URINARY - irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212:
Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.
CHAPTER 20 Lecture:
URINARY
Part 1 Part 2
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URINARY SYSTEM General Functions Maintenance of Homeostasis
Regulation of body fluid composition: water balance/ions acid-‐base balance
Elimination of body wastes: cellular metabolism
phagocytosis foreign chemicals, drugs & food additives
WASTE PRODUCTS
Minor endocrine function: secretion of erythropoietin and renin
blood pressure
maintenance activation of vitamin D
(necessary for calcium absorption in SI)
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Representative Waste Products Nitrogenous waste from Protein:
UREA
Muscle activities: CREATININE
Nucleic Acid : URIC ACID
Hemoglobin Breakdown: BILIRUBIN and other UROCHROMES
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URINE COMPOSITION
UREA CREATININE AMMONIA URIC ACID
30 grams
LESS than 2 grams
Remainder: Inorganic Salts
per 24 hrs.
pH= 4.6 -‐ 8: -‐> infection or renal failure. <-‐ diabetes mellitus, emphysema & starvation
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http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2013/10/what-‐the-‐color-‐of-‐your-‐urine-‐says-‐about-‐you-‐infographic/
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Urinary system not alone in waste removal-‐-‐-‐
RESPIRATORY carbon dioxide and water
INTEGUMENTARY nitrogen compounds, water and electrolytes
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* primary function of sweat glands is temperature regulation.
DIGESTIVE digestive wastes bile pigments heavy metal salts
Urinary: most important for-‐ water and electrolyte balance
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Adrenal Gland
Kidney location:
Retroperitoneal
General Anatomy
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URINARY EPITHELIUM (TRANSITIONAL or UROTHELIUM)
Interdigitating cells junctions; (distension possible)
Found within conducting passages of the urinary system.
Impermeable to urine which is, although sterile, potentially toxic.
Prevents water from being drawn into hypertonic urine.
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URETERS subject to peristaltic waves initiated in pelvis; mostly due to stretch -‐-‐> local smooth muscle.
RELAXED URETER
Three (3) layers: MUCOSA: -‐Transitional epithelium -‐Lamina propria
MUSCULARIS: (smooth muscle) -‐inner: longitudinal -‐outer: circular Additional outer longitudinal
layer in lower third of ureter.
ADVENTITIA: -‐Blood vessels -‐Lymphatics -‐Nerves
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Bladder urge activated at 300 ml
Can be consciously overrode Completely full bladder
contains 3X more
URINARY BLADDER
Triangle formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra
(Smooth muscle)
(Striated muscle)
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URINARY BLADDER
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Three (3) layers: MUCOSA: -‐Transitional epithelium -‐Lamina propria
MUSCULARIS: (smooth muscle) -‐inner: longitudinal -‐outer: circular
Additional outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle (as found in bottom third of ureter) continues in bladder.
-‐outer: longitudinal DETRUSOR Muscle
ADVENTITIA: -‐Blood vessels -‐Lymphatics -‐Nerves
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URETHRA Urethral glands Females:
anterior to vaginal opening; posterior to clitoris Opening: ext. urethral orifice (urinary meatus)
between labia minora only 4 cm in length (< 2 in.) Short distance to bladder: frequent urinary infection
Males: approximately 20 cm (8 in.) in length Transports sperm as well as urine. Three (3) regions:
1. Prostatic urethra; 2.5 cm (1 in.)
3. Penile (spongy) urethra; 15 cm (6 in.) 2. Membranous urethra; 2.0 cm (< 1 in.)
SCHEMATIC: MALE
URETHRA
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URETHRA: Male
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MICTURITION ("voiding" or urination)
Distension of bladder. activation of stretch receptors-‐ triggers a visceral reflex arch:
Afferent impulses -‐-‐-‐> sacral region of SC
Efferent impulses Bladder Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
(Parasympathetic)
Result: Detrusor muscle contracts Internal sphincter relaxes
Override: Ext. sphincter
INCONTINENCE: Loss of
bladder control
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General Anatomy: external KIDNEY
HILUM: Indented region-‐ Passage of: blood vessels nerves ureter
RENAL FASCIA
ADIPOSE
RENAL CAPSULE
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General Anatomy: external KIDNEY
Liver
Parietal Peritoneum
(behind it)
Renal Fascia
Large Intestine
Renal Fascia
Adrenal Gland
Renal Capsule
Adipose
Coxa
Back half of Sagittal cut
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KIDNEY BLOOD SUPPLY RENAL artery
SEGMENTAL arteries *
* not listed in your books
INTERLOBAR arteriesARCUATE arteries
INTERLOBULAR arteries
ARCUATE artery
AFFERENT arteriolesGLOMERULUS
EFFERENT arteriolesPERITUBULAR capillaries
VENULESINTERLOBULAR veins
ARCUATE veinsINTERLOBAR veinsSEGMENTAL veins *
RENAL Vein
In some books aka Cortical Radiate arteries
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END
In some books aka Cortical Radiate arteries