known carcinogen, therefore long-term exposure should be minimized. Suspected endocrine disruptor (on 4 of 5 lists). Known development or reproductive toxin.

Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees. Metalaxyl: ST to fish and plankton.


42 Mandipropamid Chemical Class: Mandelamide US EPA PC Code: 036602 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504

Mancozeb: Not acutely toxic. Causes cough, sore throat, redness and pain of skin and eyes; diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Chronic issues: Known carcinogen, therefore long-term exposure should be minimized. Suspected endocrine disruptor (on 4 of 5 lists). Known development or reproductive toxin.

Mandipropamid: MT to fish, bees, worms, crustaceans. Mancozeb: HT to amphibians. MT to fish and bees.

Potential gw contaminant

43 Metalaxyl Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 113501

Moderate acute toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not likely cholinesterase inhibitor.

ST to fish and zooplankton.


44 Metiram Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc complex US EPA PC Code: 114601

Not acutely toxic Suspected endocrine disruptor; not a cholinesterase inhibitor; probable carcinogen

ST to fish; MT to other worms, crustaceans, plankton; ST to birds and other wildlife


45 Metiram Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc complex US EPA PC Code: 114601 + Pyraclostrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 099100

Not acutely toxic Suspected endocrine disruptor; not a cholinesterase inhibitor; probable carcinogen

Metiram:ST to fish; MT to worms, crustaceans, plankton; ST to birds and other wildlife. Pyraclostrobin: MT to bees, birds, worms.


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Eco-toxicity


46 Myclobutanil Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128857

Slight acute toxicity. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, birds, worms. HT to crustaceans.

Myclobutanil is non-volatile and has low mobility in soil. If released into a soil environment, it would remain in soil. If released into water, it would adsorb to suspended solids or sediment.

47 Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 + Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106

Slight acute toxicity. Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through skin. Corrosive. Causes eye damage. Not likely carcinogen. Some chronic developmental toxicity effects in animal studies.

Propamocarb hydrochloride: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans. Cymoxanil: MT to fish, aquatic inverts; RNT to birds, MT to bees, earthworms and crustaceans.

Potential water contaminant; For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water.

48 Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 + Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301

Fosetyl-AL is a High acute toxicity. This product is corrosive. Causes eye damage. Not likely carcinogen. Some chronic developmental toxicity effects in animal studies.

Propamocarb hydrochloride: MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans. Fosetyl-aluminum: NAT to fish and crustaceans. MT to worms and zooplankton. ST to bees, birds.


49 Pyraclostrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 099100 + Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008

Not acutely toxic. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Boscalid is a possible carcinogen.

Pyraclostrobin: MT to bees, birds, worms. Boscalid: MT to birds, bees, worms and crustaceans.


50 Pyrimethanil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288201

Not acutely toxic. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not a cholinesterase disruptor.

MT to fish, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects. ST to bees.


51 Pyrimethanil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288201 + Trifloxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129112

Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not a cholinesterase disruptor.

Pyrimethanil: MT to fish, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects. ST to bees. Trifloxystrobin: MT to birds, worms.


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Eco-toxicity



Slight acute toxicity. Chronic-RNT

Low acute toxicity to all organisms. Toxic to beneficial mites.

Label states not to apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present

53 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997

Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Due to the potential for endocrine-disrupting effects, tebuconazole was assessed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency as being potentially removed from the market by EU regulation 1107/2009

MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans, aquatic insects. HT to zooplankton.


54 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 + Sulfur Chemical Class: Inorganic US EPA PC Code: 077501

Moderate acute toxicity. May irritate eye and skin, Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

MT to fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans, aquatic insects. HT to zooplankton. Sulfur: Low acute toxicity to all organisms. Toxic to beneficial mites.

Potential gw contaminant. Tebuconazole is known to leach through soil. Use of this chemical in areas where soils are permeable, particularly where the water table is shallow, may result in ground-water contamination.

55 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 + Trifloxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129112

Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

MT to fish Low acute toxicity to all organisms. Toxic to beneficial mites. HT to zooplankton. Trifloxystrobin: MT to birds, worms. ST to fish, bees.

Potential gw contaminant. Tebuconazole is known to leach through soil. Use of this chemical in areas where soils are permeable, particularly where the water table is shallow, may result in ground-water contamination.

56 Thiabendazole Chemical Class: Benzimidazole US EPA PC Code: 060101

Slight acute toxicity. Effects of acute overexposure to the fungicide include dizziness, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Carcinogen. Developmental or reproductive toxin.

MT toamphibians, ST to fish, worms, plankton.

Thiabendazole binding to soil increases with increasing soil acidity. It is quite persistent. It is not expected to leach readily from soil.

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Eco-toxicity


57 Thiophanate-methyl Chemical Class: Benzimidazole precursor US EPA PC Code: 102001

Slight acute toxicity. Carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish and ST to crustaceans.


58 Triadimenol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 127201

Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

MT to freshwater fish, birds, worms.

Stable to hydrolysis and appears to be stable to photolysis on the soil surface. Low potential to leach in soil.

59 Triflumizole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128879

Slight acute toxicity. Eye irritant. Skin sensitization. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

HT to fish. MT to bees, crustaceans.


Insecticides

60 Acetamiprid Chemical class: Neonicotinoid US EPA PC Code: 099050

Low dermal and inhalation toxicity. May irritate eyes and the skin and may absorb through the skin. Unlikely human carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor

MT to bees. HT to birds. NT to fish.


61 Clofentezine Chemical class: Tetrazine US EPA PC Code: 125501

Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

ST to fish, birds, zooplankton.

Very low solubility in water. Undergoes hydrolysis, the rate of which increases with pH (over the range 4-9). Susceptible to fairly rapid photolysis.

62 Chlorantraniliprole Chemical class: Anthranilic diamide US EPA PC Code: 090100

Not acutely toxic. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to bees, birds, worms. HT to crustaceans.

Potential gw pollutant.

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Eco-toxicity


63 Dimethoate Chemical class: Organophosphorus US EPA PC Code: 035001

Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. Readily absorbed through the skin and lungs. Exposure leads to: dizziness, sweating., laboured breathing, nausea, weakness. pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation, redness and pain in the eyes, abdominal cramps, convulsions, diarrhoea, unconsciousness, vomiting. cholinesterase inhibitor. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

VHT to fish, bees, birds, amphibians, worms, crustaceans, insects, molluscs.

Potential gw contaminant. Because dimethoate is highly soluble in water and it adsorbs only very weakly to soil particles, it may be subject to considerable leaching

64 Fenpyroximate Chemical class: Pyrazole US EPA PC Code: 129131

Moderate acute toxicity. HT to fish, bees, aquatic insects, worms.

Small amounts of fenpyroximate move only through very sandy soils with low organic matter contents. The compound can therefore be classified as weakly mobile.

65 Hexythiazox Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 128849

Slight acute toxicity. Carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

HT to fish. NAT to bees. MT to birds, worms, crustaceans.

Hexythiazox has low solubility in water

66 Indoxacarb, S-isomer Chemical class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 067710

Moderate acute toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, birds, crustaceans, zooplankton, birds. HT to bees, fish.

According to US EPA, the environmental fate profile indicates no major issues in the areas of soil persistence, mobility, and fish bioaccumulation for indoxacarb and its R-enantiomer.

67 Lufenuron Chemical Class:Benzoylurea US EPA PC Code: 118205

Causes moderate eye irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin.

MT to fish, birds, worms. HT to crustaceans.

Low solubility in water

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Eco-toxicity


68 Malathion Chemical class: Organophosphorus UE EPA PC Code: 057701, 857701

Moderate acute toxicity. cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Possible carcinogen. Malathion is rapidly absorbed through the skin.

MT to fish, birds. HT to bees, amphibians, crustaceans, molluscs, zooplankton. VHT to aquatic insects.


69 Pyridaben Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129105

Moderate acute toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

VHT to fish, zooplankton. HT to honeybees, crustaceans.

Pyridaben is stable to hydrolysis but has a short photolysis half-life in water (<30 min) and soil (∼11 d)> not expected to leach to gw.

70 Pyriproxyfen Chemical Class: Juvenile hormone mimic US EPA PC Code: 129032

Slight acute toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT fish, bees, birds, worms, crustaceans. VHT to zooplankton.

Pyriproxyfen is rapidly broken down by sunlight and soil microbes. Pyriproxyfen binds tightly to soil and is not dissolved easily in water. Based on these properties, it is not likely to leach into groundwater.

71 Spirodiclofen Chemical class: Keto-enol US EPA PC Code: 124871

Carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Low acute toxicity.

HT to fish and aquatic invertebrates. MT to birds, worms.

This product may contaminate water through runoff or through drift of spray in wind. Poorly draining soils and soils with shallow water tables are more prone to produce runoff that contains this product. Spirodiclofen is not highly persistent in the environment


Slight acute toxicity. Chronic-RNT

NAT-ST to birds, fish, aquatic inverts, bees, livestock, mammals; Toxic to beneficial mites.

Label states not to apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present

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Eco-toxicity


Herbicides

73 Fluazifop-P-butyl Chemical class: Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid US EPA PC Code: 122809

Slight acute toxicity. Developmental or reproductive toxin.

PNT to birds. MT to HT to fish. ST to bees, other aquatic organisms.

Fluazifop-p-butyl and fluazifop-p are both reported to be of low mobility in soils and not to present appreciable risks for groundwater contamination. Fluazifop-p-butyl breaks down rapidly in moist soils to the fluazifop acid, which is also of low persistence.

74 Glufosinate, ammonium salt Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 128850

Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase disruptor. Highly persistent.

MT to worms. MT tobirds. fish. ST to zooplankton. NAT to ST to honeybees.

The EPA classifies the chemical as 'persistent' and 'mobile' based on its lack of degradation and ease of transport through soil.

75 Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300

Slight acute toxicity but glyphosate exposure may lead to: cough, redness of eyes, and upon ingestion, diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness. Minimal chronic effects noted. Not likely carcinogen (although UN WHO had declared it a probable human carcinogen). Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

NAT to MT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans, eartworms. ST to VHT to zooplankton. ST to birds. RNT to bees. Depending on location, biodiversity concern due to drift.

Potential gw contaminant. However, the compound is strongly binded to the soil that little is expected to leach to groundwater but it is found in rivers and even rainfall.

76 Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300 + Flazasulfuron, Chemical class: Sulfonylurea US EPA PC Code: 119011

Slight acute toxicity but glyphosate exposure may lead to: cough, redness of eyes, and upon ingestion, diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness. Minimal chronic effects noted. Not likely carcinogen (although UN WHO had declared it a probable human carcinogen). Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

NAT to MT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans, eartworms. ST to VHT to zooplankton. ST to birds. ST to bees. Depending on location, biodiversity concern due to drift Flazasulfuron: ST to bees. MT to fish, crustaceans, worms, aquatic insects.

Potential gw contaminant. Flazasulfuron does not attachstrongly to soil and has the potential to leach into groundwater or surface water during runoff events.

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Eco-toxicity


77 Oxyfluorfen Chemical Class: Diphenyl ether US EPA PC Code: 111601, 288600 + Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300

Oxyfluorfen is a likely carcinogen, with suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicity. Moderately toxic by ingestion and slightly toxic by dermal absorption. Glyphosate exposure may lead to: cough, redness of eyes, and upon ingestion, diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness.

Oxyfluorfen: HT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans, eartworms. ST to VHT to zooplankton. ST to birds. RNT to bees. Glyphosate: NAT to MT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans, eartworms. ST to VHT to zooplankton. ST to birds. ST to bees. Depending on location, biodiversity concern due to drift.

Potential gw contaminant. However, the compound is strongly binded to the soil that little is expected to leach to groundwater but glyphosate ha been found in rivers and even rainfall.

78 Pendimethalin Chemical Class: 2,6-Dinitroaniline US EPA PC Code: 108501, 454300

Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicant.

MT-HT to fish, crustaceans and aquatic invertebrates. ST to birds. NAT toxic to bees.

Potential for water contamination is low as the chemical has high affinity to bind with soil and sediment particles.

79 Rimsulfuron Chemical Class: Sulfonylurea US EPA PC Code: 129009, 129024

Slight acute toxicity. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, bees, qoema, crustaceans, plankton.

Potential water contaminant.

80 S-Metolachlor Chemical class: Chloroacetanilide US EPA PC Code: 108800

Slight acute toxicity but can cause abdominal cramps, convulsions, nausea, dizziness. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Evidence of the bioaccumulation of metolachlor in edible species of fish as well as its adverse effect on the growth and development raise concerns on its effects on human health

MT to fish, birds, worms, crustaceans. NAT to ST to honeybees.

Known groundwater contaminant. Mobile in the soil, is easily leached, and resists breakdown for long periods of time.

Biopesticides

81 Bacillus subtilis QST 713 Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 006479

The acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, acute pulmonary, acute intravenous, primary eye irritation, primary dermal irritation, and delayed contact hypersensitivity test are considered acceptable by the EPA.

NAT to any organism. Bacillus subtilis is commonly found in various ecological niches including soil, water and air.

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Eco-toxicity


82 Reynoutria sachalinensis extract Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 055809

Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. No adverse effects to humans (appart from slight eye irritation) are expected from use of the extract.

NAT to any organism. No adverse effects to the environment are expected from use of the extract.

83 Trichoderma harzianum (Th-7F-BL) Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 128903 (assumed as Moldovan registration does not provide details)

Potential for eye and skin irritation and adverse acute lung effects for workers who mix, load and apply the pesticide products, or who enter a treated field within 12 hours of spraying

NAT to any organism. Parent organism is wide spread and innocuous in nature.

84 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Chemical class: Insect virus US EPA PC Code: 107303 (assumed as Moldovan registration does not provide details)

The virus is unable to affect humans in the way it affects insects: human cells are acid-based, while this virus requires an alkaline-based cell in order to replicate. It is possible for the virus crystals to enter human cells, but not replicate to the point of illness.

NAT to any organism. Virus is found in nature.


85 1-Methylcyclopropene Chemical class: Not listed US EPA PC Code: 224459

No adverse effects are expected although eye irritation may occur if a user does not follow label directions.

Not expected to be harmful to living organisms or the environment.

GW contamination not expected as it is quickly dilutedwhen released to open air.

86 Chlorpropham Chemical class: Other carbamate US EPA PC Code: 018301

Slight acute toxicity. May cause eye irritation. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

MT to fish, bees, birds, amphibians, worms, crustaceans. zooplankton,

Potential gw contaminant. Chlorpropham has some potential to contaminate groundwater because it is soluble in water and it has only a moderate tendency to adsorb to soil particles. It adsorbs strongly to organic matter, so it is unlikely to leach through soils with high organic matter content.

87 Ethephon Chemical class: Organophosphorus US EPA PC Code: 099801

Can cause severe skin and eye irritation (Category I). cholinesterase inhibition potential.

MT to worms. PNT to fish and aquatic invertebrates. ST to molluscs. RNT to honeybees. May pose a risk to semi-aquatic/wetland plants.

Ethephon is not persistent in the environment - rapidly degrades and has low to moderate mobility.

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Eco-toxicity


88 Gibberellins Chemical class: Botanical US EPA PC Code: 043801, 911153

Eye irritation. NAT to fish, bees, birds, worms. Weakly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Weakly toxic to algae.

Present naturally in the environment.

89 N6-benzyl adenine Chemical class: Botanical US EPA PC Code: 116901, 911647 + 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA) Chemical class: Botanical US EPA P Code: 056002

N6-Benzyladenine leads to moderate eye irritation (Cat. III) and has relatively low acute dermal and inhalation toxicity, and is only a slight irritant to the skin (Cat. IV) N1-NAA has high acute toxicity according to PAN (but low according to EPA) and is a Not likely carcinogen and not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

ST to fish and phytoplankton. ST to honeybees. PNT to birds. The hormone NAA does not occur naturally, and, like all auxins, is toxic to plants at high concentrations

Label recommends terrestrial use only.

90 Prohexadione calcium Chemical class: NL US EPA P Code: 112600

Irritates eye and skin. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

ST to honeybees. Prohexadione calcium is likely to be mobile in some soils but its rapid degradation suggests little potential to contaminate most ground water

Information in this table is primarily from www.pesticideinfo.org, www.epa.gov/pesticides, www.extoxnet.orst.edu VHT=very highly toxic VT=very toxic HT=highly toxic MT=moderately toxic T=toxic ST=slightly toxic NAT=not acutely toxic RNT=relatively non-toxic PNT=practically non-toxic

2.6 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES FOR PROPOSED USE

All pesticides selected are considered effective against the indicated pests/diseases as per label and as noted in the official register published by the Moldovan State Center for Certification and Approval of Plant Protection Products and Fertilizers. There are several possible reasons for the products to not live up to the claims made on their label even when applied correctly. Many products lose their efficacy when they have been stored too long (beyond their indicated expiration date) or when they have been stored under the wrong conditions (typically, too hot) either in the supply chain or in the shop. There is anecdotal evidence of products being deliberately mislabeled or being diluted before reaching the purchaser. Unsophisticated farmers, seeking the lowest cost alternatives, often choose the product that is least expensive because it is lowest quality and will therefore be least effective. HVAA will advise farmers to buy products from reputable producers and suppliers, to avoid purchasing products that have previously been opened and to read labels carefully for expiration

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information and application directions. The pesticides will be used as a method of last resort in controlling pests and only in instances when other methods have proved ineffective.

2.7 COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDES WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS

Table 6, “User and Environmental Hazards” discusses the main risks the requested pesticides pose to non-target organisms and the environment. While the PERSUAP requests approval for the least toxic pesticides, many of the requested pesticides pose some risk to non-target ecosystems. If pesticides are applied incorrectly, pesticide drift and runoff could affect protected areas and other areas important for biodiversity. Some of the requested pesticides pose a threat to ground or surface water, and also to aquatic organisms. The PERSUAP proposes additional training to take these threats into account, and trainers will ensure that farmers understand the importance of protecting the ground and surface waters, and that they have the tools necessary to implement precautionary measures. HVAA will ensure that the farmers are trained about the potential effects of pesticides on waterwhere it is applicable, particularly with respect to pesticides which pose a greater threat to aquatic systems including fish. Some of the pesticides are toxic to bees (e.g. acetamiprid, chlorantraniliprole, dimethoate, fenhexamid, fluazinam, malathion, pyridaben).Where honey bees and other pollinators are present, precautions must be taken to prevent poisoning. Precautions include not applying these pesticides during the blooming period; using the lowest effective rate; using the pesticide least hazardous to bees; using the pesticide with the shortest residual effect; using sprays or granules instead of dusts; applying pesticides in late afternoon or at night when bees are not working blooms; avoiding drift of pesticides onto plants that are attractive to bees; and notifying beekeepers several days before applying pesticides. These precautions will be incorporated into IPM and safer use training, where honey bees and other pollinators are present. In all cases, proper application, storage, and disposal to minimize threats to non-target ecosystems and species will be an integral part of training.

2.8 THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDES ARE TO BE USED (CLIMATE, FLORA, FAUNA, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, SOILS)

HVAA will be implemented throughout Moldova, including areas along the Prut and Nistru Rivers where Soviet-era central irrigation schemes were rehabilitated with MCC assistance. Therefore, a range of different conditions will be found depending on the specific area of activity. Geographical position, including proximity to the Black Sea, and the topographic features of the Moldovan territory have determined the formation of a moderately continental type of climate. It is characterized by a lengthy frost-free period, short mild winters, lengthy warm summers, modest precipitation, and long dry periods in the south. The average annual temperature increases southward from around 8-9°C in the north to around 10-11°C in the south. The average annual precipitation varies between 600-650 mm in the north and the center and 500-550 mm in the south and the southeast.6The heaviest rainfall occurs in early summer (Figure 1); heavy showers and thunderstorms are common.

6 Republic of Moldova - official website: http://www.moldova.md/en/content/geography

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Figure 1. Average monthly temperature and rainfall for Moldova from 1901 to 2015 7

Climate change is expected to reduce crop yields across the three agro-ecozones by 10–30% by 2050 (relative to 2013 yields), considering no adaptation measure and given the current water challenges8. However, higher temperatures could shift grape cultivation towards the country’s northern border and may improve grape quality, by increasing sugar content, which could significantly boost wine quality.

Most of Moldova's territory is a moderate hilly plateau incised by many streams and rivers (Figure 2). The relief of the country represents a hilly plain sloping from the northwest to the southeast and having an average elevation of around 147 meters above the sea level. The highest point is only 429.5 meters at Hill Balanesti, Nisporeni Raion (district)9. The majority of the country’s territory is covered by the eastern part of an integral relief unit, the Moldovan Plateau, which extends from the Bucovina Piedmont and the Moldovan Sub-Carpathians in the West to the Nistru River in the East. The South-Western regions of the Podolian Plateau penetrate the left side of the Nistru. Besides the plateau relief, these major units also cover hill and valley reliefs.10

7 The dataset was produced by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of University of East Anglia (UEA) and presented on the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisCCode=MDA 8 World Bank; CIAT. 2016. Climate-smart agriculture in Moldova. CSA Country Profiles for Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean Series. Washington D.C.: The World Bank Group. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/doc/agricultureProfiles/CSA%20Profile%20MOLDOVA_final.pdf 9 Republic of Moldova - official website: http://www.moldova.md/en/content/geography Republic of Moldova - official website: http://www.moldova.md/en/content/geography 10 State of the Environment in the Republic of Moldova 2007–2010 (National Report - Synthesis) - http://mediu.gov.md/images/documente/starea_mediului/rapoarte/nationale/p3_SM_eng.pdf.

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Figure 2. Physical map of Moldova The hydrographic network includes more than 3,000 rivers and streams, of which eight exceed 100 km: the Nistru, Prut, Raut, Ichel, Bac, Botna, Ialpug and the Cogalnic11. Rivers flow southwards,

11, 11, 13, 17 Republic of Moldova - official website: http://www.moldova.md/en/content/geography Republic of Moldova - official website: http://www.moldova.md/en/content/geography

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eventually reaching the Black Sea. Moldova has about 60 natural lakes and 3,000 reservoirs. The largest Moldovan lakes are Beleu, Dracele, Rotunda, Fontan, Bic and Rosu, each with a water surface area exceeding 1 km2. The largest reservoirs in the country, each with a water capacity exceeding 30 million m3, are Costesti-Stanca, Dubasari, Cuciurgan, Taraclia, and Ghidighici. The State Hydrometeorological Service (SHS) carries out systematic observations of surface water quality in 52 monitoring stations that are set up on rivers, reservoirs and lakes, monitoring 49 chemical parameters and 5 groups of hydrobiological elements. The soils of Moldova are varied and highly fertile, with chernozem—rich black soils— covering three quarters of land. 12 Brown and gray forest soils, covering around 11% of the land area, characterize the uplands: two-fifths are covered by forests, the rest by orchards, vineyards, and fields of grain. Alluvial soils, covering around 12% of the land area, characterize the floodplains. The lower reaches of the Prut and Nistru rivers are saline marshes. Despite the highly fertile soils, agricultural productivity and yields are constantly threatened by natural hazards such as drought, hails, frosts, severe storms, which multiply already existing processes of land degradation and erosion and volatile market conditions.13

At the landscape level, the territory of the Republic of Moldova is situated within three natural zones – forest, forest-steppe and steppe.14 The flora includes 5,513 species of wild-growing plants. Moldova has been an agricultural country for centuries. Most of it is farmed every year to a variety of crops including grains, orchards, vineyards and vegetables. Fallow lands are generally covered by wild grasses with the notable exception of isolated areas where old orchards and vineyards have been abandoned with the remnants left to decay in place. The small portion (+/-13%) of the Moldovan landscape that is forested is protected from farming activities or other development by law. Broad-leaved forests typical for Central Europe predominate. The largest forest tracts represented by the forest reservations Codrii Moldovei and Plaiul Fagului are located in the center of the country. The forest ecosystems of the country contain 45 native species of trees, 81 native species of shrubs and 3 native species of woody vines.

The fauna of Moldova contains about 15,500 species of animals (461 species of vertebrates and more than 15,000 species of invertebrates). Vertebrate fauna includes 70 species of mammals, 281 species of birds, 14 species of reptiles, 14 species of amphibians, and 82 species of fish.15 Forest ecosystems provide animals with a variety of living conditions, but fragmentation of forests reduces the nesting potential of species. The Ichthyofauna (fish) is currently composed of only 82 species and subspecies.

2.9 THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF OTHER PESTICIDES AND NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS

This PERSUAP provides for a wide range of active ingredients to be recommended for use by producers of targeted crops. They cover a range of pesticide families. There are some less effective and more toxic pesticides on the market. HVAA will actively discourage their use in project demonstration sites or elsewhere. In the selection of pesticides to be incorporated in IPM systems promoted by HVAA, where choices had to be made amongst competing products of comparable effectiveness, the least toxic option was selected. And pesticides of any type should be used as a last resort control measure, in accordance with IPM principles.

13 World Bank; CIAT. 2016. Climate-smart agriculture in Moldova. CSA Country Profiles for Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean Series. Washington D.C.: The World Bank Group. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/doc/agricultureProfiles/CSA%20Profile%20MOLDOVA_final.pdf 15

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Non-chemical methods used by farmers in Moldova are predominantly cultural and mechanical practices. For example, weed control by hand may be used instead of, or before, the application of herbicides. Cultural pest management methods include plot selection, crop rotation, using clean seed, variable planting times, irrigation and good water and soil management, pH control, and use of manure. Given the economic decline of the country and other changes in the last two decades, non-chemical methods are the most common pest control methods used because they are the least expensive. They do not, however, necessarily reflect the presence and application of an effective IPM system. IPM, per se, is not well known in Moldova even though many farmers do practice certain elements of it in the interest of economy. HVAA will build on earlier USAID efforts to promote effective and comprehensive IPM systems integrating specific combinations of chemical and non-chemical means of pest control for each targeted crop and/or growing technology, and its program of making these programs available to high value agriculture producers throughout the country will be a major benefit to Moldova’s agriculture future. Some examples of IPM measures are noted in Table 7. Table 7: Practical IPM options as part of the pest management plans for project crops Crop Main Pest/Disease

Problems Integrated Pest Management

Almond Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum)

The disease often occurs in sprinkler-irrigated orchards where water reaches foliage. Scab infenctions left uncontrolled will weaken the tree and reduce yield. Treat with approved fungicide.

Leaf curl (Taphrina deformans)

Maintaining the tree vigor via fertilization, frequent irrigation and thinning of fruit can be effective in disease management.

Apple Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)

The main objective in Apple Scab management is the reduction or prevention of primary infections in spring. Extensive primary infections result in poor fruit set and make scab control during the season more difficult. If primary infections are successfully controlled, secondary infections will not be serious. The key to success in scab control is exact timing and full coverage. Wet periods, temperature, and relative humidity are important factors. Because scab control often is part of a combination treatment aimed at other diseases and insect control, choice of materials and timing are also extremely important. Be sure to monitor wetness periods throughout the spring to ensure that trees are adequately protected.

Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Powdery mildew is managed primarily by pruning infected shoots during dormancy or in early spring and by applying sprays as necessary in spring to prevent buildup of the fungus and damage to the crop. Remove infected shoot tips at pruning. Chemical control of powdery mildew to susceptible apple varieties is done in conjunction with controls for scab. Early spring applications of a fungicide are necessary to prevent secondary spread of the mildew in apples.

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella)

An IPM program uses a combination of tools for codling moth management, including insecticides, mating disruption, and cultural controls. Mating disruption is the preferred tool because of its low toxicity to people, natural enemies, and the environment, but it may need to be supplemented with insecticide sprays, especially during the first few years. In orchards where codling moth is managed primarily with insecticides, alternate insecticides that have a different mode-of-action Group number to avoid the development of resistance. If you see trap catches increasing and suspect insecticide tolerance or resistance, combine the use of mating disruption with the insecticides. All codling moth management programs should be supplemented with cultural controls. Remove host trees in nearby abandoned orchards (apple, pear, and walnut) to destroy reservoirs of codling moth. Also remove props, picking bins, and fruit piles from the orchard. Proper pruning and orchard sprayer calibration will improve spray coverage. Monitor pheromone traps to help ensure that mated moths have not moved in from adjacent orchards.

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Crop Main Pest/Disease Problems

Integrated Pest Management

Apple sawfly(Hoplocampa testudinea)

European apple sawfly adults are visually oriented toward apple blossoms. Field trials found sticky-coated, non-ultraviolet - reflecting white rectangles to be the most effective trap for capturing and monitoring sawfly adult populations. The number of adults captured will determine the necessity for treatments directed at the pest. Because bees play an essential role in the pollination of the apple crop, no insecticide sprays should be permitted during the bloom period.

Apple leaf miner(Leucoptera scitella(Zeller),

Pheromone lures and trapping systems are useful for monitoring populations of Leucoptera scitella, pear leaf blister moth and Fruit Borer. Pheromone trap data give early warning of the infestation and also will alert the user to low level populations before they become serious.

European red mite / Fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi),

European red mite only occasionally becomes troublesome in apple orchards. Monitor in winter to determine the need for treatment. Dormant oil is the preferred treatment. Minimize the potential for mite problems by reducing dusty conditions within the orchard and keeping the trees well irrigated. Natural predators including western predatory mite, six spotted thrips and spider mite destroyer can effectively help to maintain low levels throughout the season. It is important to minimize the use of materials disruptive to mite predators. Avoid spraying with materials such as lime sulfur which kill the apple rust mite. Anytime during winter collect 25 to 100 fruit spurs from trees throughout the block. If less than 10% of the spurs are infested, European red mite probably will not become a problem that season. If more than 10% of the spurs are infested, an oil spray should be applied before bloom. Control effectiveness improves the closer eggs are to hatching. If summer control becomes necessary, the thresholds range from 10 to 30 mites per leaf depending on the age.

Rose Tortrix (Archips rosana)

Agronomic measures include removing old bark in the lower part of trunks, pruning old and diseased branches. Biological measures include the release of Trichogramma in orchards during egg laying and the application of biological preparations.

Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea)

Agronomic control measures include the cutting of web nests inhabited by caterpillars and removal and burning of vegetation residues in autumn and winter for liquidation of pupae. Chemical measures include insecticide spraying of infected trees, bushes, and all vegetation in a 50 m radius from the infected plants. It is necessary to treat all susceptible tree species growing along highways and railways, in forest belts and young gardens at the beginning of caterpillars appearance. Biological methods include the use of bacterial and viral preparations that cause the disease and death of caterpillars. Monitoring is possible with the use of the pheromone traps

Summer Fruit Tortrix Moth (Adoxophyes orana (Reticulana))

Pheromone trap data gives early warning of the infestation and also will alert the user to a low level population before it become serious. The following notes are guidelines of a general nature and meant to give the user a head start in implementing a pheromone monitoring program. Local conditions and practices can vary and can lead to customization of the programmer. Trap position. Place traps near the highest point of the plant using supporting posts approximately 1 meter high, or higher if the crop is higher. Trap data and interpretation. Collect data weekly from the start of the flight of the over wintering generation. During the height of the population more frequent reading may be needed. Decisions on pesticide application should not be taken solely on the trap catch data. Climatic and biological considerations should also be taken in account.

Aphids Winter monitoring and winter spraying with red oil, monitoring during the vegetative period using yellow sticky traps and intervention with white oil as needed.

Apricot Blossom blight (Monilia laxa) Crop hygiene is key in fighting this disease, including gathering and destroying mummified fruits (those that have fallen or remain on the branches), and pruning and burning affected sprigs. Use soil cultivation to cover and breakup mummified fruit. Two to three bloom fungicide applications are necessary to control brown rot blossom and twig blight, depending on the weather. Because apricot sepals, in addition to other flower parts, are susceptible, the application at red bud is most important. Spray every 14 days to provide adequate continuing protection. When

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continued heavy rainfall is occurring or other conditions are occurring that result in high susceptibility to infection, shorten this interval to 7 to 10 days.

Twig blight (Monilia cinerea)

Crop hygiene is key in fighting this disease, including gathering and destroying mummified fruits (those that have fallen or remain on the branches), and pruning and burning affected sprigs. Attack pests and pathogens that wound plants including the oriental fruit moth and European red mite. Treat wounds as a result of pruning with an antifungal mastic. Manage irrigation and fertilization to prevent overgrowth. Apply chemical treatment only when it is economical to do so.

Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum)

During pruning, check overwintering twigs for dead buds with a darkened color and a sunken darkened canker beginning to encircle them. During the growing season, check twigs and young leaves for small red spots. Check fruit for small purple-red spots. Buds can be protected from shot hole during the dormant season (mid-November to mid-December) by a fungicide application before the long winter rains begin. One application should be sufficient. The number of bloom applications needed depends upon the amount of rain. Take a fruit damage sample at harvest to assess the effectiveness of the current year's IPM program and to determine the needs of next year's program

Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis)

The elimination of the old leaves and protection of the developing leaves during the growing-season constitute the known measures for controlling Leaf Blight. Plowing under fallen leaves removes a large portion of the source of the inoculum. This practice, although highly commendable, is not reliable in itself as a means of combating this disease. A few leaves always remain on the surface of the soil and are sufficient to cause trouble.

Green peach aphid (Myzodes persicae)

This aphid develops on crop and non-crop hosts. Thus it is important to remove crop residues and weed hosts prior to planting new crops. Pruning out or washing the aphids from plants may provide effective control by releasing predators (lady beetles and green lacewings).

Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta)

To reduce the population of this moth it is recommended in spring to prune and destroy the sprigs affected by the first generation of the hibernating larvae. Pheromone traps can help you determine when moths are flying and laying eggs.

Blueberries Aphids (Aphididae) Aphids are common particularly in vigorous plantations. Prevention involves optimal fertilizer application and pruning. If pesticides are necessary, systemic insecticides are used.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum)

Prune out old infected wood. Keep canopy open to sun and air. Reduce humidity. Plant resistant varieties. Limit overhead irrigation. Pre-cool immediately following harvest and store at 10C.

Mites (Acarinae) Common pest in dry and warm regions. Need to especially monitor vigorous plants during summer. Summer topping or hedging immediately after harvest controls bud mite by removing old, infested fruiting twigs. Pruning out old canes will reduce bud mite populations.

Leaf Spot diseases (Septoria Gloeosporium)

Plant resistant varieties. Limit overhead irrigation. Reduce humidity in the canopy.

Gray mold / Blight (Botrytis cinerea)

This economically significant fungus infects flowers and fruits. Preventative measures include: the planting of more resistant varieties, optimal N-fertilizer application, growing shape that will allow better sunlight penetration. Affected fruits have to be removed from the field. Fungicides are used if infection is significant but taking into account the withholding periods as harvest is successive.

Cranberry fruit worm Pheromone traps are used to monitor the presence of the adult moth. The eggs (1 mm) are oval, irregular, white when first laid becoming yellow with age. Normally the eggs are laid in the calyx of the green berry and can be observed with the naked eye or with the aid of a hand lens.

Blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax)

This insect can be monitored using yellow sticky traps baited with ammonium acetate. Trap should be hung in the top 1/3 of the bush not touching foliage. Change bait regularly. Monitor traps daily. Control needs to begin within 7-10 day of catches to prevent egg laying activity.

Mummy Berry - Monilia Cultivate or rake the ground under the bushes early to disturb and

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(Monilinia vaccinii) destroy emerging mushrooms or bury the mushrooms at this time with renewed applications of mulch to reduce or prevent infection during the shoot-strike phase. Some approved herbicides applied early for weed control may also provide some protection.

Raspberry rust (Phragmidum rubi idaei)

Treatments with substances based on copper sulphate after harvesting. It is recommended to gather and remove the leaves of the attacked shoots with their further burning.

Stem canker (Fusicoccum putrefaciens, Phomopsis vaccinii)

These fungi can cause the drying of the stems. Preventative measures are very important as there is a very limited number of fungicides registered for the control of the pathogens and include the planting of more resistant varieties, removal of infected parts of plants and general phyto-hygiene. Prune out infected canes below the point of infection in dry weather. Remove prunings from the field and destroy. Any cultural practice which increases sunlight penetration and air-flow within the bush to promote rapid drying after rain, fog, or heavy dew will help to prevent infection and spread of the disease. Such practices would include planting on slopes, proper plant spacing, and timely pruning on an annual basis.

Cabbage Viruses (Brassica virus 1, Brassica virus 5, TYMV, CMV

Healthy seed and seedlings and control of aphids, which act as vectors, during the vegetation period.

Damping off (Phytium sp, Rhizoctonia solani, Olpidium brassicae, Phoma lingam)

Healthy seedlings, optimal fertilizer application and irrigation, and application of fungicides during planting. The disease may be prevented in nurseries by disinfection of the land, the plate glass, the frames and the working tools using chemicals (2.5% Formaldehyde) or by heat treatment at 90-95 oC for 30 minutes). The affected plants must be removed and destroyed.

Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

It is recommended to perform 3-4 year crop rotation with cereal and vegetable crops; Soil reaction (pH) should be corrected by applying amendments - maintain pH above 7. The mixture used in the nursery should be disinfected; Restrict the movement of contaminated soil (on farm implements) from infested to noninfested fields. Do not use tailwater from contaminated fields to irrigate noninfested fields because the fungus can be transported in water. Only healthy seedlings should be planted; Infected plants must be pulled out and destroyed.

Downy mildew (Peronospora brassica)

Collecting and destroying infected after-harvesting residues; It is recommended to perform 3-4 year crop rotation with cereal and vegetable crops; Using healthy seedlings and non-contaminated seeds; Greenhouses and nurseries must be aired periodically, avoiding excess of humidity; Control weeds;

Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae)

Collect and destroy plant residues in autumn; It is recommended to perform 3-4 year crop rotation with cereal and vegetable crops;

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)

It is recommended to perform 3-4 year crop rotation with cereal and vegetable crops;

Leaf spot - black spot (Alternaria brassicae)

Removal of plant leftovers from previous year, crop rotation, and avoiding planting in high moisture/humid areas such as river valleys.

Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris)

Collect and destroy infected debris; Crop rotation: it is recommended to perform 3-4 year crop rotation with cereal and vegetable crops; Use healthy seedlings and non-contaminated seeds; During the vegetation, weeds and pests causing lesions to the plant must be prevented; Ensure balanced fertilization with calcium.

Cabbage white butterflies (Pieris brassicae, P. rapae)

Starting from July, vegetables may be covered by insect protection nets, the edges of which should be buried in land around the plant. In addition, butterflies may also be chased using decoction of costmary, lavender, and garlic.

Cherry (Sweet)

European Cherry Fruit Fly (Rhagoletis cerasi)

Soil plowing to depths of 15-20 cm in autumn or early in spring is recommended for the destruction of overwintering puparia. Regular collecting of fruit drop along with their subsequent immediate destruction. Using anti-insect nets, to cover trees and to prevent the egg-laying in fruits by female flies.

Black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi)

High populations of the black cherry aphid are mainly a problem on young trees where they cause curling and distortion of the leaves. The best time to control black cherry aphid is during the dormant or delayed dormant

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period. In addition, a number of natural enemies, including lady beetles, lacewings, and several species of parasitic wasps, help keep aphid populations controlled. Assess populations at bloom. If control has not been achieved during the dormant period and natural enemies are not adequately controlling the population, apply a treatment shortly after petal fall. Prune and burn attacked shoots. Destruct weeds in plantation.

Apple Leaf Cutter (Coenorrhinus pauxillus)

Collecting and burning fallen leaves to the exit of the larvae. Fall tillage, which disturbs the normal conditions of over-wintering pests.

Cherry weevil (Rhynchites auratus)

Shaking the beetles into screens. Collection and destruction of windfall fruit. Superficial plowing the soil around the tree trunks. There are no registered insecticides for this sweet cherry pests in Republic of Moldova.

Cherry Slug Sawfly (Caliroa cerasi)

Superficial plowing in autumn or spring is used to control the overwintering cocoons between trees rows.

Brown Rot Blossom and Twig Blight (Monilinia laxa)

Cherries are the least susceptible stone fruit to this disease and preventive sprays may not be needed unless the weather is favorable for infection or the orchard has a history of this disease. One and sometimes two applications may be necessary and are most effective when made sufficiently in advance of rain so that the spray has time to dry. Start treatment at the popcorn stage of bloom. To provide adequate continuing protection, spray every 14 days until bloom is completed. When continued heavy rainfall is occurring or other conditions are conducive to infection, shorten this interval to 10 days. As general measures, remove and destroy fruit mummies when pruning. Prune out any cankered or dead twigs as they are found. Removing rotten fruit from the tree will reduce initial inoculum. Removing fallen fruit from the ground is less practical, but may be an option in small blocks or for organic growers. Avoid injuring or bruising fruit at harvest. Pick only sound fruit. Discard fruit with brown spots or rot. Dispose of culls and rotted fruit promptly by burying. Pre-cool and keep fruit in cold storage until it reaches destination.

Leaf Blight (Coccomyces hiemalis)

The elimination of the old leaves and protection of the developing leaves during the growing-season constitute the known measures for controlling Leaf Blight. Plowing under fallen leaves removes a large portion of the source of the inoculum. This practice, although highly commendable, is not reliable in itself as a means of combating this disease. A few leaves always remain on the surface of the soil and are sufficient to cause trouble.

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum)

Grow plants adapted to the site. Grow resistant varieties and species. Avoid root and collar injury. Keep plants vigorous. Trees killed by Verticillium spp. should be removed with as much of the roots intact as possible.

Cucumbers Late blight / Downy milder(Pseudoperonosora cubensis)

Crop rotation (without Cucurbitaceae the previous year), Use resistant cucumber varieties. Avoid overhead irrigation. Spraying of fungicides on the reverse side of the leaf where the disease occurs.

Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae)

Biological control is an important component of mite management. Take measures to ensure the survival of predators and parasites. Several predators play an important role in regulating spider mite populations, including the western predatory mite (Galendromus [Metaseiulus] occidentalis), sixspotted thrips (Scolothrips sexmaculatus), western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), lady beetles (Stethorus sp.), minute pirate bug (Orius tristicolor), and lacewing larvae (Chrysoperla carnea). Minimize dust and encourage naturally occurring predators and parasites by limiting chemical rates and the number of applications. Control field bindweed growing in or at the edges of a cucurbit field. Good water management increases plant tolerance to these pests. After runners are 14 inches long, natural enemies such as sixspotted thrips or predaceous mites usually control pest mite populations. Biological and cultural controls and sulfur sprays (not for use on sulfur sensitive varieties) are acceptable to use in an organically certified crop.

Melon Aphid (Aphis gossypii)

Silver reflective mulches have been used successfully to repel aphids from plants, thus reducing or delaying virus transmission. Row covers have also been successfully used. Biological control can have a significant impact on aphid population so be sure to evaluate predator and parasite populations when making treatment decisions. Naturally-occurring populations of the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia

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convergens, may provide effective control in early spring. Releases of this beetle are not effective, however, because it generally does not remain in the field following release. Other general predators, such as lacewing and syrphid larvae, and parasitic wasps, including Lysiphlebus, Aphidius, Diaeretiella, and Aphelinus species, also attack aphids. Biological control is not effective in reducing virus transmission by this aphid. Melon aphid is very difficult to control with insecticides. If natural enemies are not destroyed by insecticides applied for other pests, they will help keep melon aphid under control until late in the season. If unusually large numbers of aphids build up in parts of a field early in the season and appear to be retarding growth or causing honeydew buildup on fruit, apply an insecticide to the infested portions of the field. No threshold has been established. Early treatment does not prevent virus introduction; however, treating may help reduce spread of the virus if aphid colonies are present.

Angular Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans)

Resistant cucumber varieties are available. Limit the use of overhead irrigation. Pick fruit when the vines are dry to prevent spread in the field. Use pathogen-free seed and rotate out of cucurbits. Treat when symptoms first appear if the weather is predicted to be cool and rainy.

Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Removing weeds before they flower can lessen attraction of the field to thrips. Do not disc after weeds have flowered as thrips will move to crop plants. Monitor with yellow or blue sticky traps placed in field from seedling through flowering period to determine the magnitude of the thrips population. Be sure to determine that thrips-related damage is occurring and consider treating only if the population is causing serious damage to shoot tips, flowers, or fruit. Unnecessary treatments can cause spider mite buildup.

Bacterial Spot(Xanthomonas campestris)

Avoiding sprinkler irrigation and cull piles near greenhouse or field operations, and rotating with a nonhost crop helps control the disease

Fusarium Crown (Fusarium Solani f. sp.cucurbitae)

Rotate out of cucurbits for 2 to 3 years and use clean seed. Don't plant melons following a barley crop.

Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum)

Plant resistant varieties, follow good sanitation practices, and control weeds. Carefully monitor fields, even those with powdery mildew resistant varieties. If multiple fungicide applications are needed to control powdery mildew, alternate materials with different modes of action especially if using fungicides with medium to high resistance potential. Apply a treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium)

There is resistance in some varieties of cucumber,. Control tactics include crop rotation, use of clean seed, and inspection of transplants. Avoid sprinkler irrigation and keep the tops of the beds dry.

Garlic Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) Basal rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae)

Cultivate pest-resistant varieties. Let an area rest 3 – 4 years before planting garlic on it again. Store garlic in a well-ventilated place with low humidity. Avoid fields with a history of basal rot problems and rotate 3 to 4 years out of onions, garlic, and leeks. Control soil insects and foliage diseases. Store at cool temperatures since infection is favored by warm conditions. Collect and dispose of plant residues left in the field after harvesting.

Garlic rust (Puccinia porri) Avoid overuse of nitrogen fertilizers. Immediately removeinfected plants.Do not plant onion or garlic in the same area for 2 successive years.Collect and dispose of plant residues left in the field.

Garlic mosaic Leek Yellow Stripe Virus; Garlic Yellow Stripe Virus; Garlic Yellow Streake Virus

Use of virus-free planting material. Removal of infected plants. Control of aphids.

Garlic fly (Suillia lurida)

Let an area rest 3 – 4 years before planting garlic on it again. Planting in the fall or spring reduces the odds of infection. Collect and dispose of plant residue left in the field after harvesting. Deep and thorough tillage. Organic mulching (with straw, peat, sawdust).

Gooseberries Mildew (Sphaeroteca mors-uvae)

Cultivation of resistant varieties to the disease. Fight against weeds, hoeing in the bush, spatial isolation of the newly created plantation from the old one favors reducing plant disease damage. Correct cutting of plants and thinning stocky plantations.

Anthracnose (Pseudoperiza Growing resistant varieties. Using uninfected seedlings. Gathering and

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ribes)

burning the affected leaves. Warning treatments once in the break period and during the growing season after harvesting the fruit.

Septoriosis (Septoria ribes) Fight against weeds, hoeing in the bush, spatial isolation of the newly created plantation from the old one favors reducing plant disease damage. Growing resistant varieties. Gathering and burning the affected leaves.

Aphids (Aphis grossulariae)

Warning treatments with ecological components: with soapy water.

Stem borer (Sesia) (Sesia tipuliformis)

Cutting and burning of ill stems and stems that have been affected wich already fructified. Installation of pheromone traps for capturing insects.

Caterpillars (Erannis defoliaria)

Mechanical control is done by gathering the infected leaves, insect larvae bearing on their backs and then burn. To reduce the number of female moths that crawl, must as of the end of September to apply adhesive tapes to protect trees at their trunk, then they should be burned. Fight by biological means using natural predators.

San Jose louse (Quadraspidiotus -perniciosus)

Fighting biologically by attracting natural predators. Affected areas should be cleaned mechanically or by wiping or by peeling. Preventive plants are treated with tea made from common fern or calapar. Rapeseed oil treatment weekly or potassium soap solutions, mild concentrated.

Grapes Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

Powdery mildew likes very humid conditions. Any practice that promotes improved air flow and light penetration within the canopy, such as shoot thinning and positioning, will help limit powdery mildew infection. It will also allow for better fungicide penetration into the canopy. Soil drainage and reduction of sources of overwintering inoculum. In a vineyard that depends on sprinkler irrigation, extend the interval between irrigations as long as possible. Fungicides for use against downy mildew can be categorized as either preventive or curative. The preventive fungicides must be applied before an infection period begins. New growth following application will not be protected. Include a spreader/sticker agent to prevent the material from washing off with rain. In vineyards with a history of downy mildew, apply early season copper sprays as part of a preventive program, especially during wet springs.

Powdery Mildew(Uncinula necator)

Season-long control is dependent upon reducing early-season inoculum and subsequent infection. Thus treatment must begin promptly and be repeated at appropriate intervals. Timing of the first treatment is dependent on the fungicide used, vine growth stage, and the potential for disease infection. Free moisture from fog, dew or rain events triggers ascosporerelease and after budbreak, infections caused by ascospores will occur on green tissue when temperature exceeds 10 °C. Apply a contact material as soon as possible to eradicate those colonies prior to the onset of conidial spore production. Under completely dry conditions, the potential for infection is significantly reduced. Research has shown that a micronized sprayable sulfur application or oil should be applied prior to other fungicides. If applied near budbreak, then apply an additional sulfur or oil treatment based on the Powdery Mildew Risk Index prior to using other fungicides. Frequency of treatment thereafter depends on fungicide choice and weather conditions. Monitor and use the UC Davis powdery mildew risk index model to determine necessary spray intervals and material choice.

All powdery mildew fungicides, with the exception of oil, are best used as protectants. Discontinue the use of soft chemistry products (sulfurs, biologicals, systemic acquired resistance products, and contact materials) when disease pressure is high because by themselves they will not provide adequate control. If eradication is necessary, a light summer oil may be used anytime in the season if there is no sulfur residue present (i.e. at least 2 weeks before or after a sulfur treatment). Basal leaf removal can improve coverage of powdery mildew fungicides on clusters and leaf removal by itself (as done for Botrytis control) results in 50% disease control. Use an under-vine irrigation system (drip or micro-jet). Manage irrigation carefully. Excessive irrigation leads to excessive vigour and higher disease potential. Ensure balanced feed to prevent overgrowth.

Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae)

Use rootstocks that have strong resistance and no V. vinifera parentage for durable protection against phylloxera. Use only clean propagating

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material at planting a new vineyard and do not hold clean material in infested areas before planting. A pesticide treatment will not eradicate phylloxera populations; the chemical cannot easily penetrate the heavy soils that this pest prefers. Also, effectiveness of a treatment is difficult to evaluate because although many phylloxera may be killed, populations may rebound rapidly and resume feeding on the vines. Because it may take years of insecticide treatments to reverse severe damage, treatments to prevent damage may be a better strategy than curative treatments.

European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana)

Place traps with lures high in the canopy in vineyard. Trichogamma species are known egg-parasites of many Lepidoptera species, and can be a good source of biological control of European grapevine moth.

Grape Mites (Tetranychus, Eotetranychis, Penonychis ulmi)

Ensure that material used to establish new vineyards is free of mites and other pests or diseases. Removing galled leaves can control light infestations to some extent.

Anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina)

Carefully prune all disease-ridden parts of the vines and clear the vineyard floor of all trimmings during winter. Destroy all diseased materials away from the vineyard. Prune to improve air circulation.

Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) Balanced feed, balance out fruiting and growth, protection against powdery mildew and moths. Since gray mold appears early in rainy season then chemicals which are used against late blight can also be used to control gray mold. Early infections are usually linked with the overuse of N-fertilizers. Generally, the first treatment is done before bunch formation and the second when bunches change color. Remove of basal leaves or basal lateral shoots at or immediately after berry set has resulted in significantly reduced incidence and severity of disease. Removing too many leaves can lead to sunburned fruit. Remove the Botrytis infection by cutting off the cluster set and/or berries. On cordon-trained vines, only remove leaves from the side of the vine that receives morning sun.

Vine mosaic virus (Marmor viticola Holmes)

Grape mites are known to spread the virus. Controlling the insect may help to limit or reduce the rate of spread within a vineyard. Select grapevine clones and rootstock that are virus free and insist that any imported rootstock be tested for the virus

Hazelnut Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestri)

Diseased areas of tree should be pruned out by making cuts 0.6 to 0.9 m below the diseased area; avoid planting hazelnut in water-logged or poorly draining soils; providing trees with irrigation to reduce water stress for the first 3 years after planting can greatly reduce mortality

Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae)

Plant only certified, disease-free nursery stock; prune out infected stems

Lettuce Late blight (Bremia lactucae) Choose more resistant cultivars, crop rotation, not too dense plantings, ensure good soil drainage, destroy diseased plants. One-two chemical treatments during seedling raising and up to 1 after transplanting.

Lettuce Aphid (Nasonovia ribis-nigri)

Naturally occurring predators of the lettuce aphid include syrphid fly larvae and green lacewing larvae. (Lady beetles and parasites are not very important in lettuce aphid management.). Monitoring requires care in order not to miss early infestations that are hidden within the lettuce. Control of this aphid is difficult because of its rapid population growth combined with its preferred locations deep within the head.

Foxglove Aphid (Aulacorthum solani)

Monitoring requires care in order not to miss early infestations that are hidden within the lettuce. This aphid has a tendency to disperse in the plant rather than forming colonies as green peach aphid does. Control of this aphid is difficult because of its rapid population growth combined with its preferred locations deep within the head. Only non-chemcal treatments such as crop rotation or the application of an herbicide prior to planting will help to protect the crop agains this aphid.

Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae)

Use resistant cultivars effective against Race 1. No source of resistance to Race 2 is commercially available. Sanitation, especially washing equipment to prevent movement of infested soil, may help to slow spread of the Race 2 strain of the pathogen. Rotation to non-susceptible crops, such as small grains and corn, helps reduce inoculum.

Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae)

The most effective means of controlling downy mildew is to grow resistant cultivars. Also, because the pathogen is highly variable and dynamic, resistant cultivars do not remain resistant indefinitely and are overcome by virulent isolates of B. lactucea. Drip irrigation, that reduce

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leaf wetness and humidity should reduce the severity of disease but will not prevent disease when weather conditions are conducive to epidemics. Available fungicides are mostly protectants and must be applied before infection occurs for best results.

Lettuce Mosaic (Lettuce mosaic virus)

Remove potential virus reservoirs by practicing good weed control (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium) within and outside lettuce fields, and by plowing down harvested lettuce fields in a timely manner. Some resistant varieties are available. Plant lettuce seed that has been tested for the virus and that contains no infected seed per 30,000 seed tested

Peach

Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella)

Prune out shoot strikes in the late spring and early summer as soon as they are detected to prevent these larvae from developing and contributing to summer generations of the pest. If old shoot strikes are observed during pruning in late winter to early spring, plan to apply early season controls. Old strikes hold onto the dead leaves and appear as “flagged” terminals. Within an IPM program, the preferred management strategy for peach twig borer is well-timed treatments of environmentally sound insecticides around bloom time. Alternatively, peach twig borer can be controlled with a spray in the delayed dormant season to kill overwintering larvae in the hibernacula. Mating disruption with sex pheromones can be used to supplement dormant or bloom time sprays. The main practical use for mating disruption is postbloom treatment in organic systems where other materials are not available. Mating disruption has not been reliable against peach twig borer when used alone. It is most effective in orchards with low moth populations that are not close to other untreated peach twig borer hosts or almond orchards. Efficacy is reduced by small orchard size, uneven terrain, reduced pheromone application rates, applying too low in the tree, improper timing, and high insect pressure. Follow timing guidelines given in the treatment table below.

Sooty Mold (Capnodium salicinum)

To avoid this disease it is recommended to treat for aphids during the vegetative season. Treatments applied during vegetation to prevent against other diseases and pests also prevent sooty molds.

Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae)

This aphid develops on crop and non-crop hosts. Thus it is important to remove crop residues and weed hosts prior to planting new crops. Pruning out or washing the aphids from plants may provide effective control by releasing predators (lady beetles and green lacewings).

Shot Hole (Clasterosporium carpophilium)

During pruning, check overwintering twigs for dead buds with a darkened color and a sunken darkened canker beginning to encircle them. During the growing season, check twigs and young leaves for small red spots. Check fruit for small purple-red spots.

Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans)

Peach leaf curl can be a serious problem, especially on many of the low-chilling varieties and when spring weather is unusually wet. Annual management is recommended. To successfully control the disease, treatment timing is crucial. This disease is usually kept under control with a dormant fungicide application, but in wet years more than one spray application may be needed. To limit infection, plant peach orchards on warm fields away from cold streams. Balance N-fertilization and irrigation. Apply crop hygiene measures including pruning and destroying affected sprigs, collecting and burning fallen leaves or covering those leaves during cultivation.

Powdery mildew (Sphaeroteca pannosa var. persicae)

To combat the disease, it is recommended to prune and burn the affected sprigs in the fall, as the fungus winters there. Use more resistant cultivars in areas where there is a high risk of disease. Manage fertilization and irrigation. Watch for the disease during routine monitoring. Avoid growing peaches near apple varieties that are highly susceptible to powdery mildew, such as Jonathan, Gravenstein, and Rome Beauty. If nearby apples are expected to cause mildew problems on peaches, control the disease on apples or apply a fungicide to peaches at jacket split.

European Brown Rot / Jacket rot (Monilinia laxa M. fructigena)

Crop hygiene is key in fighting this disease, including gathering and destroying mummified fruits (those that have fallen or remain on the branches), and pruning and burning affected sprigs. Attack pests and pathogens that wound plants including the oriental fruit moth and European red mite. Treat wounds as a result of pruning with an antifungal

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mastic. Manage irrigation and fertilization to prevent overgrowth. Apply chemical treatment only when it is economical to do so.

Oriental fruit moth (Grapholitamolesta)

To reduce the population of this moth it is recommended in spring to prune and destroy the sprigs affected by the first generation of the hibernating larvae. For first generation the first treatment is usually done in the second week of May, and the second one in 12-14 days. For second generation the third treatment is done in first week of July and the fourth one in another 12-14 days. For other generations the fifth and sixth treatments are applied only if necessary. This can be supplemented with the use of mating disruptants.

Pear Pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri)

Take measures to reduce the overwintering of the adult population. Collect and burn leaf litter and plant residues. Till deeply in the fall. Removefrom the trunk and burn exfoliated bark, bugs, and lichens. Local treatment is carried out with the same pesticides used to treat green apple aphids, either when adults or the first larvae appear.

Pear midge (Contarinia pyrivora)

Collect and destory fallen fruits. Cultivate the soil to reduce the pest population. Special chemical treatments are not recommended because they can also decrease beneficial insect populations.

Italian pear scale (Epidiaspis leperii)

The most important measures are fall tillage and collecting and destroying plant residues.

Apple bud weevil (Anthonomus cinctu)s

Cultivate soil in the fall to partially eliminate adults under foliage that lies under crowns. Special chemical treatments are not recommended.

Peppers Damping off (Pythium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Alternaria sp.)

Sterilization of substrates (water vapor), seeding of healthy seeds, phytohygiene measures, airing of hotbeds/greenhouses. Use of fungicides after planting.

Collar rots and stem rots - Blight (Phytophthora capsici)

Effective prevention measures include rotating crops that are not susceptible every two years; irrigating correctly; and using high quality seeds and seedlings. On heavy soils that are poorly drained, root and stem rot can be reduced by drip irrigation. Practices that reduce soil compaction, such as furrows between plant rows, may improve disease control. Bell peppers are generally very susceptible to this disease.

Tobacco mosaic virus The best control is to use treated seeds to eliminate the virus. If the virus appears all infected plants should be removed. There is no effective chemical control.

European mole cricket(Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa)

A non-chemical method to prevent infestiation is to capture the crickets with traps, i.e. containers with farmyard manure or carrots. The traps are buried so only the entrance hole is visible on the surface of the soil. A trap can capture several insects due to humidity and higher temperature inside the trap.

Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica)

Choosing resistant cultivars. Sulfur-based compounds can be used for preventative purposes. Regular monitoring to detect powdery mildew, especially during warm weather, is important to time fungicide applications early enough to prevent damage. Powdery mildew is managed primarily with fungicides. Fungicides can provide satisfactory control and prevent economic loss if applied during the early stages of the infection. Effective control requires spraying with high pressure and high volume of water for optimum penetration of the crop canopy by the fungicide. Good coverage is necessary for satisfactory control; ground applications give better coverage than air.

Bacteriosis and viruses of peppers

Healthy seedlings, phytohygiene measures.

Aphids Crop rotation, tolerant hybrids, parasites, predators, bioinsecticdes. Thrips Crop rotation, tolerant hybrids, parasites, predators, bioinsecticdes. If

possible, avoid planting peppers next to onions, garlic, or cereals, because thrips often build up to large numbers on these crops. Also, avoid fields near greenhouses where ornamentals (cut flowers) are grown as these plants serve as hosts for the virus and thrips. Use reflective mulches early in the season to repel thrips. Put up yellow sticky traps, which are also useful for monitoring aphids, whiteflies, and tomato psyllid, and monitor the movement of thrips.

Plums European Fruit Scale (Parthenolecanium corni)

Provide plants with good growing conditions and proper cultural care especially appropriate irrigation, so they are more resistant to scale damage. Prune off heavily infested twigs and branches to eliminate scales

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when infestations are on limited parts of the plant. Biological control is frequently effective.

European red mite (Panonychus ulmi)

New plants may become infested in the nursery. Ensure that material used to establish new orchards is free of mites and other pests or diseases. Removing galled leaves can control light infestations to some extent. Minimize the potential for mite problems by reducing dusty conditions in the orchard and by keeping the trees well irrigated. Predators will generally keep European red mite populations at low levels. Allowing low populations in the orchard during spring enables predators populations to increase to levels that are more effective in controlling webspinning mites. Generally, hot weather and predators cause European red mite populations to decline in summer.

Plum rust mite (Aculus fockeui)

Removing galled leaves can control light infestations to some extent. Minimize the potential for mite problems by reducing dusty conditions in the orchard and by keeping the trees well irrigated.

Black Plum Sawfly (Hoplocampa minuta) Yellow plum sawfly (Hoplocampa flava)

Autumn shallow plowing between the tree rows can effectively reduce numbers of overwintering larvae. Removal and destruction of prematurely dropped is also recommended. White sticky boards are used to monitor flight of adult sawflies.

Plum fruit moth(Grapholitha funebrana)

Remove and destroy skeletal branches and old bark as well as all orchard waste – including fruit dropped prematurely. Shallow plowing around trunks in Autumn will destroy overwintering larvae. Use of trapping bands of corrugated cardboard at trunk base.

Plum pox virus (PPV), Sharca (Annulus pruni)

Once PPV has been detected, it only one infected aphid is necessary to transmit PPV to another tree. Attempts to control aphid populations will not stop the spread of PPV in the field. It is essential to control spread of the virus by eliminating infected trees as quickly as possible. Suspected trees must be sampled multiple times due to the uneven distribution of PPV within a plant. Infected trees should be bulldozed or cut and sucker shoots eradicated with herbicides.

Red Polystigma or Red Leaf Spot (Polystigma rubrum)

Effective control can be carried out with removal of the infected foliage, foliage sterilization, targeted spraying before and after blossoming and in the period of vegetation. Approved copper based products will only be recommended in cases where there is no viable alternative for a serious problem. Such recommendations will place a special emphasis on the mitigation of related risks.

Brown Rot on Fruit (Monilinia laxa)

Remove and discard or destroy all infected fruits, flowers and other growth on your plum trees to control the growth of the brown rot fungi. Pick off and destroy all plum "mummies," and do not allow them to remain on the trees during winter. Do not store dropped and rotted plums or allow them to remain on the ground around the trees. Prune your plum trees to remove all crowded or crossing growth. This will improve air circulation, which can help control the spread of brown rot fungi. In late winter, prune out all infectious cankers growing on the plum tree twigs.

Plum powdery mildew (Podosphaera tridactyla)

Pruning orchard trees and removing hedgerows located close to the orchard aid in the drying of foliage and fruit.

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum)

Grow plants adapted to the site. Grow resistant varieties and species. Avoid root and collar injury. Keep plants vigorous. Trees killed by Verticillium spp. should be removed with as much of the roots intact as possible. For this disease the chemical treatments are not efficient and it is recommended to use only the above recommendations.

Pocket Plum (Taphrina pruni) The disease can be controlled by thoroughly removing infected branches, witches’ brooms and fruit before spores are produced. Since spores are airborne, this will not completely eliminate the risk of new infections if there are other Prunus species nearby, but it will reduce the threat.

Potato

Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Late blight is controlled by eliminating cull piles and volunteer potatoes, using proper harvesting and storage practices, and applying fungicides when necessary. Air drainage to facilitate the drying of foliage each day is important. Plant healthy certified seed potatoes and resistant cultivars. Crop rotation is essential. Mounding is essential to ensure that water runs-off in canals between rows. Avoid heavy soils. Timely management of infected areas. Avoid sprinkler irrigation because it allows the disease to

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spread very quickly. Avoid excessive N fertilization - balance with P and K fertilizers.

Early blight (Alternaria solani) Healthy seed potatoes, resistant cultivars and crop rotation. Avoid planting in firm, poorly drained soils. Disease can be predicted if leaf moisture is monitored as well as minimum and maximum temperatures which help determine the timing of disease control. Harvest on time and in sunny weather. Avoid injuried and remove infested tubers before storage. Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss. Watch for disease symptoms during routine monitoring, and keep records of your results.

Black scurf / Stem and stolon canker (Rhizoctonia solani)

Healthy seed potatoes and buds placed not too deep, crop rotation, optimal planting period. Avoid sprinkler irrigation as it helps spread the disease.

Bacteriosis and viroses Healthy seed potatoes and disease-free soil. Crop rotation. Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineat)

Tolerant varieties, bioinsecticides and growth regulators.

Aphids Management of green peach aphid and potato aphid involves an integrated program of reducing overwintering populations, controlling weeds in and around the field, and the use of foliar sprays. Monitor to schedule spray treatments. Parasites, predators and bioinsecticides may be used. Rotate the crop with the Gramineae (true grasses) or Leguminosae (pea, bean) families, and only plant potatoes on the same plotevery 3 to 4 years.

Pear

Pear scab (Venturia pyrina) Selection of sunny and ventilated areas, tolerant cultivars. The main objective in scab management is the reduction or prevention of primary infections in spring. Extensive primary infections result in poor fruit set and make scab control during the season more difficult. To reduce the pest population, affected leaves should be collected and burnt, or buried as deep as possible during soil cultivation.

Pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri)

Take measures to reduce the overwintering of the adult population. Collect and burn leaf litter and plant residues. Till deeply in the fall. Remove from the trunk and burn exfoliated bark, bugs, and lichens. Local treatment is carried out with the same pesticides used to treat green apple aphids, either when adults or the first larvae appear.

Brown rot (Monila fructigena)

This disease develops in high humidity and when water droplets form on fruits. Plant hygiene measures play an important part in the prevention of this disease. These measures include pruning and branches, then collecting and destroying affected fruits that have fallen or remained on trees during winter (mummified fruits). Avoid injuring fruits in the course of harvesting, packaging, transportation, and storage. Control insects that bite or eat passages in fruits. Treat with copper agrochemicals in the fall after leaf abscission. In the early spring and during the vegetation period, apply chemical control with agrochemicals approved for this disease. Stores should be disinfected and cleaned before storage. Avoid storing injured or affected fruits.

European pear suckers / Pear spylla (Psylla sp.)

Winter monitoring and winter spraying with red oil, intervention with white oil and growth regulators as needed.

Pear moth (Cydia pyrivora) Monitoring using pheromone traps. Collect and bury wormy fallen fruits. Till deeply, especially around trees. Larvae are buried deep and moths do not always appear. Cultivate soil during the vegetation period. Use traps containing specific pheromones. The traps should be installed before the moths fly.

Aphids Aphids are infrequently encountered in pear orchards and seldom require special treatment unless the weather remains cool throughout spring and early summer. Aphids generally serve as a valuable early-season food source for insect predators. With the onset of warm weather, aphids leave pear trees for other hosts and do not reappear until the following spring. Predators and parasites often reduce aphid populations, making chemical treatment unnecessary. Predators of aphids include lady beetles (Hippodamia convergens, Coccinella spp.), green lacewing larvae (Chrysoperla carnea), and brown lacewing larvae (Hemerobius spp.). Parasites of green peach aphid include Aphelinus semiflavus, Aphidius matricariae, Diaeretiella rapae, and Lysiphlebus testaceipes. A common cotton aphid parasite

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is Lysiphlebus testaceipes; parasites in the Lysiphlebus and Diaeretiella genera attack bean aphid. Delay chemical control as long as possible to allow biological control and hot weather to reduce aphid populations.

Raspberries

Gray mold/Botrytic blight (Botrytis cinerea)

Pruning out all infected old fruited canes and any diseased new canes and removing them from the planting breaks the disease cycle. All infected pruning waste should be removed from the field and destroyed. However, the use of fungicides is still considered necessary and very effective. Least toxic fungicides for adequate control are being requested.

Spur blight (Didymella applanata)

It is essential to have raspberries in a sunny location and keep canes thinned out to control this disease. Spraying the plants will reduce the spread of this disease, but the thinning of the canes and admission of sunlight is the first control measure. Cutting, gathering and burning the attacked shoots and leaves.

Raspberry anthracnose (Gloeosporium venetum)

Cultivation of resistant varieties. Use non-infected seedlings; Cutting and burning the attacked shoots and the stems; Incorporation of the fallen leaves by soil tillage in autumn;

Bacterial cancer (Agrobacterium rubi)

Use only healthy seedlings for planting. Avoid wet soils to establish plantations. Selection, removal and burning of disease plants. Crop rotation.

Cane blight (Leptospheria coniothyrium) Leaf spot (Mycosphaerella fragariae)

Pruning out all infected old fruited canes and any diseased new canes and removing them from the planting breaks the disease cycle. All infected pruning waste should be removed from the field and destroyed.

Raspberry rust (Phragmidium rubi-idaei)

Pruning out all infected old fruited canes and any diseased new canes and removing them from the planting breaks the disease cycle. All infected pruning waste should be removed from the field and destroyed. The use of fungicides alone may not provide effective control.

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis)

Remove and destroy all infected plant parts. Selectively prune overcrowded plant material to help increase air circulation. This helps reduce relative humidity and infection. If cultural controls fail to prevent disease buildup or if the disease pressure is too great, an application of a fungicide may be necessary.

Raspberry leaf spot (Sphaerulina rubi)

Practicing good sanitation, especially the removal and destruction of old fruited canes, and managing to increase air movement and sunlight penetration work to suppress leaf spot.

Raspberry fly (Lasiopteria rubi)

Cutting, gathering and burning of the attacked shoots. Installation of pheromone traps for capturing insects. Warning treatments with insecticides during adult insects fly.

Aphids (Aphis idaei)

High aphid populations are often an indication of excessive nitrogen fertilization particularly when soluble nitrate fertilizer is used. Avoiding excessive application of fertilizers and relying on natural enemies may reduce the problem but full control of the aphids is difficult to achieve without the use pesticides.

Strawberries Gray mold (Bothrytis cinerea) Crop losses due to gray mold can be avoided practically when strawberry is grown on mulching film with drip irrigation. If planting pattern is right, there is no plant overcrowding. Additionally, in early spring old leaves and weeds are removed and composted outside the garden area. While harvesting the decayed berries should be removed as well. The fewer berries are left, the fewer spots of infection remain. Spraying with the fungicides (with active ingredient carbendazine) in early spring.

Nematodes Nematodes can survive in the soil for several years. Therefore the main control measure is prevention: use of disease-free seedlings, timely land and crop rotation, weeding, eradication of the affected and adjacent contacting plants. Water thermotherapy is the most common means of eliminating nematodes in seedlings.

Slugs, snails, myriapods, wood ants

Timely weeding, land improvement, excessive soil moisture elimination. Catching slugs on small areas by placing boards, wet rags etc. Slugs hide under them in the day-time. Then the pests are collected and eradicated. Film mulching effectively prevents berries injury due to slugs.

Rhizoctonia rot (black root rot) (Rhizoctonia sclerotia)

Strawberry should not be replanted on the same area earlier than in 4-5 years after disease appears. The soil should not be fertilized with compost prepared incorrectly from the plant residues of potato, vegetables and

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weeds because Rhizoctonia sclerotia survive in such compost mass. Periodic removal and burning of the plants affected is necessary. For disinfection of runners they should be immersed for 1 min in water warmed up to 46°C.

Root rot (Phytophtora fragariae)

Choose sites which are well drained. Good soil drainage is the primary means of controlling this disease as the disease is most commonly associated with heavy soils or portions of the planting that are the slowest to drain. Choose more resistant plant varieties and healthy seedlings. Consider using raised beds. Avoid over-irrigation.

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis)

Use disease-free planting material. Remove and destroy all infected plant parts. Selectively prune overcrowded plant material to help increase air circulation. This helps reduce relative humidity and infection. If cultural controls fail to prevent disease buildup or if the disease pressure is too great, an application of a fungicide may be necessary.

Strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi)

It is recommended to pick flower buds and their burning before the appearing of strawberry blossom weevil and cultural hygiene of strawberries plantations

Strawberry leaf beetle (Pyrrhaltatenella)

Weeding, plant residue removal in early spring, soil loosening in space between rows.

Aphids

High aphid populations are often an indication of excessive nitrogen fertilization particularly when soluble nitrate fertilizer is used. Avoiding excessive application of fertilizers and relying on natural enemies may reduce the problem but full control of the aphids is difficult to achieve without the use pesticides. Aphids do not appear if garlic is planted (2-4 plants per meter) between strawberry plants. Some row covers (plastic tunnels or Remay-type enclosures) have reduced aphid populations to below economic levels, but the costs are substantial and the economic viability for large- or even small-scale plantings has not been established. Controlling dust is important to facilitate parasite and predator activity.

Tomato Late blight (phytophthora infestans)

Remove any nearby volunteer tomato plants and nightshades. Check transplants to ensure they are free of late blight before planting. Fungicides are generally needed only if the disease appears during a time of year when rain is likely or overhead irrigation is practiced. Disc tomato fields in fall to eliminate a winter reservoir for the fungus. Avoid sprinkler irrigation, if possible, because it favors the development of late blight. Apply a protectant fungicide before disease development begins; once an outbreak occurs in a field, it is important to apply additional applications at regular intervals. Coverage must be thorough for applications to be effective. Crop rotation that does not include potatoes. Planting of more resistant hybrids. There is a wide choice of fungicides but needs to bear in mind the withholding period.

Early blight (Alternaria solani) Healthy seedlings. Soil sterilization. Destroy volunteer tomato and potato plants and nightshades. Proper crop rotation is important to ensure infected plant debris decomposes. Treat when environmental conditions are favorable and the first sign of disease becomes apparent.

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahlia),

Use resistant cultivars effective against Race 1. No source of resistance to Race 2 is commercially available. Sanitation, especially washing equipment to prevent movement of infested soil, may help to slow spread of the Race 2 strain of the pathogen. Rotation to non-susceptible crops, such as small grains and corn, helps reduce inoculum.

Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria)

Avoiding sprinkler irrigation and cull piles near greenhouse or field operations, and rotate with a nonhost crop also helps control the disease. Copper-containing bactericides provide partial disease control. Apply at first sign of disease and repeat at 10- to 14-day intervals when warm, moist conditions prevail. Copper is strictly a protectant and must be applied before an infection period occurs. Resistance to copper has been observed, but can be somewhat overcome by combining copper with mancozeb.

Tomato fruit worm / Bollworm (Heliothis armigera)

Naturally occurring beneficial insects are very important in the biological control of tomato fruitworm, these include Trichogramma spp. egg parasites, the larval parasite Hyposoter exiguae, and predators such as bigeyed bug and minute pirate bug. Monitor adult activity in July using a Heliothis trap baited with a

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pheromone lure to determine when to sample for eggs, which are laid during the flight periods. For fresh market tomatoes, when traps indicate flight has begun, conduct a 5-minute search of leaves for eggs. If eggs are found, a treatment may be warranted.

The Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

Crop rotation is a very good strategy to use against the Colorado Potato Beetle. By varying the crops you plant in one location it will decrease the size of the Colorado Potato Beetle infestation. Natural predators can be used to your advantage by introducing them into your potato patch. Ladybugs (Ladybird Beetles) will prey upon the eggs of the Colorado Potato Beetle. Insecticide/pesticide use should be with caution and in a rotation. The Colorado Potato Beetle has a high chance of developing an immunity to a pesticide/insecticide if used regularly and for a long time on your crops.

Aphids (Aphididae) If virus transmission is a major concern, it may be economical to reduce or delay the early-season influx and buildup of aphid populations with the use of reflective mulches in fresh market tomatoes. Among the more common predators are lady beetles and their larvae, lacewing larvae, and syrphid fly larvae. Winged aphids are repelled by silver- or aluminum-colored mulches. The mulches lose their effectiveness when more than 60% of the surface is covered by foliage. Therefore, they are effective only for the first few weeks after seedling emergence or transplanting of either spring or fall tomatoes.

Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Tolerant hybrids, parasites, predators and bioinsecticides. An integrated pest management program for whiteflies includes following good cultural practices, such as host-free periods, conserving natural enemies, routinely monitoring fields for trouble spots, and using pesticides only when necessary. The treatment threshold for greenhouse whitefly is about 4 adults per leaf in a random 30-leaf sample of healthy leaves

Walnut Walnut Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis)

Pruning of affected twigs and branches removes spores that may be produced from cankers. Management of this disease depends on the application of protective sprays to buds, flowers, and developing nuts. In orchards with histories of walnut blight damage, protective treatments at 7- to 10-day intervals during prolonged wet springs are necessary for adequate disease control. In years with less intensive rainfall, spray intervals can be stretched, and weather forecasts can help with spray timing.

Walnut anthracnose or walnut black spot (Ophiognomonia leptostyla)

Raking and removal of infected leaves and fruit is the most effective way to reduce future infections. Root-zone applications of nitrogen fertilizers in spring have demonstrated enhanced growth and reduced disease severity.

Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)

Management options for codling moth in walnut orchards include both pheromone mating disruption and insecticide sprays. The options that work best for a given orchard depend on the size of the trees and the degree of codling moth infestation. In all cases, a program of monitoring with pheromone (codlemone) and/or pheromone+kairomone (known as CM-DA combo) and checking for damage is necessary to follow codling moth generations and assess the degree of infestation and effectiveness of control actions. Programs that use mating disruption alone or in combination with sprays of least-toxic insecticides or parasite releases pose fewer water quality and environmental risks than programs that rely on organophosphate or pyrethroid insecticides.

Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot (Phytophthora spp.)

The most effective management strategies for Phytophthora on walnut include careful management of soil water, prudent rootstock selection, and good general sanitation practices. Plant on berms. Avoid soil compaction. Do not allow irrigation water to stand for more than 24 hours. Pulse irrigation at short durations is best. If using sprinklers, do not allow water to splash on trees (use water guards). Use practices that promote good water infiltration and penetration.

Armillaria Root Rot (Oak Root Fungus) (Armillaria mellea)

Management of Armillaria root relies primarily on preventing infection of new trees. Growers can reduce the chances of infection by carefully preparing planting sites for new orchards and by practicing good sanitation and early detection. Do not rip or disc in infected orchards to avoid spreading the inoculum. Overly wet soil conditions favor development of this disease, so take measures to correct this condition throughout the

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orchard. Need to be careful not to introduce Armillaria into an established orchard via diseased root pieces that may be transported on equipment or in surface water. Once symptoms of Armillaria root rot appear, it may be possible to slow or stop spread of the pathogen within an infected tree by exposing the crown and upper roots and allowing them to dry out.

Crown Gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)

The incidence of crown gall can be reduced by planting noninfected, "clean" trees. Before planting, make sure trees stay moist and the roots do not dry out. It is also important to carefully handle trees to avoid injury as much as possible, both at planting and during the life of the tree in the orchard.

Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea)

On small trees, infested twigs may be cut out and destroyed.

European fruit lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni)

Parasites play an important role in controlling the soft scales. The most important of the parasitic wasps that attack these soft scales are Coccophagus, Encyrtus, and Metaphycus spp. The Metaphycus wasps produce several generations a year, compared with one generation of the scale, and parasitize all stages of the frosted scale except the eggs. Parasitized nymphs are almost black and have convex covers; unparasitized nymphs are flat and opaque. Several parasites commonly emerge from a single parasitized adult scale, leaving a perforated cover.

Walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola) Dusky-veined aphid (Callaphis juglandis)

In most orchards, walnut aphids are kept below damaging levels by an introduced parasitic wasp in combination with other naturally occurring biological control agents. However, if broad-spectrum insecticides are applied to control other pests such as codling moth, outbreaks of walnut aphid may occur. Predators such as lady beetles, including the Asian multicolored lady beetle and ashy gray lady beetle, lacewings, and flies play an important role in the natural control of the dusky-veined aphid and walnut aphid.

Walnut Blister Mite (Eriophyes erinea)

A strong, direct spray of water may help wash mites from trees. It also reduces dust, which seems to favor eriophyid mite infestations. Provide proper culture. Healthy trees are unharmed by some blister mite feeding.

Note: Information in this table is provided by previous Moldova PERSUAPs and http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html

2.10 THE REQUESTING COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, USE AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDES

The Government of Moldova has committed to bringing its phytosanitary regulatory environment into full conformity with the European Union and is purposefully moving in that direction (See Annex 4 for a list of relevant Moldovan legislation) The issue of phytosanitary products’ import, production, storage and use is regulated by the Law on Plant Protection, Law no. 119 on Plant Protection Products and Fertilizers and the Governmental Decision “On approval of the Regulation on Import, Storage, Sale and Use of Plant Protection Products and Fertilizers” (Legea nr. 119 din 22.06.2004 “Сu privire la produsele de uz fitosanitar și la fertilizanţi”). Based on these documents, the system of official approval and registration of phytosanitary products was created. GoM does not allow the import or manufacture of products if no toxicological and hygiene expertise (review) was carried out. The compliance with legal requirements is checked regularly by the Department of Pesticide and Fertilizer Control of the National Food Safety Agency (ANSA).

According to the Government Decision no. 897 date December 8, 1994 on Approval and Use of Phytosanitary Products and Fertilizers in Agriculture (“Cu privire la aprobarea și utilizarea în agricultură a produselor de uzfitosanitarși a fertilizanților”), in Moldova, the import, storage, sale and use of plant protection products and fertilizers are permitted only if approved by the Republican Interdepartmental Council and included in the State Register of phytosanitary (plant protection) products and fertilizers, which are allowed for use in Moldova.

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The approval procedure is carried out in accordance with the Law no. 119; Government Decision no. 1307 on Approval of the Regulation on Attestation and Approval of Phytosanitary Products and Fertilizers for Use in Agriculture and Forestry (HG nr. 1307 din 12.12.2005 “Сu privire la aprobarea Regulamentului privind atestarea și omologarea de stat a produselor de uz fitosanitar și a fertilizanţilor pentru utilizare în agricultură și silvicultură”) and Government Decision no. 200 on Approval of the Regulation on Tariffs for the Execution of the Research-testing-experimentation of the Phytosanitary Products and Fertilizers, and Use of the Accumulated Financial Means (HG nr. 200 din 27.03.1995). According to the procedure, the state appraisal and approval of plant protection products and fertilizers includes the following steps:

1. The applicants submit a request for state testing. 2. Include product in the state program of research-testing-experimentation and performing

research in field conditions with subsequent submission of the testing report to the applicant. Last term for including a product in the State Program is March 1.

3. Sign a contract on state research-testing-experimentation. 4. Test for one variant of pesticides and fertilizers: for the field and weeding crops – 400 EUR;

for vegetable crops, vineyards and orchards – 450 EUR. State testing is performed in at least four stages (variants): control (without treatment), required product for state research-testing-experimentation with a minimum of 2 doses (two variants are considered) and standard variant for comparison.

The applicant for the state approval of the product should submit an application (form A and B - available in electronic form) (Annex 5 - in Romanian) on behalf of the Administrator of the State Center, and within 3 months there will be a meeting of the Council, during which the applicant presents in Romanian, Russian or English a complete toxicological file of the requested for the approval plant protection product, which contain:

- general information; - product information; - information about product application; - toxicological evaluation; - hygienic evaluation; - environmental impact; - physical and chemical properties; - information about the active substance; - product destination; and - protection measures.

Additionally, the applicant shall submit the following:

- recommendations regarding the use of the product; - methods of determining the residues of the product in agricultural crops (food products) and in

the environmental objects (water, soil, air); - preliminary instructions regarding the use, transportation and storage of the product,

protection measures, diagnostic methods in case of intoxication; and - copies of the label, in Romanian or Romanian and Russian, according to the model approved by

the State Center.

The toxicological file is assessed by the State Center, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Environment, for approval and obtaining further notifications. Based on the mentioned notifications and information regarding state research-testing-experimentation (report from the institution where the research-testing-experimentation took place) the product is examined at the ordinary meeting of the Council. In case of positive decision on state approval of the product, the applicant shall pay the approval payment to the State Center, according to the tariffs set by the Government. For plant

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protection products, approval and state registration, issuing of a Certificate of approval for a period of 7 years will be 4,000 EUR, or 2500 EUR for a provisional period of 2 years. In October 2015, a special procedure of recognition of product authorizations issued by EU Member States was added to the Government Decision no. 1307, with the goal to increase the number of pesticides and fertilizers legally available on the local market, and thus decreasing the off-label use of these products and their illegal import and use. The recognition procedure reduces the number of tests and approvals from involved Government institutions by accepting the validity of tests and approvals issued by competent authorities from EU Member States. At the same time, the products still have to meet the legal requirements, and the products would still be included in the State Register of phytosanitary (plant protection) products and fertilizers.

The technical capacity of Moldovan laboratories to carry out the tests required to confirm the contents or efficacy of pesticides and other agrochemicals was limited in the past. A program to rebuild this testing capacity was underway with support from USAID’s previous agriculture activity and other international donors within the framework of the GOM’s decision to concentrate its food safety responsibilities in a single food safety agency. USAID provided new equipment and training to the Central Phytosanitary Laboratory while the World Bank provided this support to the Phytosanitary Border Control Points. The Government of Romania provided support for the upgrade of the Pesticide Residue Laboratory for Products of Plant Origin. Both the Central Phytosanitary Laboratory and the Pesticide Residue Laboratory have obtained international accreditation from Romanian Accreditation Association (RENAR).

Furthermore, international donor support (such as UN FAO, World Bank, USAID, UNDP) was critical for the promotion and implementation of integrated pest management, eliminating and preventing recurrence of obsolete pesticides, and the revision and preparation of a new draft Land Code for Moldova. UN FAO support resulted in the disposal of the most dangerous obsolete pesticides site in Pascani, Criuleni District, while the pesticide landfill site and risk assessment study in the Chishmichioi village, Vulcanesti District, supported the identification of measures to ensure its environmental security. In order to contribute to sustainable agricultural production based on innovative technologies, FAO and other donors continue to support the implementation of integrated pest management on Moldovan farms.16 FAO supported the Government of Moldova to develop the draft of the National IPM Program for 2018-202717 (currently at public review stage); through its grant program HVAA may support partnerships between the Government, R&D institutions, input suppliers and industry associations to implement some of the actions foreseen by the Program in areas of monitoring, forecast and warning, as well as grower education.

In addition, Republic of Moldova is a signatory of several relevant international treaties as follows18: Stockholm Convention - The Republic of Moldova ratified the Stockholm Convention on

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by the Law no. 40-XV from 19.02.2004 on ratification of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (published in Monitorul Oficial, 2004, no. 39-41)

Rotterdam Convention - The Republic of Moldova adhered to Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for certain hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade by Law no. 389-XV from 25 November 2004 (published in Monitorul Oficial, 2004, no. 233-236).

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal - The Republic of Moldova adhered to the Basel Convention on 10th March 1998 (Parliament Decision no. 1599-XIII).

16 United Nations - Republic of Moldova Partnership Framework 2013-2017, Mid-term Review, Final Report http://www.undp.org/content/dam/unct/moldova/docs/pub/strateg/Final_Report_UNPF_Moldova_2013-2017_Mid-Term_Review.pdf 17http://particip.gov.md/proiectview.php?l=ro&idd=4204 18 Source of information: POPs Management Office in Moldova

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Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - The Republic of Moldova signed the POPs Protocol at Ministerial Conference „Environment for Europe”, on 24th June 1998, Aarhus, Denmark and ratified it on 25th April 2002.

These international treaties are implemented in Moldova according to the National Strategy on reduction and elimination of POPs (adopted in 2004 - Decision no. 1155) and the National Plan for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention on POPs, approved by the Government in October 2004. The objective is to reduce the impact of POP on the environment and public health. The Ministry of Environment is implementing these activities with support of international donor organizations and in close collaboration with local partners (Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Industry, “Moldelectrica” S.E., Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Health, local public administration, and other stakeholders).

2.11 THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR TRAINING USERS AND APPLICATORS Certain Integrated Pest Management practices are included in Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) and GlobalGap trainings that have been provided by various donors in the past but these have been directed mostly at larger scale farmers with good export potential. The HVAA project will provide technical assistance to local farmers on IPM through training sessions, demonstration activities, individual consultancy, informational campaigns and thematic publications, and will promote cultural, organic and reduced-risk pest management practices or treatments such as biological controls and botanicals before recommending the pesticides. Farmers will be trained to properly monitor and identify economically damaging pest levels (including the use of 'smart tools') and to only apply pesticides when populations surpass economic thresholds and at times during the growing season and pest life cycle when pesticides are most effective, thus reducing the need for additional applications.

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Figure 3. Examples of IPM smart tools that can be scaled up in Moldova (agrometeorological stations, online decision support system tools, monitoring using yellow sticky tapes) HVAA field partners, staff and/or consultants will provide training and technical assistance to farmers on safer use of pesticides when their application is warranted. The following is a summary of pesticide safer use training topics to be addressed:

Chemical knowledge: registration, correct use, application procedures and label specifications. This training includes an in-depth review of label information (resources in Romanian/Russian and/or with photos will be provided wherever possible), as well as a discussion of dosage rates, application rates, equipment calibration and maintenance, application intervals, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals and demonstrations of proper equipment use.

Storage: proper storage of chemicals in relation to other structures on the property. The need for a separate, clearly marked and locked facility will be emphasized for exclusive storage of farm chemicals. Pesticides should be kept away from food for human or animal consumption or sources of drinking water. Pesticides should always be stored in their original containers.

Transport: safe transport of pesticides will be discussed (i.e. not using public transportation if possible, keeping chemicals in a closed environment, how to avoid punctures and torn bags, etc).

Worker protection: Types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why, and how they should be cared for. The basic PPE recommended for all pesticide applications includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants and boots. Participants will be encouraged to wash PPE separate from everyday clothing and to keep their PPE in good condition.

Safety practices: proper mixing techniques, the importance of using clean water for

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mixing, and the importance of not contaminating water sources. The types of containers used in chemical preparation, their proper use, cleaning and storage will be addressed. Applicators are taught not to eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides.

First aid and medical facilities: Participants will be taught to identify the primary symptoms of chemical exposure and what do to in an emergency.

Waste Management: how to clean up and safely dispose of any chemical not used. For liquids, empty containers should be rinsed 3 times, and emptied into the spray tank as part of the application mixture. When the product is used completely, chemical containers should be triple rinsed and punctured before being buried. Containers should NEVER be reused. Any procurement of pesticides will include a clause whereby pesticide vendors will collect empty pesticide containers.

Protection of drinking water: Training will emphasize the importance of protecting potable water sources and avoiding contamination of ground and surface waters. Participants will be trained to identify their drinking water source and to keep all pesticides away from that source. Characteristics of the water source and mitigation measures to avoid contamination will be addressed.

Environmental safety: the importance of protecting natural resources and the proper use of pesticides to avoid environmental contamination and impacts on non-target organisms will be addressed. For pesticides toxic to birds, bees, and other wildlife, trainers/technicians will give training on the protection of habitat, including preventing drift.

An additional training phase will be targeted towards family members (including women and children) who may come into the production fields or who may be exposed to residues on the clothing of their spouses at home. This training will be provided by an HVAA partner, staff and/or consultants using training materials in Romanian. To the extent feasible, HVAA will use materials already developed and used around Moldova to train workers in safe pesticide use. Some of the materials available provide in-depth explanations of the safety practices to be followed but also rely heavily on visual representations and pictures or pictograms to illustrate the techniques and practices to be followed. In addition technical bulletins will be produced on various IPM and good agricultural practices, important training topics on farm chemical safety, chemical use and handling, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, for micro, small, and medium size processing facilities. The effectiveness of these training sessions and materials will be continuously monitored during the visits by project staff and partners. Any gaps in training can therefore be addressed in a timely manner to prevent adverse impacts on humans or the environment. Only agronomists with a pest management background and IPM training will be utilized for training activities within the project. HVAA will present all of its relevant training topics in the holistic framework of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) and IPM as they pertain to specific HVA crops. Training of Trainer activities will be conducted to increase the capacity of local extension agents and vendors and others to advise farmers in these practices and a wide range of technical materials will be made available to facilitate this learning.

2.12 THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR MONITORING USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PESTICIDES

HVAA provides technical assistance to value chain participants, including producers. Staff have little control over activities carried out by such participants, and HVAA will not be involved in any procurement or direct use of pesticides with the possible exception of limited quantities for use on demonstration plots. All demonstration plots to be established by HVAA will be accompanied by a

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competent consultant, whose responsibilities will include training of HVAA partners in cultural practices, plant nutrition, crop health and pest control, monitoring of applied practices and technologies, and provision of technical assistance when correction actions are needed. Since pesticides are used in most agricultural production systems, and even when staff are not working directly with pesticides or pest control, attention to pesticide use systems is important to marketing, crop and livestock management, business plan development, and other activities with which HVAA may be involved. Pesticides may be misused or mishandled. Farmers need to be constantly reminded of the acute and chronic effects of pesticide use both on human health and the environment and the importance of properly using personal protection equipment to minimize adverse health effects. HVAA has an opportunity to promote safer use of pesticides and non-chemical pest management techniques by providing training and technical assistance to those involved. HVAA will choose consultants and partners that have agronomical expertise and practical experience in the field and on farms, monitoring cultural practices, plant nutrition, crop health and pest control, and providing technical assistance to farmers when problems arise. Pesticide safer use will be monitored with such experienced staff. HVAA will encourage the use of IPM smart tools including pest and disease monitoring to determine most effective pest management options. HVAA will provide support for the creation of a partnership among the National Food Safety Agency, ACSA extension service and iMetos (manager of the network of 150+ weather stations with TrapView cameras) to achieve synergies among these organizations leading to a better system of pest monitoring and grower warning in the country; the partnership may be eligible for HVAA grant program for its pilot activities.

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III. SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

While this PERSUAP requests the least toxic pesticides, all pesticides are hazardous to the environment and human health to some degree. Hence, this PERSUAP includes recommendations which will mitigate significant adverse impacts of pesticide use on the environment, including the human environment.

For each pesticide listed in Table 1 there are recommended mitigation procedures or actions that will need to be completed in order to increase the safety of pesticide use to both the environment and human health. Below is an action plan for each recommendation with a timeline, responsibility and an estimated budget.

HVAA shall report to USAID on mitigation measures required herein:

1. HVAA will not promote the use of pesticides that are not listed in Table 1, and

HVAA will not promote the use of the more hazardous pesticides (EPA Toxicity I) in HVAA’s extension activities or extension materials, unless specified otherwise in this PERSUAP.

Timeline: Immediate Responsibility: HVAA project staff. Budget: project staff costs only.

HVAA will only recommend or assist with the use of pesticides approved herein, and with formulations that are USEPA registered as GUPs; that are suitable for use on the target crops; that are registered for use in Moldova; and that are least toxic pesticide available for the control of pests in target crops. HVAA will not encourage the use of pesticides in USEPA Toxicity Class I or II or WHO Toxicity Class I or II except for those with no practical alternative, and for those pesticides whose risk can easily be mitigated (e.g. copper-based pesticides). Furthermore, HVAA will actively discourage the use of any pesticides listed as POPs19 under the Stockholm Convention or pesticides listed under Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention20.

2. HVAA will review USEPA registration status, and EPA and WHO Toxicity

Classes of approved pesticides, registration status in Moldova, and HVAA will report to USAID on any significant revisions. An amendment to this PERSUAP will be submitted for USAID approval in case additional pesticides need to be used by the project.

Timeline: Annually. Responsibility: HVAA project staff. Estimated Budget: Project staff costs only.

3. HVAA will ensure that IPM and safe use practices described in the PERSUAP

(some examples in Sections 2.3 and 2.9) and others developed by HVAA technical experts are disseminated. Specifically:

a) Conduct training of trainers (ToT) of Business Development Service Providers (BDSPs)

to facilitate the implementation of the GlobalGAP standard among major farmer groups in Moldova

19http://www.pops.int/ 20http://www.pic.int

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Timeline: By July 2017 Responsibility: HVAA Budget: Project staff costs

b) Develop an IPM program for HVAA targeted crops (using this PERSUAP and earlier

publications as the starting point) and conduct training on IPM for targeted crops with information on practical ways/cultural methods to manage pests and diseases and minimize pesticide use. Timeline: start from April 2017 Responsibility: HVAA staff and partners Estimated Budget: to be included in the existing training budget program.

This training program needs to highlight preventative measures and cultural practices as a first-line of defense. It should also highlight ways pesticides can be integrated into the overall IPM program and used only as a last resort. It is best to incorporate this IPM training into the overall technical training program for producers that HVAA is already undertaking and should incorporate training on safe pesticide use and selection and use of appropriate equipment. IPM recommendations can be incorporated in HVAA extension materials on production or presented in stand-alone extension materials.

c) Train farmers in safe pesticide use practices covering topics such as: use of protective clothing, pesticide storage and disposal, proper disposal of empty pesticide containers, restricted entry intervals, environmental protection – especially regarding protection of aquatic habitats, fish, and terrestrial wildlife including bees—and EHS procedures. Timeline: start from April 2017 Responsibility: HVAA Estimated Budget: project staff This training can be conducted during IPM or other production-related training and during direct one-on-one TA to farmers. For pesticides toxic to aquatic organisms, and/or that could contaminate groundwater, trainers/technicians will give specific instructions about protecting aquatic habitats and groundwater. For pesticides highly toxic to birds, bees, and other wildlife, trainers/technicians will give specific instructions about protecting habitat, including preventing drift.

d) Produce a simple but attractive safe pesticide use poster, brochure or a DVD film, with general information on pesticide toxicity, safe handling practices, safety clothing, EHS procedures, best practice in disposal of empty pesticide containers. Build on earlier publications covering this topic and ensure wide dissemination and promotion of its use through various communication channels. Timeline: by December 2017 Responsibility: HVAA in collaboration with local partner organizations. Estimated Budget: $15,000 (possibly a grant)

If a brochure or poster is developed, it should be primarily a pictorial guide. Any text should ideally be brief, concrete, in the local language, and distributed during training events described above.

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e) Raising awareness on the importance of pollination and proper application of pesticides in orchards in order to protect bees and increase yields. Timeline: by March 2018 Responsibility: HVAA in collaboration with a local partner organization e.g. Moldovan

Association of Beekeepers and Moldova-Fruct Association. Budget: $25,000

f) Support the Moldovan State Food Safety Agency (ANSA) in developing Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for crops/markets and updating the phytosanitary control sheets. Timeline: From June 2017 Responsibility: HVAA staff with international expert support as needed Budget: $20,000

g) Findings of this PERSUAP should be disseminated to all relevant project staff who will

need to abide by the PERSUAP recommendations.

Timeline: as soon as PERSUAP is approved Responsibility: HVAA Estimated Budget: none

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With such activities, the impact on the environment is expected to be beneficial as trained local advisors and farmers are likely to make better decisions regarding pest management technologies and, when pesticides are used, they will be used in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. The outcome of such efforts should also be progress towards addressing some of the important pesticide-related issues (such as pesticide labeling in the local language, disposal of empty pesticide containers, low use of safety clothing, and preparing the ground for GlobalGAP implementation and certification.

4. HVAA will implement an EMMP: a) All HVAA training materials and demonstration plans will be screened by HVAA

Environmental Specialist to ensure that materials comply with the provisions of this PERSUAP, namely that any pesticides recommended are on the approved list of pesticides (Table 1) and that any pest management recommendations are promoted within the framework of IPM and safe pesticide use.

b) HVAA shall implement the risk mitigation and monitoring plan described herein,

and report in Project Annual Reports (with brief updates in monthly reports) on progress, successes and failures. Where monitoring indicates that safer use practices are not being implemented, or where they are not adequately addressing impacts, HVAA will report to USAID and develop ways to respond to the problem.

c) PERSUAP mitigation and monitoring requirements will require HVAA to allocate

funding to implement the above measures. The PERSUAP will be updated every two years.

IV. REFERENCES Crop Data Management Systems: http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database (large database of pesticide labels and MSDS) Extoxnet: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/ (environmental toxicology website) European Commission website on the approval of ative substances in pesticides: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/approval_active_substances_en FAO page on IPM: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/ipm/en/ Ministerul Agriculturii Si Industriei Alimentare Al Republicii Moldova, Central De Stat Pentru Atesterea Si Omologarae Produselor e Uz Fitosanitar Si A Fertilizantilor (2016), Registrul de stat produselor de uz fitosanitar si al fertilizantilor, permise pentru utilizare in Republica Moldova, Chisinau 2016 (original and suplement general published in 2017). Searchable database is available online in Romanian: http://www.pesticide.md/registrul-de-stat/ Ministry of Environment - Republic of Moldova (2011). State of the Environment in the Republic of Moldova 2007–2010 (National Report - Synthesis) - http://mediu.gov.md/images/documente/starea_mediului/rapoarte/nationale/p3_SM_eng.pdf

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Moldova Investment and Export Promotion Organization (MIEPO) Agriculture and Food Processing - Republic of Moldova (2015/2016). http://miepo.md/sites/default/files/Agriculture_report_!_0.pdf Moldova National Food Safety Agency (ANSA) website http://www.ansa.gov.md/ro/legi-ale-republicii-moldova.html PAN: www.pesticideinfo.org (very compressive database of pesticides; however it is no longer regularly updated) Plantwise knowledge Bank: http://www.plantwise.org/ Republic of Moldova - official website: http://www.moldova.md/en/content/geography Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals http://www.pic.int Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Pesticides and Chemicals http://www.pops.int/ University of California, Integrated Pest Management: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/ - Almond: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.almonds.html - Apple: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.apples.html - Apricot: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.apricots.html - Blueberry: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.blueberry.html - Cherry: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.cherries.html - Cole crops: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.cole-crops.html - Cucurbits: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.cucurbits.html - Garlic: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.onion-and-garlic.html - Grape: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.grapes.html - Lettuce: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.lettuce.html - Onion: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.onion-and-garlic.html - Peach: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.peach.html - Pear: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.pears.html - Peppers: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.peppers.html - Plum: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.plum.html - Potato: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.potatoes.html - Strawberry: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html - Tomato: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.tomatoes.html - Walnuts: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.walnuts.html USAID Global Environmental Management Support: http://www.usaidgems.org/index.htm US EPA: www.epa.gov/pesticides (EPA information on pesticides) US EPA (2014): Label Review Manual. Chapter 2: What is a pesticide? https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/chap-02-apr-2014.pdf World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisCCode=MDA World Bank; CIAT. 2016. Climate-smart agriculture in Moldova. CSA Country Profiles for Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean Series. Washington D.C.: The

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World Bank Group. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/doc/agricultureProfiles/CSA%20Profile%20MOLDOVA_final.pdf World Health Organization (WHO) - The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf

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Annex 1: Pesticides (N=90) for use on HVAA Ref # Active Ingredient/

Chemical and Trade Names

Crop requested for*

Target pests Potential problems (if any) Comments

Fungicides

1 Azoxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 128810 Quadris 250 SC; Azoshy 250 SC; Aztec EC; Brodvei, SC;

TG, Po, To, Cu

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Powdery mildew of tomato (Leveillula taurica) Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea)

Potential water contaminant. ST to VHT to fish. VHT to zooplankton. Acute oral, dermal, inhalation - RNT-ST. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

2 Azoxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 128810 + Cyproconazole Chemical Class Azole US EPA PC Code: 128993 Amistar XTRA 280 SC; Amigo 330 SC;

TG TG: Plasmopara viticola, Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Potential water contaminant. ST to VHT to fish. VHT to zooplankton. Acute oral, dermal, inhalation-ST. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Suspected carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.


3 Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008 Cantus

TG TG: Gray mould (Botrytis cinerea) Not acutely toxic. Possible carcinogen. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

4 Bromuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 120503 Vectra 10 SC

Ap, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

MT to fish. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

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Ref # Active Ingredient/ Chemical and Trade Names

Crop requested for*


5 Captan Chemical Class:Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081301 Buvicid 370 K SC; Kito 800 WDG; Capral 80 WG

Ap, TG, Pc, To

Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequali); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), Peach scab (Clasterosporium carpophilum; To: Early blight (Alternaria solani)

High acute toxicity: Skin, eye and respiratory tract irritant. Irreversible eye damage. Likely carcinogen at high doses, not likely at low doses. Phytotoxic to cherries at high rates or if combined with oil sprays.

Use eyewear protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect skin. Will ensure warning labels are on pesticide containers. Long term exposure should be minimized. Use at lowest recommended rates and avoid drenching trees.

6 Copper hydroxide Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023401, 823401 Kocide 2000


W: Xanthamonas juglandis, Gnomonia leptostyla Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Grape Antracnose (Gloeosporium ampelophagum), Red fire disease of grapevine (Pseudopeziza tracheiphila), Crown gall (Agrobacterium spp.), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Clavibacter michiganense, Pl: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Red polystigma (Polystigma rubrum), Plum Shot Hole (Clasterosporium carpophilium), Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Xantomonas spp. Pc: Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum), Jacket Rot (Monilia laxa), Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Do not use EPA or WHO Class I products. For example, Kocide 2000 is acceptable for use and is US EPA registsred. Potential water contaminant. MT to HT to molluscs. Suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Be aware of potential phytotoxicity. Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin. Ensure warning labels are on pesticide containers.

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Crop requested for*


7 Copper hydroxide Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023401, 823401 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501 Airone, SC

TG, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola) To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Tomato leaf mould (Cladosporium fulvum), Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria)

Do not use EPA or WHO Class I products. Potential water contaminant. MT to HT to molluscs. RNT to MT to fish. Suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity. Chronic toxicity includes hepatic cirrhosis and brain damage.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Be aware of potential phytotoxicity. Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin. Ensure warning labels are on pesticide containers.

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Crop requested for*


8 Copper sulfate (tribasic) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 008101 Cupro Star 46 SC, Cuprofix 40 Dispers WDG, Cuproxat SC


Al: Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum), Leaf curl (Taphrina deformans) Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena) Apr: Twig blight (Monilia cinerea), Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum), Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis) Go: Goeosporium ribis, Septoria ribis, Cronartium ribicola To: Early blight (Alternaria solani), Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici), Po: Early blight (Alternaria solani), Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Cu: Downy mildew (Psedoperonospora cubensis), Colletotrichum lagenanarium, Ascochyta cucumeris, Pseudomonas lachrymans. Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), SwC, Pl: Monilia cinerea, Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Leaf blight (Coccomyces hiemalis), Clasterosporium carpophillum Pr: Pear scab (V. pirina), Phyllosticta spp. TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Grape antracnose (Gloeosporium ampelophagum)

Potential water contaminant. Can be MT to amphibians and crustaceans. Suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. Pesticides containing sulfur should be applied only on temperatures between 16-26°C. Be aware of potential phytotoxicity. Overuse or over-dosing with copper products will eventually lead to soil toxicity, so dosage calculation needs to be done accurately and copper products should be rotated with other classes of fungicide or bactericide.

9 Cyazofamid Chemical class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 085651 Mildicut,SC ;Ranman Top, SC

TG. To Foliar treatments against downy mildew, Phytophthora, club root, pink rot, white rust

ST to honeybees. Potential water contaminant.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

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Crop requested for*


10 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 Akkord, WP; Calenta, WP; Cymbal, WG; Presto 500 WP; Tamoxanil 450 WG;

TG, Po, To Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

ST to fish and zooplankton. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

11 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Famoxadone Chemical Class:Oxazolidinedione US EPA PC Code: 113202 Epic,WG ;Tanos

TG, Po, To Po, To: Phytophora infestans, Early blight (Alternaria solani) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

Slight toxicity. ST to HT to fish and zooplankton.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

12 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501 Ordan WP; Curage, WP;

TG, Po, To, Cu

To, Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Cu: Pseudoperonospora cubensis

Potential water contaminant. RNT to MT to fish. Human hazards: suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Overuse or over-dosing with copper products will eventually lead to soil toxicity, so dosage calculation needs to be done accurately and copper products should be rotated with other classes of fungicide or bactericide. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

111


Crop requested for*



Triomax 45 WP

Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

Potential water contaminant. RNT to MT to fish. Human hazards: suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity. Mancozeb: Probable carcinogen, limit number of applications to the minimum possible and absolutely use PPE. Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibian, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Long-term exposure should be minimized. Overuse or over-dosing with copper products will eventually lead to soil toxicity, so dosage calculation needs to be done accurately and copper products should be rotated with other classes of fungicide or bactericide.

14 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 Presto Plus 72 WP; Profilux,WG; Rapid Gold 72 WP


Carcinogen. Developmental or Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibian, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

112


Crop requested for*


15 Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Metalaxyl Chemical class: Xylylalanine Zahist,WP

TG, Po, To Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani ); TG: Plasmopara viticola

Developmental or Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibian, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables). The last application of pesticides containing metalaxyl should be done not later than 14 days from the bloom.

16 Cyproconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128993 + Propiconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 122101 Alto Super 330 EC

Ap, TG Ap: powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Powdery milder (Uncinula necator)

Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

113


Crop requested for*


17 Cyprodinil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288202 Chorus 75 WG; Chorale, WDG; Atlet 75 WG; Prezent 75 WG; Quantum, WG; Qualy 300 EC; Respect 750 WG; Tafrinil, WG


Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena); Apr: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum) TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Pl: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Pc: Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans), Shot hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum),Jacket Rot (Monilia laxa, Monilia cinerea), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina)

Potential water contaminant. MT to fish and phytoplankton. HT to zooplankton.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

18 Cyprodinil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288202 + Fludioxonil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 071503 Forsaj 62,5 WG; Switch 62,5 WG;


Ap:Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena),Soft rot of apple (Penicillium expansum), Antracnose (Gloeosporium fructigenum),Botrytis cinerea Apr: Blossom blight (Monilia laxa) Pl, Pc: Jacket Rot (Monilia laxa) Ap, TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Potential water contaminant. MT to fish and phytoplankton. HT to zooplankton. ST to bees.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

19 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 Score 250 EC; Raiok EC; Scorazol, EC; Doctor 250 EC; Difo 250 EC; Scorpion 250 EC;Scoramex 250 EC,

Ap, Pc, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina) Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), Plum Shot Hole (Clasterosporium carpophilium), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola)

Suspected cancer hazard. Potential water contaminant. ST to HT to fish. HT to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

114


Crop requested for*


Cursor, EC; Caldera 250 EC; Combat 25 EC

20 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 + Kresoxim methyl Chemical class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111 Samsit, CS

Ap, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Slight acute toxicity. Carcinogen. Potential water contaminant. ST-HT to fish. HT-VHT to zooplankton. ST to bees.


21 Difenoconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128847 + Propiconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 122101 Taspa 500EC; Dinazol Plus 500 EC; Riba Gold 500 EC ; Superior 500 EC

Pc, Ap Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Brooks fruit spot (Phyllostica mali), European brown rot (Monilia fructigena), Ochraceous sports of apple (Phyllosticta briardi) Pc: Peach Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans)

Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant.


22 Dimethomorph Chemical Class: Morpholine US EPA PC Code: 268800 + Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601 Sphinx Extra, WG

Po, To, TG TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), To, Po:Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to zooplankton. ST to bees. Potential GW contaminant. Not acutely toxic but folpet is a likely carcinogen at high doses.

For terestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin. Ensure warning labels are on pesticide containers. Long term exposure should be minimized.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

115


Crop requested for*


23 Dimethomorph Chemical Class: Morpholine US EPA PC Code: 268800 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 Acrobat Mz 90/600 WG; Avatar,WG

TG, Po, To, Cu

Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani),

Probably carcinogen. Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibian, MT to fish and ST to zooplankton. Mancozeb is a probably carcinogen, limit number of applications to the minimum possible and absolutely use PPE. ST to honey bees.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

24 Fenamidone Chemical class: Imidazole US EPA PC Code: 046679 + Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 Consento SC 450

Cu, To, Po Potential water contaminant. Suspected neurotoxicity.

For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

25 Fenhexamid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 090209 Teldor 50 WG

Pc, TG, St TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Pc: European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena) St: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

RNT to HT to honeybees. Potential water contaminant. ST to MT to fish. MT to zooplankton.

Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

116


Crop requested for*


26 Fluazinam Chemical class: 2.6-Dinitroaniline (phenylpyridinamine) US EPA PC Code: 129098 Banjo 500 SC; Nando,SC

Ap, TG, Po, To

Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena)

Possible carcinogen. Suspected immunotoxicity hazards and skin or sense organ toxicity hazards. VHT to fish. NAT to MT to bees.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

27 Fluopicolide Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 027412 + Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 Infinito SC

Cu, Po Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Potential water contaminant. ST to honeybees. Suspected neurotoxicity.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects. Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

28 Flutriafol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128940 Impact 25 SC; Leader 250 SC; Etalon 250 SC; Fitolecari,SC; Impuls-F,SC; Xenium 25 SC

Ap, TG, Pc, Pr

TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Ap: Podosphera luecotricha, Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina), Pc: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

Slight acute toxicity. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water pollutant.

For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

117


Crop requested for*


29 Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601 Folpan 50 WP; Folpan 80 WG; Solofol,WG; Niptan,WG

Ap, TG, Pl, Po

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Po: Phytophthora infestans Pl:Polystigma rubrum,Clasterosporium carpophilum

Likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to zooplankton. ST to bees

Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin as per label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

30 Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601 + Triadimenol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 127201 Shavit F 72 WDG; Shavit F 72 WP

Ap, TG Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator),

Moderate acute toxicity. Likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to zooplankton. ST to bees

Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

31 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Fluopicolide Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 027412 Profiler WG 71

TG Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) High acute toxicity. Potential water contaminant.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

118


Crop requested for*


32 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 Aliette WP 80; ALUMAX; Efatol 80 WP


Ap: Crown canker (Phytophthora cactorum); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); Pl: Crown canker (Phytophthora cactorum, Root rot (Phytophthora omnivora); Pr: Crown canker (Phytophthora cactorum); Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

High acute toxicity. Potential water contaminant.


33 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Folpet Chemical Class: Thiophthalimide US EPA PC Code: 081601, 881601 Momentum Extra,WDG

To, Po, TG To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans); Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans); TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

HT to amphibians, crustaceans, fish. ST to molluscs. MT to zooplankton. ST to bees. Potential GW contaminant. Fosety-Al: High acute toxicity. Folpet: A likely carcinogen at high doses. Suspected immunotoxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin as per label. Long term exposure should be minimized.

34 Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Myclobutanil Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128857 Manoxin M 60 PU Manoxin

TG TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

High acute toxicity. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Probable carcinogen and endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity. Potential water contaminant.MT-HT to fish and amphibians. HT to zooplankton.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

119


Crop requested for*


M 60 PU

35 Iprodione Chemical Class:Dicarboximide US EPA PC Code: 109801, 209900 Rovral Aquaflo

Po Po: Stem and stolon canker (Rhizoctonia solani), Powedery scab (Spongospora subterranean), Potato scab (Streptomyces scabies), Fusarium crown (Fusarium solani)

Suspected endocrine toxicity. Possible carcinogen. HT to Crustaceans. MT to fish and zooplankton.


36 Kresoxim-methyl Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111 Ardent 50 SC; Strobitec 50 WG; Tuoreg 500 WP; Novaxim 50 WG; Giga Plus 50 WG;Stroll, WDG; Power 50 WP; Fram 50 WG; Strike, WG; Stroby

Ap, TG, PC TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina) Pc: Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

Slight acute toxicity. Likely carcinogen. Potential water contaminant. ST to HT to fish. VHT to molluscs and zooplankton.


37 Kresoxim-methyl Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129111 + Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008 Collis;

TG TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Likely carcinogen. Potential water contaminant. ST to HT to fish. VHT to molluscs and zooplankton.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

120


Crop requested for*


38 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 Classic MZ 800 WP; Dithane M-45 WP; Doza 80 WP; Harvest,WP; Kadillak WP;Mancomex 80 WP;Olympus,WP; Penncozeb 75 WG; Pilarzeb 80 WP; Sanntozeb 80 WP; Valsazeb 800; Ventozeb 80 WP


Pc: Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans), Pl: Polystigma rubrum TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopora viticola), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Alternaria porri, Early blight (Alternaria solani), Rizoctonia solani To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Alternaria porri, Early blight (Alternaria solani), Pr: Pear scab (Venturia pirina) Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Carcinogen. Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity, respiratory toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibian, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). It is forbidden to use this pesticide within a river protection zone.

39 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Copper oxychloride as (Cu2Cl(OH)3) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 023501 + Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 + Copper sulfate (tribasic) Chemical Class: Inorganic-Copper US EPA PC Code: 008101 Remiltine CS

TG, Po, To Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Alternaria solani

Carcinogen. Developmental or Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected kidney and respiratory toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibians, MT to fish and crustaceans and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Pesticides containing sulfur should be applied only on temperatures between 16-26°C.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

121


Crop requested for*


40 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Mefenoxam Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 013502 Ridomil Gold MZ

TG, Po, To, Cu

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Highly toxic. Carcinogen. Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibians, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). It is forbidden to use this pesticide within a river protection zone. The last application of pesticides containing metalaxyl should be done not later than 14 days from the bloom.

41 Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 + Metalaxyl Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 113501 Acidan 72 WP; Armetil-M; Curaiv,WP; Gold-M,WP; Matador 720 WP; Metaxil,WP; Pyrenomil 720; Valsalaxil 720 WP; Unomil 72 WP

Ap, TG, Po, To

TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), To, Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)

moderate acute toxicity. Carcinogen. Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibian, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). It is forbidden to use this pesticide within a river protection zone. The last application of pesticides containing metalaxyl should be done not later than 14 days from the bloom.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

122


Crop requested for*


42 Mandipropamid Chemical Class: Mandelamide US EPA PC Code: 036602 + Mancozeb Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc US EPA PC Code: 014504 Pergado MZ,WG

TG, Po Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

Carcinogen. Developmental or Reproductive Toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected immune-toxicity and skin or sense organ toxicity. Potential water contaminant. HT to amphibians, MT to fish and not acutely toxic to zooplankton.


43 Metalaxyl Chemical Class: Xylylalanine US EPA PC Code: 113501 Protexyl 350 WP; Maxcel WP

TG, Po, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) To,Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani)

ST to fish and zooplankton. Potential groundwater contaminant. ST to honeybees.

For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

44 Metiram Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc complex US EPA PC Code: 114601 Venturam 70 WG, POLYRAM DF

Ap, TG, Po, To, Pl

Po, To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani) Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) Pl: Plum rust (Tranzschelia pruni spinosae)

Recognized as developmental toxicity hazard. Suspected as endocrine toxicity hazard. Metiram is a probably carcinogen, limit number of applications to the minimum possible and absolutely use PPE. Potential ground water contaminant. MT to crustaceans and zooplankton.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

123


Crop requested for*


45 Metiram Chemical Class: Dithiocarbamate, Inorganic-Zinc complex US EPA PC Code: 114601 + Pyraclostrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 099100 Cabrio Top

TG, To TG: Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) To: Late blight (Phytophtora infestants), Early blight (Alternaria solani)

Potential water contaminant. MT to crustaceans and zooplankton. Metiram is a probable carcinogen, limit number of applications to the minimum possible and absolutely use PPE. ST to honey bees. Recognized as developmental toxicity hazard. Suspected as endocrine toxicity hazard.

For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects. Use eye protection, and wear protective clothes such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and/or boots to protect the skin. Ensure warning labels are on pesticide containers.

46 Myclobutanil Chemical Class:Azole US EPA PC Code: 128857 Laurin 400 WP; Monterrey, WP

Ap, TG, Cu TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) Cu: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea)

MT to fish. HT to zooplankton. Slight acute toxicity. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Suspected endocrine disruptor.


47 Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 + Cymoxanil Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129106 Proxanil, SC

Po, To, Cu To, Po: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani); Cu: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)

Slight acute toxicity. Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through skin. Corrosive. Causes eye damage. Potential water contaminant. Toxicity to non-target organisms.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

124


Crop requested for*


48 Propamocarb hydrochloride Chemical Class: Other Carbamate US EPA PC Code: 119302 + Fosetyl-Al Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 123301 Previcur Energy SL 840

Cu Cu: Damping off (Pythium debaryanum), Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Colletotrichum lagenarium

High acute toxicity. Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through skin. Corrosive. Causes eye damage. Potential water contaminant. Toxicity to non-target organisms.


49 Pyraclostrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 099100 + Boscalid Chemical Class: Anilide US EPA PC Code: 128008 Bellis; Signum


Ap: European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternata Ca: Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae), Downy mildew (Peronospora brassicae), White rust (Albugo candida) Pl, Pc: European Brown Rot (Monilia fructigena), Cu: Downy mildew (Psedoperonospora cubensis), Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), To: Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Early blight (Alternaria solani), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

Potential water contaminant. Practically nontoxic to terrestrial animals and is moderately toxic to aquatic animals on an acute exposure basis. ST to bees. Not acutely toxic. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Boscalid is a possible carcinogen.

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

50 Pyrimethanil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288201 Scala 400 SC, Lotus 400 SC, Ventapir, SC, Azimut, SC; Report 400 SC; Pyrus 400 SC

Ap, Pl, TG TG: Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

ST to fish. Suspected to be carcinogen and endocrine disruptor.

For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

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Crop requested for*


51 Pyrimethanil Chemical Class: Pyrimidine US EPA PC Code: 288201 + Trifloxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129112 Flint Star 520 SC; Lotus Extra 520 SC

Ap, TG Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

VHT to fish. Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor.


52 Sulfur Chemical Class: Inorganic US EPA PC Code: 077501 Sayfoss,WG; Cosavet 80 DF; Kumulus DF; Microthiol Special Disperss; Sulf praf umectabil; Sulfomat 80 PU; Sulfostar 800 SC; Sulfet,WG; Thiovit Jet 80 WG

Ap, Blu, TG Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) Blu: Microsphaera grossulariae TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Potential water contaminant. RNT to zooplankton

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Pesticides containing sulfur should be applied only on temperatures between 16-26°C.

53 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 Dospeh 25 EC; Folmex,EW; King 250 EC; Arbalet 75 WG; Cerfun 250 EW; Colosal,EC; Concord 250 EW; Dospeh 25 EC; Folicur EW 250; Folmex,EW; GAT Tessla 25 WG; King 250 EC; Mystik 25 EC; Orius 25 EW; Riza 250 EW; Unical,SC


Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant. MT to fish. HT to zooplankton.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

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Crop requested for*


54 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 + Sulfur Chemical Class: Inorganic US EPA PC Code: 077501 Unicorn WG

Ap, TG TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Moderate acute toxicity. May irritate eye and skin. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant. MT to fish. HT to zooplankton.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Products that contain sulfur should be applied between temperatures of 16-25°C.

55 Tebuconazole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128997 + Trifloxystrobin Chemical Class: Strobin US EPA PC Code: 129112 Nativo 75 WG


Moderate acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant. MT to fish. HT to zooplankton.


56 Thiabendazole Chemical Class: Benzimidazole US EPA PC Code: 060101 Cronos 220 SC

Ap, TG Grey mold (Botrytis cinere), Blue mold decay (Penicillium expansum), Gleosporium fructigenum

Slight acute toxicity. Effects of acute overexposure to the fungicide include dizziness, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Carcinogen. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Thiabendzole is highly toxic to freshwater estuarine fish and freshwater/estuarine invertebrates. Thiabendazole is practically non-toxic to birds and mammals.


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Crop requested for*


57 Thiophanate-methyl Chemical Class: Benzimidazole precursor US EPA PC Code: 102001 Tiofen 70 WP; Scaut 700 WP; Eclipse 700 WP; Octrotitor,SC; Scaut 700 WP; Tank 70 W ; Tiofen 70 WP; Topsin M 70 WP

Ap, TG, Pc Pc: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea),

Potential water contaminant. Can be VHT to fish and MT to zooplankton and crustaceans. Slight acute toxicity. Carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor.


58 Triadimenol Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 127201 Magistru 25 EC; Hardy 250 EC; Praktik 25 EC

Ap, TG Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

Suspected cancer hazard. Suspected endocrine toxicity and neurotoxicity.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

59 Triflumizole Chemical Class: Azole US EPA PC Code: 128879 Trifmine 30 WP


Cu: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), To: Early blight (Alternaria solani), Ap: Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Pc: Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) St: Sphaerotheca macularis

Slight acute toxicity. Eye irritant. Skin sensitization. Potential water contaminant. HT to fish. RNT to MT to honeybees.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

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Insecticides

60 Acetamiprid Chemical class: Neonicotinoid US EPA PC Code: 099050 Acetamiprid 22,5 SL; Colorit SP; Mospilan 20 SG; Kestrel 20 SL; Lux, WP; Dolor 20 SG; Maccet, WG; Michigan 20 WP; Mosaprid SP; Taco 22.5 SL;

Ap, To, Po Ap: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), Flower bud weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), Sciaphobus squalidis, Tortricidae, Green apple aphid (Aphis pomi), Stigmella malella, Lithocolletis spp., Apple leaf minor (Cemiostoma scitella),Adoxophyes orana To: Bollworm (Heliothis armigera) Po: The Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

May irritate eyes and the skin and may absorb through the skin. Potential water contaminant. VHT to zooplankton. Neonicotinoids are a potential factor in honeybee colony collapse disorder; do not use on honeybee-pollinated crops when they are in flower.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

61 Clofentezine Chemical class: Tetrazine US EPA PC Code: 125501 Apollo 500 SC

TG, Ap, St Ap: Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae; TG: Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae; St: Bryobiidae, Tetranychidae

Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor.

Avoid long-term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

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Crop requested for*


62 Chlorantraniliprole Chemical class: Anthranilic diamide US EPA PC Code: 090100 Coragen 20 SC; Artus 200 SC


Ap: Codling moth ( Cydia pomonella), Tortricidae, Summer fruit totrix moth (Adoxophyes orana (Reticulana)), Ancylis variegana, Bud moth (Spilonota ocellana), Ancylis achatana, Lithicolletis sp., To: Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Bollworm (Heliothis armigera), Agrotis spp., Pl: Plum fruit moth(Cydia funebrana) Pc: Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholitha molesta), Po: Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) Ca: Plutella masculipennis, Ballworm (Heliothis armigera), pieris spp.

Potential water pollutant. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

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63 Dimethoate Chemical class: Organophosphorus US EPA PC Code: 035001 Sirocco, EC; Bastar 40 EC; BI-58 NEW; Bimmer EC; Bishka, EC; Danadim 400 EC; Demeter 400 EC; Demethoate 40 EC; Dimevit, CE; Dingo 400 EC; Fostran 40 EC; Gorzi 400 EC; Kraft, EC; Magnus 400 EC; Shinthoate 40 EC; Steel 40 EC; Successor 400 EC


Ap: Spilonota ocellana, Cydia pomonella, Aphididae, Hoplocampa testudinea, Tortricidae, Anthonomus pomorum, Sciaphobus squalidus, Coenorrhinus aequatus, Lithocolletis corylifoliella, Archips rosana Apr: Myzodes persicae, Grapholita molesta Ca: Brevicoryne brassicae, Phyllotreta spp., Aphididae Pc: Grapholita molesta Pl: Cydia funebrana, Aphididae, Hoplocampa flava, Eurytoma schreineri, Eurytoma schreineri, Cydia pomonella TG: Eupoecilia ambiquella, Lobesia botrana

Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. Readily absorbed through the skin and lungs. Exposure leads to: dizziness, sweating., laboured breathing, nausea, weakness. pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation, redness and pain in the eyes, abdominal cramps, convulsions, diarrhoea, unconsciousness, vomiting. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Developmental or reproductive toxin. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant. VHT to fish, amphibians, crustaceans, insects, molluscs. HT to honey bees.

Use this chemical only when there is no other pesticide registered for the target crop/pests or when other pesticides have proved ineffective against pests. Currently, dimethoate is the only insecticide registered for use on apricots in Moldova. When used, avoid long term exposure and strictly follow the label. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. Protective clothing must be worn when handling dimethoate. Before removing gloves, wash them with soap and water. Always wash hands, face and arms with soap and water before smoking, eating or drinking. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

64 Fenpyroximate Chemical class: Pyrazole US EPA PC Code: 129131 Hitmite 50 SC;

Ap European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), Hawthorn spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis)

Moderate acute toxicity. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. Shallow water tables or near waterways).

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65 Hexythiazox Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 128849 Nissorun 10 WP; Vulcan 10 WP; Kordox 10 WP; Mayor 10 WP;

Ap, TG, Pl Ap, Pl, TG: Bryobiidae, Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Bryobiidae

Slight acute toxicity. Carcinogen. MT to fish.


66 Indoxacarb, S-isomer Chemical class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 067710 Avaunt SC; Avanguard SC; Pitch 150 SC;

Ap, Pl, To, Ca

Ap: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella),Tortricidae,Lithicolletis spp., To: Ballworm (Heliothis armigera), Pl: Prune moth (Cydia funebrana), Ca: Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), Pierris spp., Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis)

Moderate acute toxicity. Potential water contaminant.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables).

67 Lufenuron Chemical Class:Benzoylurea US EPA PC Code: 118205 Box 50 EC ;Match 050 EC

Ap, To Ap: Colding moth (Cydia pomonella), tortricidae; To: Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera)

Causes moderate eye irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. High acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

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Crop requested for*


68 Malathion Chemical class: Organophosphorus UE EPA PC Code: 057701, 857701 Fostio, EC; Fufanon 570 EC; Maladion 570 EC; Smart 44 EW;

Ap, To, Ca, SwC

Ap: Sciaphobus squalidus, Apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Coenorrhinus aequatus, Apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), Archips rosana, Lithocolletis corylifoliella, Aphis pomi; To: Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), Tomato fruitworm (Heliothis armigera) Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphididae; Ca: Heliothis armigera, Piersis spp., Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis), Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae); SwC: Cherry fly (Rhagoletis cerasi)

Moderate acute toxicity. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Possible carcinogen. Malathion is rapidly absorbed through the skin. Potential water contaminant. ST-VHT to fish, amphibians, crustaceans, molluscs, zooplankton HT to bees

Avoid long term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

69 Pyridaben Chemical Class: Unclassified US EPA PC Code: 129105 Sanmite 20 WP; Shockmite 20 WP; Taurid 200 WP; Zilot 20 WP

Ap, TG Ap:Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Fruit tree spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis), Aculus schlehtendali TG: Tetranychidae

Moderate acute toxicity. VHT to fish, insects, zooplankton. HT to honeybees.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

70 Pyriproxyfen Chemical Class: Juvenile hormone mimic US EPA PC Code: 129032 Envidor SC 240 ; Krown SC; Stopmite 240 SC Envidor SC 240 ; Krown SC; Stopmite 240 SC

Ap, To, Cu To: Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Ap: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.

Slight acute toxicity. MT to HT to fish. VHT to zooplankton. ST to honeybees.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

DCN: 2017-MOL-027

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Crop requested for*


71 Spirodiclofen Chemical class: Keto-enol US EPA PC Code: 124871 Sulf praf umectabil; Thiovit Jet 80 WG; Sayfoss,WG

Ap, TG, Pr Ap: European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), Brown mite (Bryobia redikorzevi), Tetranychus viennensis Pr: Pear psylla (Psylla pyri) TG: Spired mites (Tetranychus urticae)

Likely carcinogen. Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Potential to contaminate water through runoff or spray drift. ST to honeybees.

Avoid long term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

72 Sulfur Chemical Class: Inorganic US EPA PC Code: 077501 Masai, Pirrat WP; Troyan WP;

Ap, TG Ap: Apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), Tetranychidae, Eryophyidae ,Tetranychus urticae

Potential water contaminant. RNT to zooplankton

For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Pesticides containing sulfur should be applied only on temperatures between 16-26°C.

Herbicides 73 Fluazifop-P-butyl

Chemical class: Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid US EPA PC Code: 122809 Fusilade Forte 150 EC

Ap, TG, Po Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Slight acute toxicity. Developmental or reproductive toxin. MT to HT to fish. ST to other aquatic organisms.


DCN: 2017-MOL-027

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Crop requested for*


74 Glufosinate, ammonium salt Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 128850 Basta SL 150

Ap, TG Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Slight acute toxicity. Developmental or reproductive toxin. The EPA classifies the chemical as 'persistent' and 'mobile' based on its lack of degradation and ease of transport through soil.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. e.g. a herbicide mask when applying in orchards For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

75 Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300 Absolut,SL; Argument,SL; Barclay Gallup 360 SL; Boom Efekt; Clean-X 360 SL; Dominator 360 SL; Dominator Mega 480 SL; Fachel 48 SL; Fachel Extra,SL; Felix WDG; Gliacint,SL; Glifovit 48 SL; Klinik 360 SL; Leone 36 SL; Muscle-Up 500 SL; Nuarid 500 WG; Ouragan Forte 500 SL; Roundup 360 SL; Roundup Max Plus,SL; Terminator 410 SL; Tornado 500 SL; Tornado, SL; Valsaup 360 SL ; Zero 360 SL


All crops: Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Slight acute toxicity but glyphosate exposure may lead to: cough, redness of eyes, and upon ingestion, diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness. Potential gw contaminant. However, the compound is strongly binded to the soil that little is expected to leach to groundwater but it is found in rivers and even rainfall. NAT to MT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans,


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76 Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300 + Flazasulfuron, Chemical class: Sulfonylurea US EPA PC Code: 119011 Chikara Duo,WG

TG Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Slight acute toxicity but glyphosate exposure may lead to: cough, redness of eyes, and upon ingestion, diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness. Potential gw contaminant. NAT to MT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans,


77 Oxyfluorfen Chemical Class: Diphenyl ether US EPA PC Code: 111601, 288600 + Glyphosate Chemical Class: Phosphonoglycine US EPA PC Code: 417300, 471300 Zoomer, SC


Annual dicotyledonous weeds Oxyfluorfen is a likely carcinogen, with suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicity. Moderately toxic by ingestion and slightly toxic by dermal absorption. Glyphosate exposure may lead to: cough, redness of eyes, and upon ingestion, diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, and weakness. HT to fish. MT to amphibians, crustaceans, earthworms. However, the compound is strongly binded to the soil that little is expected to leach to groundwater but glyphosate ha been found in rivers and even rainfall.


78 Pendimethalin Chemical Class: 2,6-Dinitroaniline US EPA PC Code: 108501, 454300 Paragon 330 EC, Prospect 330 EC, Stomp 330 EC, Stop EC

Po, To, Ca Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Slight acute toxicity. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicant. MT-HT to fish and aquatic invertebrates.


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Crop requested for*


79 Rimsulfuron Chemical Class: Sulfonylurea US EPA PC Code: 129009, 129024 Escudo,WG; GAT Tiger 25 WG; Satir 25 WG; Tiran WG; Titus 25 WG

To, Po Annual and perennial mono and dicotyledonous weeds

Slight acute toxicity. Potential water contaminant.


80 S-Metolachlor Chemical class: Chloroacetanilide US EPA PC Code: 108800 Dual Gold 960 EC

To Mono- and some dicotyledonous annual weeds

Do not use mixtures containing atrazine. Slight acute toxicity but can cause abdominal cramps, convulsions, nausea, dizziness. Possible carcinogen. Suspected endocrine disruptor. Potential water contaminant. Mobile in the soil, is easily leached, and resists breakdown for long periods of time. MT to fish.

Avoid long term exposure. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

Biopesticides

81 Bacillus subtilis QST 713 Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 006479 Serenado ASO


Ap, Apr, SwC: Monilia spp. Pc: Taphrina deformans St: Botrytis cinerea To: Botrytis cinerea, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Corynebacterium michiganense Cu: Botrytis cinerea, Pseudomonas lachrymans

Personal protective equipment as specified in the label is recommended.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

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82 Reynoutria sachalinensis extract Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 055809 Recol

Ap, Cu, TG Cu: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) TG: Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) Ap: Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

No adverse effects to the environment are expected from use of the extract. Slight eye irrigation is possible. Furthermore, products containing this active ingredient may help reduce human and environmental risks by decreasing the use of more toxic fungicides.

Applicators are required to wear eye protection to prevent potential eye irritation. Workers cannot reenter a treated area until the product has dried and the area has been ventilated.

83 Trichoderma harzianum (Th-7F-BL) Chemical class: Microbial US EPA PC Code: 128903 Trihodermina Th-7F-BL

All veg Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phythium debaryanum, Rhizoctonia solani

Potential for eye and skin irritation and adverse acute lung effects for workers who mix, load and apply the pesticide products, or who enter a treated field within 12 hours of spraying.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label.

84 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Chemical class: Insect virus US EPA PC Code: 107303 (assumed as Moldovan registration does not provide details) Virin-MB; Virin-HS-2; Virin HS-P, Virin-OS


Cannage moth (Mamestra brassicae), Cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera)

Follow instruction in the label to ensure efficacy and safe use.


85 1-Methylcyclopropene Chemical class: Not listed US EPA PC Code: 224459 Fitomag; Fysium; Smart Fresh

Ap, Pl Ethylene Inhibitor No adverse effects are expected although eye irritation may occur if a user does not follow label directions.

Follow instructions in the label. Use indoors only.

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86 Chlorpropham Chemical class: Other carbamate US EPA PC Code: 018301 Neostop Starter 300 EC

Po Growth regulator, inhibits potato sprouting.

Slight acute toxicity. May cause eye irritation. Potential water contaminant. MT to fish, zooplankton, annelida and amphibians

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. For terrestrial uses only. Should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways).

87 Ethephon Chemical class: Organophosphorus US EPA PC Code: 099801 Cerone SL 480

Ap, TG Optimizing fruit ripening and coloring Can cause severe skin and eye irritation (Category I). Cholinesterase inhibition potential. May pose a risk to semi-aquatic/wetland plants

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. Minimum 72 hour Restricted Entry Interval (REI). For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways or near waterways). Apply at cool temperatures.

88 Gibberellins Chemical class: Botanical US EPA PC Code: 043801, 911153 Gerlagib LG; Gobbi Gib 2 LG , Habifol P

Ap, TG Growth regulator Non-toxic to fish. Weakly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Weakly toxic to algae. Eye irritatation.

Collect as much as possible in a clean container for reuse or disposal. Prevent from entering drains, surface water, ground water and neighboring areas. Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. In case of airborne vapors adopt a respirator mask. Wear personal protective equipment: chemical protective gloves, safety glasses with side-shields (frame goggles), and appropriate safety clothing according to the usual precautions for handling chemicals.

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89 N6-benzyl adenine Chemical class: Botanical US EPA PC Code: 116901, 911647 + 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA) Chemical class: Botanical US EPA P Code: 056002 Dira-Max LG

Ap Plant growth regulator used for chemical fruit thinning.

Eye irritant. ST to fish and phytoplankton. ST to honeybees.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. Use of the following PPE is required: long-sleeved shirt and pants, socks, chemical resistant footwear, chemical-resistant gloves, respiratory protection devices, and protective eyewear. For terrestrial uses only; should not be applied directly to water or in a way that will contaminate water (e.g. shallow water tables or near waterways). Do not apply to flowers visited by pollinating insects.

90 Prohexadione calcium Chemical class: NL US EPA P Code: 112600 Regalis Plus

Ap. Plant growth regulator with a retardant action

Irritates eye and skin. Not likely carcinogen. Not a cholinesterase inhibitor. ST to honeybees.

Use protective clothing as recommended by the label. Use of the following PPE is required: long-sleeved shirt and pants, socks, chemical resistant footwear, chemical-resistant gloves and protective eyewear. Prohexadione calcium is likely to be mobile in some soils but its rapid degradation suggests little potential to contaminate most ground water

Source: Extoxnet: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/ ; Moldova state register of PPPs: http://www.pesticide.md/registrul-de-stat/; PAN: PAN: www.pesticideinfo.org

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Annex 2: Toxicity of Pesticides - EPA and WHO Classifications Pesticides are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. There are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems. U.S. EPA Acute Toxicity Rankings Formulated pesticide products (which often include inert ingredients) are given an acute toxicity rating by the U.S. EPA which is reflected in the warning label on the pesticide container. The U.S. EPA gives a warning label of Category 1 to the most acutely toxic pesticide products and Category 4 to the least acutely toxic pesticide products. The different toxicity categories are based on the LC50, the lethal concentration (in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight) that kills 50% of the test animals in a standard assay. For inhalation exposures, the LC50 is used---the concentration in air in mg per liter that kills 50% of the test animals. Active ingredients can be similarly ranked for toxicity on the basis of LD50 values. Thus, warning labels for single-active-ingredient pesticide products containing technical grade active ingredients over 90% pure can serve as a reasonable proxy for the toxicity of the active ingredient. However, many of these warning labels are not internally consistent, and different pesticide products containing essentially the same concentration of active ingredient are labeled with two or more different toxicity ratings. In this situation, the U.S. EPA acute toxicity rating for the chemical was noted as "No Consensus Value", and recorded as such in this PERSUAP. U.S. EPA Categories and

Warning Labels Acute Toxicity to Rats

Category

PAN Narrative

Rating

Warning Label

Oral LD50

(mg/kg)

Dermal LD50

(mg/kg)

Inhalation LC50 (mg/L)

Eye Effects Skin Effects

1 Highly Toxic Danger-Poison*

‹ 50 ‹ 200 ‹ 0.05 ----- -----

1 Highly Toxic Danger ‹ 50 ‹ 200 ‹ 0.05 Corrosive (irreversible destruction of ocular

tissue) or corneal involvement or

irritation persisting for more than 21 days.

Corrosive (tissue destruction into the

dermis and/or scarring)

2 Moderately Toxic

Warning 50-500 200-2,000

0.05-0.5 Corneal involvement or irritation clearing in

8-21 days

Severe irritation at 72 hours (severe

erythema or edema) 3 Slightly

Toxic Caution 500-

5,000 2,000-5,000

0.5-2 Corneal involvement or irritation clearing in

7 days or less

Moderate irritation at 72 hours (moderate

erythema) 4 Not Acutely

Toxic None › 5,000 › 5,000 › 2 Minimal effects

clearing in less than 24 hours

Mild or slight irritation (no

irritation or slight erythema)

*This signal word is used for acute systemic poisons.

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World Health Organization (WHO) Acute Hazard Rankings The WHO bases its ratings on the lowest published rat oral LD50, the lethal dose (in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight) that kills 50% of the test animals in a standard assay. WHO gives a hazard ranking of Ia (Extremely Hazardous) to the most hazardous pesticide active ingredients. While the WHO ratings generally reflect acute toxicity, they also take into account other toxic effects such as reproductive and developmental toxicity. WHO does not evaluate the fumigants, a class of gaseous pesticides that are generally extremely hazardous, nor does it evaluate pesticides believed obsolete or discontinued, even though some of these "obsolete" pesticides are currently registered for use in the U.S.

WHO Toxicity Classification Rat LD50 (mg of chemical per kg of body weight)

Class Description Solids (oral)

Liquids (oral)

Solids (dermal)

Liquids (dermal)

Ia Extremely hazardous ‹ 5 ‹ 20 ‹ 10 ‹ 40 Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400 II Moderately hazardous 50-500 200-2,000 100-1,000 400-4,000 III Slightly hazardous › 500 ›2,000 ›1000 › 4,000 U Unlikely to present acute hazard

in normal use › 2,000 › 3,000 --- ---

Sourced from: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Docs/ref_toxicity2.html#PANSelectedAcute

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Annex 3: Pesticide Management and Safeguards: USEPA, WHO, EU and Private Registration in the US The US EPA is responsible for registering pesticide products for use in the United States. As described in the EU EPA website (https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/about-pesticide-registration) The process of registering a pesticide is a scientific, legal, and administrative procedure through US EPA examines:

the ingredients of the pesticide; the particular site or crop where it is to be used; the amount, frequency, and timing of its use; and storage and disposal practices.

In evaluating a pesticide registration application, US EPA assesses a wide variety of potential human health and environmental effects associated with use of the product. The company that wants to produce the pesticide must provide data from studies that comply with US EPA's testing guidelines. US EPA has developed risk assessments that evaluate the potential for

Harm to humans, wildlife, fish, and plants, including endangered species and non-target organisms.

Contamination of surface water or ground water from leaching, runoff, and spray drift.

Potential human risks range from short-term toxicity to long-term effects such as cancer and reproductive system disorders.

US EPA also evaluates and approves the language that appears on each pesticide label to ensure the directions for use and safety measures are appropriate to any potential risk. WHO Toxicity Classes21 The “WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard” was approved by the 28th World Health Assembly in 1975 and the classification has gained wide acceptance. Guidelines were first issued in 1978, and have been revised and reissued at two to three year intervals. In December, 2002 the United Nations Committee on Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (UNCETDG/GHS) approved a document called "The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals" with the intent to provide a globally-harmonized system to address classification of chemicals, labels, and safety data sheets. Classification and labeling based on acute toxicity form a part of the GHS, but there are some differences between the GHS and the WHO traditional classification of pesticides by hazard. WHO is in the process of adjusting the Pesticide Classification to conform to the GHS. WHO bases its classification on the “acute risk to health”- the risk of single or multiple exposures over a relatively short period of time - that might be encountered accidentally by any person handling the product in accordance with the directions for handling by the manufacturer or in accordance with the rules laid down for storage and transportation by competent international bodies. WHO Acute Toxicity 21 World Health Organization (WHO) - The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf

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Classes are described in this report’s annexes. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure The text of the Rotterdam Convention was adopted on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Convention entered into force on 24 February 2004. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) had jointly implemented the original PIC procedure, which operated until the adoption of the Rotterdam Convention (officially known as the Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade) (see http://www.pic.int). The Republic of Moldova is a signatory to the Convention. The objectives of the Convention are:

to promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm; and

to contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export, and by disseminating these decisions to Parties.

The Convention creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the PIC procedure. It covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which Parties have notified for inclusion in the PIC procedure. One notification from each of two specified regions triggers consideration of the addition of a chemical to Annex III of the Convention. Severely hazardous pesticide formulations that present a hazard under conditions of use in developing countries or countries with economies in transition may also be nominated for inclusion in Annex III (see: http://www.pic.int/Portals/5/download.aspx?d=UNEP-FAO-RC-CONVTEXT-2015.English.pdf) These active ingredients/chemicals and formulations may not be recommended (for use or procurement) by HVAA in Moldova, a party to the Rotterdam Convention. Overview of Pesticide Registration in the European Union The European Community (EC) has established a harmonized legal framework for the regulation of pesticides in all member countries of the EC. The Commission of the European Communities, in collaboration with member countries of the EC, is responsible for the registration of pesticide active ingredients (also referred to as active substances) for use in all EC member countries. Individual member countries, called Member States, are responsible for the registration in their country of specific pesticide products containing active ingredients authorized for use by the Commission. The Commission evaluates every active substance for safety before it reaches the market in a product. Substances must be proven safe for people's health, including their residues in food and effects on animal health and the environment. The procedure for approval is described at https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/approval_active_substances_en The status of registration of pesticides in the EU as per Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and

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91/414/EEC is available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=activesubstance.selection&language=EN The European Commission’s Maximum Residue Levels22 A maximum residue level (MRL) is the highest level of a pesticide residue that is legally tolerated in or on food or feed when pesticides are applied correctly (Good Agricultural Practice). The European Commission fixes MRLs for all food and animal feed. The MRLs for all crops and all pesticides can be found in the MRL database on the Commission website: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=homepage&language=EN

HVAA should review this database and ensure programming activities will assist producers to comply with set MRLs.

GlobalGAP23 GlobalGAP began as EurepGAP in 1997, as a private sector initiative by retailers belonging to the Euro-Retailer Producer Working Group, to set voluntary standards for the certification of agricultural products around the globe. It was a reaction to growing concerns by consumers about product safety, and environmental and labor standards. It is a partnership with agricultural producers and retailers who want to establish certification standards and procedures for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). GlobalGAP standard has been translated to Romanian by HVAA. Farmers or farmer groups can only be certified against the GlobalGAP criteria by authorized Certification Bodies, which are listed on the web: http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/what-we-do/the-gg-system/certification/Approved-CBs/index.html FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius24 The Codex Alimentarius is a collection of international food safety standards that have been adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (the “Codex”). The Codex is funded jointly by the FAO and WHO, which in the early 1960s, recognized the importance of developing international standards to protect public health and minimize disruption of international food trade. The Codex Alimentarius, or the food code, has become the global reference point for consumers, food producers and processors, national food control agencies and the international food trade. The code has had an enormous impact on the thinking of food producers and processors as well as on the awareness of the end users – the consumers. Since the first publication there have been many changes to the way in which Codex works. The new 4th edition, currently available only in English and Russian (July 2016) has been revised with current data and is now presented with a new format to help all those wishing to learn about international standards for food safety to begin to "Understand Codex". The link to the new codex is below: http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/b347559e-906b-4bff-a575-346d48c0cd12/

22 European Commission, Maximum Reside Limits (MRLs) website: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/max_residue_levels_en 23 GlobalGAP website: http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/ 24 FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius website: http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/

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Annex 4: Listing of Key Moldovan Legislation on Environment and Phytosanitary Issues Environmental Legislation

1. The Law on Waste, #209, 29.07.2016 2. Draft Law on Strategic Environmental Assessment, 2015 3. Law on Environmental Impact Assessment #86, 2014 4. The Natural Resources Law, 1997 (as amended in 2013) 5. The Environmental Protection Law, 1993 (as amended in 2012) 6. The Riparian Zones Protection Law, 1995 (as amended in 2012) 7. The Protected Areas Law, 1998 (as amended in 2013) 8. The Environmental Impact Assessment Law, 1996 (as amended in 2011) 9. The Fauna (Animal Kingdom) Law, 1995 (as amended in 2011) 10. The Water Law, 2011 11. The State Surveillance of Public Health Law, 2009 12. The Ecological Network Law 2007 (as amended in 2010) 13. The Local Green Areas Law, 1999 (as amended in 2010) 14. The Plant Protection Law, 1999 (as amended in 2009) 15. The Potable Water Law, 1999 (as amended in 2009) 16. The Environmental Pollution Taxes Law, 1998 (as amended in 2008) 17. The Biological Security Law, 2001 (as amended in 2007) 18. The Air Protection Law, 1997 (as amended in 2007) 19. The Flora (Vegetation Kingdom) Law, 2007 20. The Red Book Law, 2005 (as amended in 2007) 21. The Degraded Land Forestation Law, 2006 22. The Law on Fisheries and Conservation of the Aquatic Biological Resources, 2006 23. The Hydro-meteorological Activities Law, 1998 (as amended in 2005) 24. The Law on Amelioration (through Afforestation) of Degraded Lands, 2000 (as

amended in 2004) 25. The Forest Code, 1996

Sanitary and phytosanitary legislation25

1. Law no. 221 from 19.10.2007 regarding the veterinary and sanitary activities 2. Law no. 228 of 23.09.2010 on plant protection and phytosanitary quarantine 3. Law no. 119 of 22.06.2004 on plant protection products and fertilizers 4. Law no. 68 of 05.04.2013 about seeds 5. Law no. 39 of 29.02.2008 on the protection of plant varieties 6. Law no. 57 from 10.03.2006 vine and wine 7. Law no. 658 of 29.10.1999 The Law of Cultivated Cultures 8. Law no. 728 of 06.02.1996 on fruit growing 9. Law no. 50 of 28.03.2013 on official controls to verify compliance with feed and food law and animal health and animal welfare rules 10. Law no. 113 of 18.05.2012 on laying down the principles and general requirements of food safety legislation 11. Law no. 33 of 24.02.2006 on the storage of cereals and the regime of grain storage certificates 12. Law no. 38 of 29.02.2008 on the protection of trademarks 13. Law no. 78 of 18.03.2004 on foodstuffs 14. Law no. 231 of 20.07.2006 regarding the identification and registration of animals

25 Moldova National Food Safety Agency (ANSA) website http://www.ansa.gov.md/ro/legi-ale-republicii-moldova.html

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15. Law no. 231 of 23.09.2010 on the internal trade 16. Law no. 115 of 09.06.2005 on organic agro-food production 17. Law no. 422 of 22 December 2006 on general product safety 18. Law no. 20 of 04.03.2016 on Standardization 19. Law no. 10 of 03.02.2009 on state public health supervision 20. Law no. 235 of 01.12.2011 on accreditation and conformity assessment activities 21. Law no. 131 of 08.06.2012 on the state control over the entrepreneurial activity 22. Law no.160 of 22.07.2011 regulating the entrepreneurial activity 23. Law no. 926 of 13.04.2000 on the accession of the Republic of Moldova to the International Convention for the Protection of Plants 24. Law no. 16 of 10.02.2006 on the accession of the Republic of Moldova to the Convention for the establishment of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, with amendment

Government decisions26

1. Government Decision no. 51 of 16.01.2013 on the organization and functioning of the National Agency for Food Safety

2. Government Decision no. 1045 of 05.10.2005 for the approval of the Regulation on the import, storage, marketing and use of plant protection products and fertilizers

3. Government Decision no. 418 from 09.07.2009 regarding the approval of the Technical Regulation "Production, certification, control and marketing of propagating and planting material"

National Policies 1. The Waste Management Strategy in 2013-2027 (2013) 2. The Soil Fertility Conservation and Improvement Program for 2011-2020 (2011) 3. The National Ecological Network Building Program for 2011-2018 (2011) 4. National Strategy on Water Resources Development, 2011 5. The Ecological Security National Program for 2007-2015 (as amended in 2009 6. Biosafety Action Plan for 2009-2015, 2009 7. The Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy for 2008-2025, 2007

26 Moldova National Food Safety Agency (ANSA) website http://www.ansa.gov.md/ro/legi-ale-republicii-moldova.html (presented in the order on the website, which has links to legislation in Romanian language)

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Annex 5: Application for state approval of pesticides Centrul de Stat pentru Atestarea şi Omologarea Produselor de Uz Fitosanitar şi a Fertilizanţilor

Anexa nr.1 la Regulamentul privind atestarea şi omologarea de stat a produselor de uz fitosanitar şi a fertilizanţilor pentru utilizareîn agricultură şi silvicultură Confidenţial Compartimentul A

Adresa Telefonul

Cererea de omologare a produsului

În conformitate cu Regulamentul privind atestarea şi omologarea de stat a produselor de uz fitosanitar şi a fertilizanţilor pentru utilizare în agricultură şi silvicultură, în cerere urmează a fi incluşi indicii specificaţi mai jos.

- comandă pentru omologarea unui produs nou - comandă pentru reomologare

A.1. Informaţii generale 1.1. Solicitantul (firma, întreprinderea, adresa, telefon, telefax etc.)

1.2. Producătorul produsului şi al substanţei active (denumirea, adresa etc.)

1.3. Denumirea comercială a produsului, sinonimele lui

1.4. Autorizaţia solicitantului pentru prezentarea producătorului

1.5. Achitarea plăţii de către solicitant

Plătit pe contul nr.___ Data___________200_ Cecul_______________

1.6. Denumirea comercială a produsului omologat în Republica Moldova ca marcă comercială

nu da

A.2. Informaţii despre produs 2.1. Tipul pesticidului:

- insecticid - erbicid - fungicid - produs pentru tratarea seminţelor - rodenticid - stimulator de creştere - altele

2.2. Acţiunea asupra organismului nociv Dacă este posibil, se indică modul de acţiune: sistemic, de contact etc.

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2.3. Substanţa activă. Denumirea substanţei active, conţinutul ei din produs. Dacă este posibil, se indică denumirea ei, conform ISO*

Denumirea chimică, conform IUPAC**. Concentraţia admisibilă (CA), nr. CAS. Concentraţia se indică în g/l (pentru lichide), g/kg (pentru substanţele solide)

2.4. Componenţa produsului Se indică denumirea chimică, conform IUPAC, CA, nr. CAS pentru fiecare component. Concentraţia se indică în g/l, pentru lichide, în alte cazuri -în g/kg. Pentru substanţele solide este necesar să se specifice însemnătatea funcţională a componentelor produsului

2.5. Caracteristica fizică a produsului Se indică forma preparativă: soluţie, emulsie concentrată, praf, granule, aerozol etc.

ISO* - Internaţional Standard Organization IUPAC** - Internaţional Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry A.3. Utilizarea produsului 3.1. Sfera de utilizare Se indică cultura la care se omologează, împotriva căror boli, dăunători, buruieni etc., domeniul: agricultură, silvicultură, gospodărie comunală, depozite, terenuri pe lîngă casă ş.a.

3.2. Norma de consum Se indică norma de consum recomandată, de exemplu, cantitatea formei preparative şi a substanţei active la o unitate de suprafaţă. Dacă substanţa trebuie dizolvată înainte de utilizare, se indică solventul şi concentraţia substanţei active în g/l în stare bună de utilizare

3.3. Modul de utilizare (aplicare) Se indică modul de aplicare, intervalul dintre tratamente, termenul ultimului tratament

Pentru aerozol se indică presiunea şi tipul pulverizatorului. Dacă produsul se foloseşte cu supliment, se menţionează denumirea şi doza suplimentului

3.4. Durata perioadei acţiunii de protecţie 3.5 Viteza de acţiune a preparatului 3.6. Compatibilitatea Se menţionează compatibilitatea sau

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incompatibilitatea cu alte preparate. Dacă produsul se recomandă pentru tratamente aerozolice cu alte produse, acestea se vor specifica 3.7. Eficienţa Cercetări de laborator, încercări în sere şi în condiţii de cîmp. Date despre fitotoxicitate. În caz că există date, se indică posibilitatea de formare a rezistenţei

A.4. Ambalarea 4.1. Marcarea, instrucţiuni pentru utilizareSe întocmesc înscrieri pentru etichete, în conţinutul cărora se includ şi măsurile de prevenire a pericolului şi cele de protecţie

4.2. Ambalajul Se indică materialul necesar pentru ambalare: tipul buteliei, ambalajului, dimensiunile, volumul buteliilor (pentru produsele lichide), greutatea pentru alte forme preparative

A.5. Evaluarea toxicologică a produsului 5.1. Toxicitatea orală acută Acţiunea, afectarea organelor

DL50 (mg/kg) Specii de animale

5.2. Toxicitatea dermică acută Acţiunea, afectarea organelor


5.3. Toxicitatea inhalatorie acută Acţiunea, afectarea organelor

Concen-traţia

Durata Specii de animale

LC50

5.4. Iritarea pielii 5.5. Iritarea ochilor 5.6. Sensibilitatea pielii 5.7. Alte date cunoscute privind toxicologia produsului (inclusiv clasa toxicităţii)

5.8. Proprietăţile toxicologice ale altor ingredienţi

A.6. Evaluarea igienică a produsului 6.1. Particularităţile igienei muncii la utilizarea produsului Se indică nivelul şi durata perioadei de păstrare a substanţei active şi a metaboliţilor ei (ce au importanţă toxicologică) în plante, apă, sol, aer, luîndu-se în considerare norma maximă de consum, multiplicitatea tratamentelor, mijloacele tehnice de utilizare

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6.2. Normativele igienice 6.2.1. Doza zilnică maxim admisibilă

6.2.2. Normativele pentru sol. CMA (concentraţia maxim admisibilă), CAE (concentraţia admisibilă experimentală). Indicii limitativi: sanitari; migrarea în apă; migrarea în aer; translocativi

6.2.3. Normativele pentru apa potabilă. Indicii limitativi: sanitari; organoleptici; sanitaro-toxicologici

6.2.4. Normativele pentru apa din rezervoarele gospodăriilor piscicole (CMA)

6.2.5. Normativele pentru aerul zonei de lucru (CMA,TSEL*)

6.2.6. Normativele pentru produsele alimentare. Nivelul maxim de reziduuri (NMR)

6.3. Reglementările igienice privind tehnica securităţii (termenele de aşteptare şi de ieşire a lucrătorilor în cîmp)

*TSEL – Nivelul intensiv aproximativ de acţiune. A.7. Acţiunea asupra obiectelor mediului înconjurător 7.1. Pericol pentru insectele polenizatoare

7.1.1. CMA în hrana pentru albine 7.1.2. Reglementările de utilizare la culturile melifere

7.2. Alte date ce ţin de toxicologie 7.2.1 Toxicitatea acută la peşti 7.2.2. Toxicitatea cronică la peşti (icre, puiet, peşte pentru comerţ)

7.2.3. Cercetări asupra reproducerii peştilor

7.2.4. Bioacumulare 7.2.5. Toxicitatea acută la dafnii 7.2.6. Cercetări asupra reproducerii dafniilor

7.2.7. Inhibarea creşterii algelor 7.2.8. Acţiunea asupra entomofaunei utile (cu excepţia celor menţionate la pct.7.1.)

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7.2.9. Toxicitatea per os la păsări 7.2.10. Acţiunea asupra animalelor pentru vînat

7.3. Degradarea şi transformarea: 7.3.1. În sol 7.3.2. În apă A.8. Proprietăţile fizico-chimice şi tehnice ale produsului 8.1. Aspectul exterior (culoarea, mirosul)

8.2.pH 8.3. Dimensiunea particulelor (praf, granule etc.)

8.4. Densitatea (pentru lichide) 8.5. Stabilitatea emulsiilor sau a suspenziilor

8.6. Stabilitatea la păstrare, temperatura de păstrare, rezistenţa la îngheţ

8.7. Proprietăţile corozive 8.8. Volatilitatea 8.9. Pericol de inflamabilitate şi ardere

8.9.1. Temperatura de aprindere 8.9.2 Pericol de autoaprindere, exploziv

8.9.3. Mijloace antiincendiare 8.9.4. Măsuri specifice antiincendiare

8.9.5. Viscozitatea, tensiunea superficială

8.9.6. Hidroscopicitatea 8.9.7. Presarea A.9. Informaţia specială privind clasificarea 9.1. Transportarea 9.2. Altă informaţie necesară A.10. Metodele de distrucţie 10. Se indică metoda, procedeul chimic sau altul de distrucţie a produsului şi ambalajului

A.11. Metodele de analize 11. Metoda de analiză calitativă şi cantitativă a produsului

A.12. Măsurile de precauţie la : 12.1. Lucrul cu produsul 12.2. Păstrare 12.3. Transportare 12.4. Inflamabilitate A.13. Toxicitatea pentru om

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13. Comunicaţii despre experienţa acumulată în procesul producerii, utilizării şi în caz de otrăviri

A.14. Primul ajutor în caz de intoxicare 14. Posibilii antidoţi şi alte măsuri A.15. Omologarea în alte ţări 15. Ţara, numărul de înregistrare, data eliberării legitimaţiei. Sfera de utilizare

A.16. Altă informaţie 16.1. Instituţia (întreprinderea) responsabilă pentru efectuarea cercetărilor referitoare la aplicarea preparatului

16.2. Altă informaţie despre produs, nemenţionată mai sus

A.17. Numerotarea anexelor Pot fi incluse ca anexe separate Confidenţial Compartimentul B Informaţii despre ingredientul activ

B.1. Informaţia pentru omologarea produsului Solicitantul (firma, întreprinderea, adresa, telefon, fax etc.)

Data solicitării

B.2. Informaţia despre ingredientul activ 2.1. Denumirea chimică, conform IUPAC sau CA

2.2. Alte denumiri (denumirea conform ISO, comună şi comercială)

2.3. Denumirea comercială a altor produse. Produsele care conţin acelaşi ingredient activ (cunoscute în producţie)

2.4. Numărul de înregistrare CAS 2.5. Formula empirică 2.6. Formula structurală, precum şi starea de agregare, izomerii optici

2.7. Masa moleculară B.3. Informaţia despre ingredientul activ tehnic 3.1. Puritatea (procentul), starea impurităţilor

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3.2. Denumirea chimică şi concentraţia impurităţilor Izomerii optici, bioprodusele, produsele de descompunere etc. în % (w/w), în raport cu substanţele chimice, cu denumirea conform IUPAC sau CA. Metoda analitică şi exactitatea ei

3.3. Substanţa de balast. Ingrediente Se indică denumirea, tipul, de exemplu, stabilizatori etc., concentraţia în % sau în ml/kg, l

B.4. Informaţia referitoare la analiza ingredientului activ 4.1. Metodele analitice de indentificare a purităţii ingredientului activ, precum şi posibilitatea indentificării compoziţiei produsului, izomerilor, impurităţilor etc.

4.2. Metodele analitice pentru analizele cantitative şi calitative:

4.2.1.În plante, produse din plante şi produse alimentare

4.2.2. În sol 4.2.3. În apă (inclusiv apă potabilă) 4.2.4. În aer 4.2.5. În materialul biologic B.5. Informaţia referitoare la producător şi producere 5.1. Producătorul (firma, întreprinderea, adresa, telefon, fax etc.)

5.2. Sinteza ingredientului activ (descrierea)

B.6. Proprietăţile fizice şi chimice ale ingredientului activ Produsul tehnic Substanţa pură 6.1. Descrierea ingredientului 6.1.1. Starea fizică (solidă, lichidă)

6.1.2. Culoarea, mirosul etc. 6.2. Punctul de topire, °C 6.3. Punctul de fierbere, °C 6.4. Densitatea (pentru gaze - la 0° C şi 760 mm Hg)

6.5. Presiunea vaporilor (la două temperaturi sau curba presiunii vaporilor)

6.6. Tensiunea superficială 6.7 Solubilitatea în apă 6.8. Solubilitatea în solvenţi organici (mg/100 ml)

6.9. Coeficientul de separare n-octanol/apă

6.10. Hidroliza. Perioada de

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semidescompunere în funcţie de temperatură şi pH 6.10.1. Apă 6.10.2. Acid. Concentraţia acestuia

6.11. Termo- şi fotostabilitatea 6.12.Temperatura de inflamare 6.13 Pericolul de autoinflamare 6.14. Proprietăţile de oxidare. Starea sau proprietăţile amestecului de a susţine sau de a accelera incendiul

6.15. Descompunerea şi alte reacţii în timpul arderii

6.16. Alte proprietăţi chimice şi fizice

B. 7. Toxicitatea acută a ingredientului activ Date despre experienţele efectuate cu substanţe pure sau cu produsul tehnic. Compoziţia produsului tehnic trebuie să fie conformă celui specificat în secţia B.3., dacă nu există alte variante. 7.1. Toxicitate per os acută Efectele observate, organele afectate


7.2. Toxicitatea dermică acută Efectele observate, organele afectate


7.3. Toxicitatea inhalatorie acută Efectele observate, organele afectate

CL50 (mg/l)

Durata Specii de animale

7.4. Toxicitatea acută la administrarea prin alte căi Efectele observate, organele afectate

Căile de adminis-trare

DL50 (mg/kg)

Specii de animale

7.5. Iritarea pielii Date privind iritarea primară a pielii

7.6. Iritarea mucoasei ochilor 7.7. Sensibilitate B.8. Toxicitatea subacută şi subcronică 8.1. Toxicitatea subcronică orală (28 zile)

8.2. Toxicitatea subcronică orală (90 zile) la rozătoare

8.3. Toxicitatea subcronică orală la alte specii (90 zile), cu excepţia rozătoarelor

8.4. Toxicitatea subcronică, la administrarea prin alte căi

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(inhalatorie, dermică), la alte specii de animale sau cu altă durată de studiere B.9. Studierea toxicitaţii cronice şi cancerigene 9. Hrănirea de lungă durată şi cancerigenicitatea (rozătoare şi mamifere). Cancerigenicitatea la 2 specii de animale (şoareci, şobolani), conform cerinţelor EPA*, IARC**, CE***. Solicitantul urmează să prezinte procesul-verbal şi tabelele care sumează aceste date. Tabelele trebuie să conţină date privind numărul de tumori apărute la animalele de laborator, atît experimentale, cît şi de control, şi care urmează să fie prezentate în valori absolute, privind numărul de tumori confirmate histologic în diferite regiuni ale corpului, numărul de tumori la un animal, metastazele, viabilitatea, riscul (Q), factorii oncogeni, termenul apariţiei primei tumori, perioada latentă

*EPA – Agenţia de Protecţie a Mediului ** IARC – Agenţia Internaţională de Cercetare a Cancerului ***CE – Comunitatea Europeană B.10. Mutageneza Setul de teste pentru identificarea mutaţiilor genice, aberaţiilor cromozomiale, efectul asupra ADN

B.11. Acţiunea toxicităţii asupra reproducerii Studii a două generaţii B.12. Teratogenitatea Studii asupra rozătoarelor şi iepurilor (orale, iar, în caz de necesitate, pe cale dermică de administrare)

B.13. Neurotoxicitatea Studii asupra găinilor adulte (în funcţie de necesitate)

B.14. Toxicitatea metaboliţilor, altor produse de descompunere, impurităţilor etc. B.15. Metabolismul la animale

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15.1. Adsorbţia, distribuirea, excreţia la mamifere: a) administrarea de o singură dată;b) administrarea repetată

15.2. Biotransformările la mamifere

15.3. Alte studii asupra mamiferelor. Acţiunea asupra enzimelor, testele asupra ficatului, rinichilor etc.

15.4. Adsorbţia, excreţia la alte animale

B.16. Acţiunea toxicităţii asupra omului Date experimentale în cazul otrăvirii în procesul de producţie, măsurile de prim ajutor

B.17. Metabolismul şi persistenţa în plante Absorbţia, transportarea, produsele în urma descompunerii, perioada de semidescompunere

B.18. Reziduuriile Reziduurile în produse alimentare şi furaje

B.19. Activitatea în sol 19.1. Persistenţa 19.1.1. Fotodegradarea 19.1.2. Degradarea microbiană 19.1.3. Degradarea chimică 19.2. Mobilitatea: 19.2.1. Mobilitatea orizontală 19.2.2. Mobilitatea verticală 19.2.3. Spălarea 19.3. Adsorbţia 19.4. Acumularea B.20. Activitatea în apă 20.1. Degradarea 20.1.1. Consumul biologic al oxigenului (CBO)

20.1.2. CBO/Consumul chimic al oxigenului (CCO)

20.1.3. Nitrificarea substanţelor organice

20.2. Adsorbţia: 20.2.1. În mediul acvatic 20.2.2. În sedimentele acumulate 20.3. Efectul asupra calităţii apei potabile

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B.21. Efectul toxic asupra organismelor acvatice 21.1.Toxicitatea acută la peşti Efectele observate, organele afectate

Specia Timpul CL50 (mg/l)

21.2. Toxicitatea cronică la peşti (icre, puiet)

21.3. Studii privind reproductivitatea la peşti (icre, puiet, peşte pentru comerţ)

21.4. Bioacumularea la peşti 21.5. Toxicitatea acută la dafnii (Daphnia Magna)

21.6. Studii privind reproductivitatea la dafnii (Daphnia Magna)

21.7. Inhibarea creşterii algelor B.22. Efectul toxic asupra organismelor din sol 22.1. Toxicitatea la rîme 22.1.1. Toxicitatea acută 22.1.2. Alte efecte 22.2. Efectul asupra activităţii microbiene din sol

22.2.1. Efectul asupra microorganismelor

22.2.2. Mineralizarea azotului (amonificarea, nitrificarea, fixarea azotului)

B.23. Efectul toxic asupra animalelor sălbatice 23.1. Toxicitatea acută la păsări Efectele observate, organele afectate

DL50 (mg/kg) Speciile

23.2. Alte studii ecotoxicologice B.24. Efectul toxic asupra insectelor polenizatoare 24.1. Toxicitatea acută la albine 24.2. Toxicitatea subcronică 24.3. Studii privind repro-ductivitatea

B.25. Fitotoxicitatea B.26. Apariţia proprietăţilor de rezistenţă B.27. Denumirea instituţiei (întreprinderii) responsabile de efectuarea studiilor B.28. Recomandările de precauţie referitor la :

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28.1. Ambalare 28.2. Păstrare 28.3. Transportare 28.4. Incendiu B.29. Metodele de distrugere B.30. Măsurile împotriva dispersării produsului în mediul înconjurător, în caz de accidente sau aplicări incorecte B.31. Omologarea în alte ţări Denumirea ţării, numărul de înregistrare şi data eliberării actului de identitate, diapazonul de aplicare, cultura

B.32. Alte surse de informaţie care nu au fost menţionate anterior B.33. Numerotarea anexelor Este necesar să fie incluse în anexă separată Locul _______________ Data______________ Reprezentant al __________

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Annex 6: Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Procedures A. Pesticide Exposure Emergencies If there is reason to believe a person has been poisoned or injured by exposure to pesticides, including, but not limited to exposures from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, take the following actions: 1. Remember to protect yourself first – you don’t want to be the next victim. Ensure that

you are wearing the proper PPE and that the area is safe to enter. 2. If a person has been exposed to a pesticide, prevent further exposure and make sure that

the victim is breathing. 3. Decontaminate the victim immediately – wash thoroughly. 4. Contact emergency medical personnel. 5. If you are trained, administer first aid. CPR techniques may be required. 6. Provide any obtainable information to medical personnel, including:

a. Product name, EPA registration number, and active ingredient of any product to which that person might have been exposed.

b. MSDS and pesticide label - antidote, first aid, and other medical information from the product labeling.

c. The circumstances of application or use of the pesticide. d. The circumstances of exposure of that person to the pesticide.

Specific instructions for pesticide exposures are given below: Ingested pesticides: Act immediately. Refer to the pesticide label to determine if vomiting should be induced. The decision must be made quickly and accurately. If the pesticide has entered the mouth but has not been swallowed, the mouth should be rinsed with large amounts of water. Never induce vomiting if the victim has ingested petroleum products unless directed to do so by the label, physician, or a poison control center. Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison – a strong alkali or acid; if the victim is unconscious or is having covulsions; if the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate and oil solution as it may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting. Pesticides on the skin: Wash the pesticide off as soon as possible to prevent continued exposure and injury. Remove clothing and drench the skin with water. If you are assisting, avoid contact with pesticide contaminated clothing (use gloves and carefully bag the clothing). Thoroughly clean skin and hair with soap and water, being careful not to abrade skin. Dry the person and wrap in a blanket. Seek medical assistance. Chemical burns on the skin: Remove contaminated clothing immediately. Wash skin with large amounts of cold running water. Immediately cover the affected area with a dry, loose, soft, clean cloth. Do not use materials recommended as first aid treatments for chemical burns. Seek emergency assistance. Pesticides in the eye: It is very important to wash the eye out as soon as possible. Hold eyelids open and rinse with a gentle stream of clean running water (at body temperature if possible) for 15 minutes or more. Avoid contamination of the other eye if only one eye is involved. Flush under the eyelids to remove debris. If contact lenses are in use, flush over the contact lens, which may dislodge the lens. It is extremely difficult to manually remove the contact

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lens due to involuntary eye spasms. If the lens is flushed out, continue flushing the eye for at least 15 minutes. Seek emergency assistance. Inhaled pesticides: Immediately move or carry the victim to fresh air – do not allow the victim to walk. Loosen all tight clothing. Apply artificial respiration if breathing is stopped or irregular. Keep the victim as quiet as possible. Prevent chilling but do not overheat. If the victim is convulsing, watch breathing and protect against injury. Pull the chin forward so that the tongue does not block the air passage. Seek emergency assistance. B. Pesticide Spills Pesticides spills can occur despite careful handling. Small spills can result from leaking containers or splashes that occur during pesticide mixing and loading. Larger spills may occur from equipment malfunctions or vehicle accidents. For all spills, it is extremely important to prevent any of the spilled material from entering a body of water, including storm sewers or drains, no matter how small the spill. The person observing the spill or release shall:

Identify the problem. Ensure that you have on the proper PPE. Stop the source of the spill/release. If a sprayer has tipped over or if a hazardous

chemical is leaking from a damaged tank, take only those measures that can be done while protecting yourself. If a smaller chemical container is found to be leaking, place it in secondary containment. Do not expose yourself unnecessarily to the spilled pesticide and do not place yourself at risk.

If the spill is large or dangerous, call emergency services. Do not leave the spill unattended, but stand back far enough so that you are not in danger.

Contain the spill/release by using absorbent socks, soil, or other materials, or construct a dike to prevent the spill/release from migrating to other areas such as soil, drains, or surface water. If it is a windy day and the pesticide spilled is a solid that may be blown, use the spray bottle in the spill kit to moisten the surface or cover the spill with a plastic cover or tarp. If the spill occurs remotely from the pesticide storage area, use any available materials to contain the spill that will not react with the spilled pesticide. Avoid using sweeping compounds or sawdust if the material spilled is a strong oxidizer (check the label or MSDS) because such a combination presents a possible fire hazard.

Recover the spilled/released material and impacted soil or gravel by covering it with absorbent materials (pads, pillows, or loose absorbent). Other materials can be used as needed including shop rags, sawdust, etc. All free product must be absorbed. If the spill/release is to soil or gravel, excavate all material that is impacted. Use both visual observations and odors to determine the extent of material to be excavated. If the spill is to a concrete or paved area, it may be necessary to decontaminate or neutralize the area, especially if a carbamate or organophosphate insecticide was involved. Use ordinary bleach in water (30% solution) or hydrated lime, but not both. Work this cleaning material into the spill with a stiff broom and then use fresh absorbent material to soak up the now contaminated cleaning solution. This material should be swept up for disposal with the recovered spilled/released material.

Place all recovered material/absorbents in a plastic bag, bucket, or drum and label with the contents. Ensure that this waste has secondary containment.

C. Fires In the event of a fire, smoky condition, or explosion, the following actions should be promptly taken:

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Contact fire emergency services and ambulance if there is a threat to people. Inform the fire emergency services of the nature of the pesticides stored. Keep people away If significant smoke is generated, evacuate people from downwind areas. Be aware that any runoff generated may be contaminated with pesticides.

Notes and Precautions:

Portable fire extinguishers can be used for small fires. However, an immediate readiness to evacuate is essential.

Never enter a room that is smoke filled.

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