Urinary System L 2, 3 Tubular Reabsorption & secretion
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Transcript of Urinary System L 2, 3 Tubular Reabsorption & secretion
Urinary System L 2, 3 Tubular Reabsorption & secretion
Prof. Madaya Dr Than Kyaw1, 8 October 2012
Micturition and micturition reflexes
• Urine transported from renal pelvis to urinary bladder by
peristalsis in the ureters
• Ureters enter the urinary bladder at an oblique angle to form
a functional valve (ureterovesicular valve)
• Back flow of urine in the bladder is prevented
Miturition reflexes• Receptors in the bladder wall stretched during filling• Have reflex ability (activation of sacral spinal cord reflex center)• Evacuation of urine through the neck of bladder and external sphincter• Brain stem reflex center
- prevent contraction of bladder and relaxation of external sphincter muscle
- normal filling occurs• When bladder is sufficiently full
- Voluntary control intervene; micturition permitted - Once micturition proceeds – complete emptying is ensured until the
bladder is empty.
Micturition and miturition reflexes
Urinary Bladder and associated organs
Urinalysis
- Important diagostic procedure- Examination of physical and chemical properties
- solute conc- microscopic exam of urine sediment
- Composition: depend on whether substances are being conserved or secreted- Colour: normally yellow – what other colours- Odour: characteristic for species; influenced by diet- Consistency: watery in most species- Nitrogenous components: mammalian – mainly – urea (formed by the liver
from ammonia (toxic to animal)- Amount and specific gravity
Volumes & specific gravity of urine
Animl Volume(ml/kg BD WT/d)
Specific gravity(mean and range
Cat 10-20 1.030 (1.030-1.040)Cattle 17-45 1.032 (1.030-1.045)Dog 20-100 1.025 (1.016-1.060)Goat 10-40 1.030 (1.015-1.045)Horse 3-18 1.040 (1.025-1.060)Sheep 10-40 1.030 (1.015-1.0450Swine 5-30 1.012 (1.010-1.050)Human 8.6-28.6 1.020 (1.002-1.040)
Measuring GFR
Renal clearance- The volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is
completely removed in 1 minute- Two substances used
- Inulin: a polysaccharide not metabolized by the body or reabsorbed from the urine
- it is not found in the body; injected- give accurate result
- Creatinine: a breakdown product from creatine phosphate
- naturally found in the blood - not accurate as inulin (about 10% of
creattinine is reabsorbed)
• Inulin - neither reabsorbed from nor secreted into the tubule• Therefore, amount filtered into the tubules at the glomerulus
equal the amount appearing in the urineP x GFR = U x VGFR = (U x V)/P
P = plasma concentration of inulin (mg/ml)GFR = glomerular filtration rate of plasma (ml/min)U = urine concentration of inulin (mg/ml)V = rate of urine production (ml/min)
Measuring GFR
Kidney - Target organ of several hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)Parathyroid hormone(PTH)
- Also endocrine organ - secrets renin - erythropoietin (EPO) - active form of Vit D endocrine organ
Endocrine functions of the kidney
1. Vitamin D- Becomes metabolically active in the kidney. Patients with renal disease have symptoms of disturbed calcium and phosphate balance.
2. Erythropoietin- Released by the kidneys in response to decreased tissue oxygen levels (hypoxia).
3. Natriuretic Hormone- Released from cardiocyte granules located in the right atria of the heart in response to increased atrial stretch. It inhibits ADH secretions which can contribute to the loss of sodium and water.
Renal Hormones
Endocrine functions of the kidney
Erythropoietin
- glycoprotein, secreted by fibroblasts in the renal interstitium - sensitive to PO2 (80% of EPO released from kidney, the remainder from liver)- anaemia in patient with renal failure – failure of EPO production
Endocrine functions of the kidney
• P1 primary podocyte process P2 secondary podocyte process