URINARY SYSTEM 6:12 · 2014-04-28 · Filtration: The filtering of the blood to create a filtrate....
Transcript of URINARY SYSTEM 6:12 · 2014-04-28 · Filtration: The filtering of the blood to create a filtrate....
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Essential Questions
What are the functions of the urinary system?
What are some disorders of the urinary system?
How are disorders of the urinary system treated?
How do you relate the body’s hormone control to
the urinary system?
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system 2
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Functions:
Filtration
Excretion
Formation of urine
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Elimination of urine
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Filtration: The filtering of the blood to
create a filtrate. • This is the first step in urine formation
• Filtrate contains various substances
• These substances are either reabsorbed back
into the bloodstream, or excreted from the body
as urine.
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary
system 4
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Excretion
What is excretion? Removal of waste matter from
the body
Why does the body have excretory functions?
What is the composition of wastes excreted by the
urinary system?
• Nitrogenous wastes
• Salt
• Water
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Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
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•To form urine the
nephron must perform
three processes:
•Glomerular
filtration
•Tubular
reabsorption
•Tubular secretion
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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
• Blood from renal
artery enters
glomerulus
• High pressure in
glomerulus forces
fluid into Bowman’s
capsule, where it is
filtered
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BOWMAN’S CAPSULE • A tuft of capillaries
Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min.
…how many cc’s per hour is this?
As the filtrate continues through the tubules,
99% of water is reabsorbed back into the blood
stream
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What substances are reabsorbed? • Water
• Glucose
• Amino acids
• Vitamins
• Bicarbonate ions
• Sodium
• Potassium
If blood levels of certain substances are high, the substances will not be reabsorbed.
Threshold: the term used to describe the limit of reabsorption
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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
•What is secretion? •The transport of substances
from the blood into the urine in
the distal and collecting
tubules.
•It is the opposite of
absorption.
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What substances are secreted into the
collecting tubules? • Some medications
• Ammonia
• Creatinine
• Hydrogen ions
• potassium
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Fluid and electrolyte balance Electrolytes are selectively secreted to
maintain body’s acid-base balance.
• What are electrolytes? Electrically charged particles
• What do they do? Help determine fluid and acid-base
balance
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Fluid and electrolyte balance Chemical control
• ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)- secreted by the posterior pituitary gland when blood pressure decreases
• Aldosterone- A steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex when plasma sodium decreases or plasma potassium increases.
Nervous control
• Directly through the action of nerve impulses on the blood vessels leading to the kidney
• Indirect nerve control is through stimulation of certain endocrine glands whose hormone secretion will control urinary secretion.
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Fluid and electrolyte balance Chemical control The amount of ADH produced is related to
the level of body hydration
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Forming more dilute urine:
Define “dilute urine” What are diuretics?
What effect do they have on the production of
urine?
Give examples of substances that have diuretic
effects.
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
What effect does this cycle have on your blood pressure?
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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
Review urine formation, electrolyte exchange,
and some factors that effect urine volume.
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What do you predict will happen to blood
pressure when the blood volume increases?
What if blood
volume decreases?
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If more water is reabsorbed back into the
body---what will happen to urine
concentration?
(more or less concentrated?)
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Elimination of urine What causes the bladder to empty?
•The bladder can hold about 500 ml of fluid
•When it fills, the stretch triggers urination-emptying the
bladder
Is this a voluntary or involuntary action?
What can prevent urination? Internal and external
sphincters
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Elimination of urine
Urinary output
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
Average urinary output = 1500 ml per day *How many ounces is this?
What effects
the color of
your urine?
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An examination of urine
What does normal urine look like?
What constitutes an abnormal urinalysis?
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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
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Cystitis
What is cystitis
(cyst= medical term for ____ +itis =___ ) • Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the bladder
Most common cause: E. Coli
What are the major symptoms of cystitis? • Painful urination (dysuria)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
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Cystitis More common in females—Why ??
• The urethra is shorter in females
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Glomerulonephritis
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
Disease which injures
the glomerulus.
What does this mean
for my health? • When the filter is damaged, blood cells
and blood proteins enter the filtrate
• Removal of waste products is
decreased
• Electrolyte balance is abnormal
• Kidney damage can occur
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Glomerulonephritis Two types:
• Acute- can occur in children after a bacterial infection,
usually strep throat
• Chronic- Occurs when the filtration membrane has been
permanently affected. May result in kidney failure.
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Renal calculi Also known as nephrolithiasis nephro lith iasis What are renal calculi made of?
•Calcium phosphate
•Uric acid
What are the symptoms? •Extreme pain
•Nausea and vomiting
•Burning when urinating
•Hematuria
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Renal calculi
What will happen if
the ureters are
blocked? • The renal pelvis and
calyces become enlarged
due to excess fluid
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Renal calculi
How is it treated?
• Increase fluids
• Medications
• Lithotripsy
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Renal calculi How does lithotripsy work?
• Shockwaves are created outside the body that travel through until
the waves hit the dense stones.
Is it a cure?
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Renal failure Acute What causes it?
• Nephritis
• shock
• Injury
• Bleeding
• Heart failure
• Poisoning
• What are the symptoms? Oliguria- diminished production of urine
Anuria- absence of urine
Uremia- when the blood retains urinary waste products
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Renal failure
chronic Symptoms may be none in early stages, urinalysis
may reveal proteinuria
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Renal Failure Chronic kidney
disease leads to a
buildup of fluid
and waste
products in the
body.
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Renal Failure
How is it treated?
• Peritoneal dialysis
Read about it! Page 587
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Renal Failure
How is it treated?
• Hemodialysis Read about it! Page 587
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Renal Failure
Compare the treatment of acute and
chronic renal failure.
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How does hemodialysis mimic
glomerular function?
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Renal transplant What is involved in this treatment option?
When does a patient get a transplant? Read about it! Page 588
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Renal transplant
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
What is the
major
complication of
renal
transplantation?
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Essential Questions
What are the functions of the urinary system?
What are some disorders of the urinary system?
How are disorders of the urinary system treated?
How do you relate the body’s hormone control to
the urinary system?
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system 44