IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT AND THE MOST MERCIFUL

REPORT

“URBANIZATION”

SUBMITTED TO: SIR: SHAHID GONDAL

SUBMITTED BY: SAHAR ARSHAD FA05-BBA-032

HAJRA FAZAL FA05-BBA-029

COURSE: SOCIOLOGY

SUBMISSION DATE: 27-05-2008

COMSATS INSTITUE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

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“EXECUTIVE SUMMARY”

“URBANIZATION”

DEFINITION:

It is the concentration of humanity in to cities. OR, it is tendency of people to live in cities.

EXPLANATION:

Urbanization redistributes population with in a society and transforms many patterns of social life. The city is a relatively a recent phenomenon. During the first half of last century, however the increase in large city population was more rapid in Asia than in Europe and North America. The city as a form of economic and social organization is related to level of technology and economic development. Urbanization is phenomena of open class system of society where people become more mobile socially and geographically and people avail more social services and infrastructure facilities.

PHASES OF CITY DEVELOPMENT:

Lampard distinguishes three phases of city development:

Pre-industrial cities Industrial cities Metropolitan cities

PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITIES: The pre-industrial city is described as a loose-knit system of food economies with some inter-regional commerce but no marked territorial division of labor.

INDUSTRIAL CITY: The industrial city was a product of industrial revolution emerging during 19th Century. It was characterized by marked territorial division of labor.

METROPOLITAN CITY: Metropolitan urban centers are products of 20th century technology. The technology gave way to differentiation of function and territorial division of labor and large proportions of population were drawn to urban centers.

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URBANISIM AS A WAY OF LIFE:

Early sociologists in Europe and the United States focused their attention on the rise of cities and how urban life different from rural life. Following are some theories related to it.

1. GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESELLSCHAFT: Tonnies used the German word Gemeinschaft meaning roughly (Community) to refer to a type of social organization by which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition. By and large, argued Tonnies, Gemeinsshaft is absent in modern city. On the contrary, urbanization fosters Gesellschaft) a German word meaning roughly Association), a type of social organization by which people come together only on the basis of individual self interest.

2. MECHNICAL AND ORGANIC SOLIDARITY: Durkheim described traditional, rural life as mechanical solidarity; social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. With its emphasis on tradition, Durkheim concept of mechanical solidarity bears a striking similarity to Tonnies Gemeinschaft. Urbanization erodes mechanical solidarity, Durkheim explained, but it also generates a new type of bonding, which he called Organic solidarity, social bonds based on specialization and interdependence.

3. THE BLASÉ URBANITE; The German sociologist George Simmel offered a microanalysis of cities, studying how urban life shapes individual experience. According to Simmel, individuals perceive the city as a crush of people, objects, and events. To prevent being overwhelmed by all this stimulation, urbanites develop a blasé attitude, tuning out much of what goes on around them. Such detachment does not mean that city dwellers lack comparison for others; they simply keep their distances as a survival strategy so they can focus their time and energy on those who really matter to them.

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN LIFE: Following are characteristics of urban life.

Large Community: The size of community living in cities is higher than in comparison to villages and town. Heterogeneous population: The population in cities is heterogonous which includes people from diverse races, ethnic groups and different regions and other countries. Nuclear family: The nuclear family becomes more usual and the extended family less in evidence. The concept of self reliance and self support is the chief characteristics of urban life.

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Secondary relationships: In cities, secondary relationship increases. The close interfamily relationships decrease. Because it become more and more difficult for people to know many members of locality personally. Formal social control: The social structure in urban area is highly complex and therefore highly formal agencies of social control are used to ensure social order and solidarity. Developed infrastructure: Efficient form of transport and communication are developed in cities. The standard of living in cities is said to be better than that of rural areas. Multiple social problems: Urban life gives birth to a number of social problems such as suicide, overcrowding, electricity shortfalls, health and environment decay due to pollution and smoke. Secular and liberal way of life: The capacity of acculturation and assimilation is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Urban people, unlike rural people who are conservative and traditionists are liberal and modern. Open class society: Social mobility is higher in urban centre than rural areas. Availability of opportunities enables urban people to change their class easily.

RURAL COMMUNITY:

It refers to a small and homogenous community based manly on primary relationships.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL LIFE:

Following are characteristics of rural life. Isolation: Sociologist in Pakistan believes that till 20th century the villages in Pakistan were more or less self-contained isolated units. Homogeneity: The village settlers in Pakistan are quite homogeneous from culture and ethnic point of views. Farming: More than 90% of our rural population has farming as their profession. Primary social relationships: In village communities the relationship among the people are informal, direct, face to face and personal. Closed class- system: Sociologist believes that the degree of social mobility in rural society is lower in comparison to urban cities.

Informal social control:

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The informal social control employs control on social behavior of individual through customs, traditions, mores, institutions, socialization. it is powerful determinant of the social behavior of our rural population. Combine family system: This is the most important traditional characteristic of our village life. Village life is liked for its simplicity, peace, and non violence, and combine family system.

URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN:

The history of urbanization in Pakistan can be divided into four important phases in which both the out migration and in migration have occurred. These phases are as.FIRST PHASE:The first phase of urbanization started with the inception of Pakistan as an independent country where more then 6 million people crossed over from India. Almost all the refugees from India settled in urban areas of Pakistan.

SECOND PHASE:The second phase started in the mid 1950s the GOVT embark upon the process of industrialization. The opportunities of good life and employment attracted million of poor in rural areas to migrate to cities.

THIRD PHASE:The third phase stared with the break up of East Pakistan in 1971.all the supporters of united Pakistan in Bangladesh were forced to leave the country.

FOURTH PHASE:The four but very difficult and critical phases in 1980s.at this times changing in neighboring countries, such as Iran and Afghanistan greatly added to already ongoing process of urbanization in Pakistan. Iran-Iraq war, Iranian revolution and Soviet Invasion on Afghanistan compelled many people to seek refuge in Pakistan. History of urbanization in Pakistan shows that the process of urbanization has remained continues in Pakistan. Each decade has added something to it. Brief review of its history further confirms that most of time migration (migration from the other countries) has dominated urbanization in Pakistan.

CAUSES OF URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN:

Rural life is beset with following major problems, which are causes of urbanization in Pakistan: 1. RURAL POVERTY: Since 68% of the country’s population lives in rural areas and about 505%of the labor force is dependent on agriculture, the problem of the rural poverty cannot be solved unless the ‘jagirdari’ system and ‘piri muridi’ institute are not done

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away with. Right from the inception of Pakistan up to the present era in each assembly and in each government feudal lords have held sway. Consequently despite three land reforms in 1959, 1972 and 1977, these feudal lords and ‘pirs’ still hold hundreds andThousands of agricultural land and control the predominant majority of the rural population (a large portion of them being haris and kimmis).Economic growth without equitable distribution of the benefits of the development is meaningless. Pakistan today stands marked by the extremes of wealth and poverty. Millions of people in the country live below poverty line and most of these people live in the remote rural areas.

2. RURAL HEALTH: Majority of the rural population have no access even to the primary healthcare. One of the major problems in Pakistan’s health sector is its inability to reach the countryside. The gravity of the problem is underlined by the fact that a very small percentage of doctors work in villages. At one time this figure was a measly temper cent and today it must be more dismal when the rural population constitutes 68% of the total population. As far as the rural infrastructure goes, the existing one is scanty and primitive and there has been hardly any expansion or development in it.

3. RURAL EDUCATION: Since the feudals are responsible for keeping rural areas backward, without curbing their powers rural transformation will remain a utopia in Pakistan. If backward communities are backward because they were not given opportunities of education. Being illiterate, these poor rural people do not value education. The attitude of these communities towards education will not change unless they themselves are educated. Here lies the importance of education. A child in the household where the parents are illiterate is unlikely to attend school. For girls in rural areas where only 5% of mothers are literate, the chances of girls going to school are negligible.

4. RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT: In spite of steady urbanization, Pakistan is still predominantly agriculture society. Still nearly 65% population lives in villages and depends directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. Due to the unprecedented increase in population there is over-fragmentation of land. The land holding are becoming too small to be economical. Moreover the agriculture cannot keep them engaged throughout the year. Due to no availability of irrigation facilities in many areas, the farmer has to depend on rains for a good crop. Agriculture inputs like good seeds, fertilizers, insecticides are generally in short supply. All these factors and vagaries of nature like drought and floods has made the problem of agriculture employment in rural areas a very acute problem. As a result, people in droves are migrating in search of employment to cities.

5. REFUGEES:The most potential factor in urbanization has been the out migration from various neighboring countries. At time of partition, six million people migrated to Pakistan and settled mainly in cities. In 1971, after the breakup of East wing, a great number of Bengalis migrated to Pakistan, whereas in 1980; high influx of refugees from Afghanistan caused a greater instability in our country.

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6. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CITIES: The process of industrialization, which begin since mid 50’s offered greater opportunities to poor unemployed population of rural areas. In order to make the most of this opportunity, a great number of rural population flocked to urban areas.

7. BETTER FACILITIES OF LIVING: Better facilities of education health career transport also attracted rural population to migrate to cities.

PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF URBANIZATION

These problems are discussed under following heads:

1. ECONOMIC: Economic development based on the technology results almost invariably in an accentuation of the process of urbanization. Briefly the reasons for this are: economic development implies a change in the occupational structure of the working force towards non agriculture activities. Secondly, more than the development of secondary industry, the growth of tertiary industry almost always implies the concentration of several servicing activities in urban areas. It is presumed that urbanization in almost all countries in early stages of modern economic development has generally tended to grow at a faster rate than population or growth of the economy.

2. UNEMPLOYMENT: The unemployment in urban and rural youth has been problematic ever since the fourth socio-economic transition in 1977-78, when number of unemployed was first recorded to reach the 0.9million people and to have remained at this level till to date. This problem has led towards social unrest in urban areas.

3. POVERTY: According to economic survey, 30% of our population lives under object poverty. More than sixty percent of our poor live in cities. Beggary and footpath sleeping have become characteristic features of our cities.

4. ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS OF THE IN-MIGRANT: The new-comer where possible, lives for sometime with his fellow villagers or relatives an only gradually becomes accommodated to city life. Among the most important new situations to which he must adapt is new and unfamiliar way of making a living, a money economy, regular working hours, the absence of warm family living, a large number of impersonal contacts with other human beings, and new form of recreation, housing, sanitation, and traffic congestion. The greatest problem of adjustment seems to centre on the shift from subsistence to a monetary economy and the necessity of having a job for subsistence.5. THE FAMILY:

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In Asian countries, the family served as a primary social unit, it was largely a self sufficient economic unit. The family in Asia is also being subjected to change in cities and even in most non-urban areas as a result of process of urbanization. Basic changes in the economic function of the family, along with the exposure to the urban environment are modifying the family in Asia. The disruption of traditional family life often has adverse effects on all members of the family and particularly on children, especially when they become victims of child labor practices. The breakdown of traditional family ties is evidence by increased separations and divorce in the city. The disruption of the traditional family crates urgent need for schools, daycare centers, and orphanages. While many aspects of family changes in urban environment, create difficult problems such as reduced despotism of family head, the improved status of the women, and grater personal freedom.

6. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION, CRIME AND DELIQUENCY: In Asian urban settings delinquency crime and as well as other forms of personal disorganization is the product of the break down of the informal social control of the folk the society in the city. Changing in the traditional family and the disruption of the family control over the behavior of its individual are important elements in the situation. It is recognize that city is not itself necessarily product of criminal behavior. But such behavior results from the breakdown of the traditional informal social control which tends to accompany the transition from folk to an urban society.It is felt that great increase in crime and delinquency would not necessarily accompany urbanization.

7. HOUING: In Pakistan it is now being recognized that the provision of adequate housing and community facilities must accompany resource development if serious obstacle to economic progress and high social costs of haphazard urbanization are to be avoided. In Pakistan, slum dwellers constitute over 36milion people, who live in an estimated 8532 kutchi abadis in urban centers all over the country. Beside this 25% of country’s total population of 145 million (20030 are living in kutchi abadis. These people mostly migrants from rural areas in search of better economic opportunities in cities.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: The rate of environmental pollution in cities of Pakistan is higher than in rural areas. The reason of high rate of pollution is high consumption, presence of industry, transportation, lack of proper disposal of waste.

9. DRUG ABUSE: The report of Istanbul summit June 1996, on mega cities revealed that Karachi like Johannesburg is the cities of gangsters, according to 1998, one out of nine young men In Karachi is addict.

10. URBAN CONFLICT:

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Due to rapid increase in cities, low standard of living, poverty, limited avenues of employment had lead urban societies lead to violent urban conflicts, such as street violence, ethnic terrorism, killings, and robberies.

RURAL-URBAN CONVERGENCE:

The convergence of different ideas, groups or societies is the process by which they stop being different and become more alike. The rural-urban convergence stands for reconciliation of differences between two highly opposite forms or styles of social life or community organizations.

SUGESTIONS TO CONTROL RAPID URBAN GROWTH:

Following are some suggestions to control rapid urban growth.

Population control:The population growth rate must be brought at 1.6% by the year 2005.this needs tremendous coordination efforts between Govt official’s specialists and religious leaders with a nation wide emphasis. Education and awareness:Nation wide educational programmes should be under taken towards increasing awareness among the population about the affects on the generation. Legal measures:There is a need to strengthen the legal restriction on pollution and has hazardous practices by the citizen. Industrialization in rural areas:The rural urban migration can be solved by decentralization of Govt administration and rural industrialization. Developing satellite cities:The development of satellite cities are sister cities to develop town small cities in remote suburbs of big city. Strengthening Institution:There is also a need for strengthening government agencies responsible s as for urban are the improvement of urban areas. Land classification:There is need to introduce of land classification based on fertility and productivity of land. Incentive packages:Incentive packages and realistic Govt policy are needed to effectively prevent the sale of prime agriculture land for urban or industrial uses. Community involvement:Mutual partnership between community and Govt has to be accentuated. Rural development:

Standard of rural life is improved by providing them basic facilities of life.

“REPORT”

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“URBANIZATION”

DEFINITION:

It is the concentration of humanity in to cities.

EXPLANATION:

Urbanization redistributes population with in a society and transforms many patterns of social life. The city is a relatively a recent phenomenon. During the first half of last century, however the increase in large city population was more rapid in Asia than in Europe and North America. The city as a form of economic and social organization is related to level of technology and economic development. The size and character of population agglomerations ranging from villages and towns to cities are functions of the economic and social organization of society. Urbanization is phenomena of open class system of society where people become more mobile socially and geographically and people avail more social services and infrastructure facilities.

THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES:

Cities are a relatively new development in human history. Only about 12,000 years ago did our ancestors begin founding permanent settlements, launching the first urban revolution.

THE FIRST CITIES: Hunting and gathering forced people to move all the time, raising food. Raising their own food also created a material surplus, which freed some people from food production and allowed them to build shelters, make tools, weave cloth and take part in religious rituals. The emergence of cities, then led to specialization and higher living standards. The first city, which lies to the North of the Dead Sea and dates back some 10,000 years –was home to only around 600 people. But as the centuries passed, cities grew to tens of thousands of people and became the centers of vast empires. By 3000 B.C.E., Egyptian cuties flourished as did cities in China about 2000 B.C.E. and in central and South America about 1500 B.C.E. In North America, however only a few Native American societies formed settlements, so that widespread urbanization had to await the arrival of European settlers in 17th century.

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PHASES OF CITY DEVELOPMENT:

Lampard distinguishes three phases of city development:

Pre-industrial cities Industrial cities Metropolitan cities

PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITIES: The pre-industrial city is described as a loose-knit system of food economies with some inter-regional commerce but no marked territorial division of labor.

INDUSTRIAL CITY: The industrial city was a product of industrial revolution emerging during 19th Century. It was characterized by marked territorial division of labor.

METROPOLITAN CITY: Metropolitan urban centers are products of 20th century technology. The technology gave way to differentiation of function and territorial division of labor and large proportions of population were drawn to urban centers. The city as a form of human habitation to owe its organization and cohesion more to interdependence created through division of labor and specialization of function than to consensus achieved through intimate social contact and social interaction. The emergence of the city produced many physical, social and economic problems. The slum, poor housing, bad environmental sanitation and traffic congestion are among the more acute of the physical problems associated with urbanization. The increasing importance of regional planning points out not only the need to deal rationally with the physical problems of the urban environment , but also the importance of an integrated approach in which physical problems are considered in their context of the general economic and social settings.

URBANISIM AS A WAY OF LIFE:

Early sociologists in Europe and the United States focused their attention on the rise of cities and how urban life different from rural life. Following are some theories related to it.

1. GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESELLSCHAFT:

In the late 19th century, the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnes studied how life in the new industrial metropolis differed from life in rural villages. From this contrast, he developed two concepts that have become a lasting part of sociology’s terminology.

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Tonnes used the German word Gemeinschaft meaning roughly (Community) to refer to a type of social organization by which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition. The Gemeinschaft of the rural village joins people in what amounts to a single primary group. By and large, argued Tonnies, Gemeinsshaft is absent in modern city. On the contrary, urbanization fosters Gesellschaft) a German word meaning roughly Association), a type of social organization by which people come together only on the basis of individual self interest. In the Gesellschaft way of life, individuals are motivated by their own needs rather than a drive to enhance the well-being of everyone. City dwellers display little sense of community or common identity and look to others mostly as a mean of advancing their individual goals. Thus, Tonnies saw in urbanization the erosion of close, enduring social relations in favor of fleeting and impersonal ties typical of business.

2. MECHNICAL AND ORGANIC SOLIDARITY:

The French sociologist Emile Durkheim agreed with much of Tonnies thinking about cities. But, Durkheim countered, urbanites do not lack social bonds, they simply organize social life differently than rural people. Durkheim described traditional, rural life as mechanical solidarity; social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. With its emphasis on tradition, Durkheim concept of mechanical solidarity bears a striking similarity to Tonnies Gemeinschaft. Urbanization erodes mechanical solidarity, Durkheim explained, but it also generates a new type of bonding, which he called Organic solidarity, social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This concept, which parallels Tonnies’s Gesellschaft, reveals an important difference between two thinkers. While they agreed that the growth of industrial cities undermined tradition, Durkheim optimistically pointed to a new kind of solidarity. Where societies had been built on likeness, Durkheim now saw social life based on difference. For Durkheim, urban society offered more individual choice, more tolerance, and personal privacy than people found in rural villages. In sum, something was lost in the process of urbanization but much was gained.

3. THE BLASÉ URBANITE:

The German sociologist George Simmel offered a microanalysis of cities, studying how urban life shapes individual experience. According to Simmel, individuals perceive the city as a crush of people, objects, and events. To prevent being overwhelmed by all this stimulation, urbanites develop a blasé attitude, tuning out much of what goes on around them. Such detachment does not mean that city dwellers lack comparison for others; they simply keep their distances as a survival strategy so they can focus their time and energy on those who really matter to them.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN LIFE:

Following are characteristics of urban life:

Large Community:The size of community living is higher than in comparison to villages and town.

Heterogeneous population: The population in cities is heterogonous which includes people from diverse races, ethnic groups and different regions and other countries responsibilities are deli gated more widely and class difference between citizen and also become more distinct. Thus city life becomes as comprise between varying interest and culture and therefore unstable and much prone to conflict. In comparisons to rural life culture is less integrated.

Nuclear family:The nuclear family becomes more usual and the extended family less in evidence. In industrial the urban society the close- knit family unit breaks down as family members move away in search of employment which large cities offers. The concept of self reliance and self support is the chief characteristics of urban life.

Secondary relationships: In cities, secondary relationship increases. The close interfamily relationships decrease, because it becomes more and more difficult for people to know many members of locality personally. Thus secondary relationship that is impersonal, indirect, formal becomes more dominant in the community.

Formal social control: The social structure in urban area is highly complex and therefore highly formal agencies of social control are used to ensure social order and solidarity. There is an increase in planning, training schooling and other specialized agencies, including sophisticated policing technique. Such a highly structure is not within the reach of tradition, customs etc.to control it.

Developed infrastructure: Efficient form of transport and communication are developed in cities. because in cities place of work becomes, very often more widely separated from the place of living, and daily travel often involving long distance becomes necessary, thus The standard of living in cities is said to be better than that of rural areas.

Multiple social problems: Urban life gives birth to a number of social problems such as suicide, overcrowding, electricity shortfalls, health and environment decay due to pollution and smoke.

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Secular and liberal way of life;

The capacity of acculturation and assimilation is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Urban people unlike rural people who are conservative and traditions are liberal and modern. The beginning of exact and predictive sciences occurs in cities. As this becomes more elaborate and wide ranging the value of religion declines and secularization occurs. The wearing jeans, driving cars, doing jobs by urban women are some of the evidences of the liblerisim and the secularism even in our society.

Open class society: Social mobility is higher in urban centre than rural areas. Availability of opportunities enables urban people to change their class easily.

RURAL COMMUNITY:

It refers to a small and homogenous community based manly on primary relationships.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL LIFE:

Following are characteristics of rural life;

Isolation:Sociologist in Pakistan believes that till 20 th century the villages in Pakistan were more or less self-contained isolated units. Their inhabitants were less concerned with the outsiders. They were able to meet their basic needs of life. However at present the development infrastructure, transportation and the communication have connected villages with neighboring cities and towns socially and economically.

Homogeneity:The village settlers in Pakistan are quite homogeneous from culture and ethnic point of views. This homogeneity helped to encourage the conversation, tradition, ethnocentrism among rural communities. Another source of their homogeneity is religion which is strong determinant of people’s attitudes and thinking

Farming:More than 90% of our rural population has farming as their profession. In our villages either people are landlord or land cultivator. Even shopkeeper and others are in one way or the other deeply involved in agriculture way of life.

Primary social relationships:In village communities the relationship among the people are informal, direct, face to face and personal and personal. They recognize each other by name, face and other

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details i.e. family background, race, profession etc.it is totally different from urban societies where people have impersonal, formal and in direct relationship. Therefore, in rural areas people tend to b cooperative and in urban areas people tend to be competitive.

Closed class- system:Sociologist believes that the degree of social mobility in rural society is lower in comparison to urban cities where they are thick opportunities for employment, education and earning wealth. People in rural areas do not easily change their class and condition of their life the distribution of wealth is highly rigid. Thus rural community displays water tight compartmentlism. Poverty and illiteracy are its chief characteristics.

Informal social control:The informal social control employs control on social behavior of individual through customs, traditions, mores, institutions; socialization etc. It is powerful determinant of the social behavior of our rural population because of agrarian and feudal setup of our rural society. The threat of social boycotts, ex-communication, non-cooperation, criticism, pressure of the bradri, decision of the jirga etc.are powerful determinant of the social control in rural areas of our country

Combine family system:These are some of the most important traditional characteristic of our village life. Besides these features, village life is liked for its simplicity, peace, and non violence, and combine family system.

URBANIZATION AND THE GLOBAL CHANGE:

The human population has lived a rural lifestyle through most of history. The world’s population, however, is quickly becoming urbanized as people migrate to the cities. Figure 1 shows the urban population growth between 1950 and the year 2000. In 1950, less than 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. This number grew to 47% in the year 2000 (2.8 billion people), and it is expected to grow to 60% by the year 2025.

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Developed nations have a higher percentage of urban residents than less developed countries. However, urbanization is occurring rapidly in many less developed countries, and it is expected that most urban growth will occur in less developed countries during the next decades. Figure 2 shows the projected growth of the urban and rural populations in developed and less developed countries. Cities with over 5 million inhabitants are known as megacities. There were 41 in the year 2000. This number is expected to grow as the population increases in the next few decades. It is predicted that by the year 2015, 50 megacities will exist, and 23 of these are expected to have over 10 million people. In 1975, 5 of the 10 largest cities were from less developed countries and 5 from more developed countries. In 2005, 8 of the 10 largest cities were from less developed countries.

The 10 largest cities (urban agglomerations) in the World

The developed world:

In the United States, about 5% of the population lived in cities in 1800, but about 50% of the population lived in cities by 1920.  Throughout the 19th century, the US was urbanizing.  The same was true for most European societies during the 19th century.Today about 80% of the US population lives in cities and suburbs.  Since no more than 100% of a population can possibly be urban, urbanization as a process is coming to an end. Developed countries urbanized slowly as the result of improved agricultural methods which reduced the need for labor. At the time of urbanization the city industries were labor intensive.

The developing world:

At mid-century only 17.8% of the population of Third World societies lived in cities, but in the fifty years since 1950 that percent has increased to over 40%.   By the year 2030, almost 60% of Third World populations will live in cities. In just a few years the World will become predominately urban -- about 80-85 years after that happened in the United States.: 

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URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN:

Urbanization means growth of densely population cities and their satellite and their suburbs. They provide new form and wider choice of entertainment, employment opportunities, housing and welfare schemes. They may also be source of many disruptive factors in social life; the noise and speed of life is increased: There are congestion, stain and higher living cost. Urbanization becomes a problem if the natural process of growth in cities is not followed and Pakistan could not do so.

MIRZA ARSHAD ALI BEG in his book “DEMOCRACY DISPLACED IN PAKISTAN” says

“In Pakistan the problem of urbanization have stemmed largely from the settlement of refuges, lack of attention of poverty in the rural and the urban areas and over all impoverished physical, agriculture and democratic infrastructure in the country”

Rise in urban population:

In Pakistan urban population increased from 23.8% in 1981 to 30%in 1993.by the year 2020 the proportion of urban population is expected to be over 50%of the total population.

Urban growth rate:

UN population fund representative in Pakistan NESIM TUMKAYA told the news conference that” Pakistan’s annual growth rate is 45% whereas world’s average urban growth rate is 3.0%.

HISTORY OF URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN:

The history of urbanization in Pakistan can be divided into four important phases in which both the out migration and in migration have occurred. These phases are as.

FIRST PHASE:The first phase of urbanization started with the inception of Pakistan as an independent country where more then 6 million people crossed over from India. Almost all the refugees from India settled in urban areas of Pakistan.

SECOND PHASE:The second phase started in the mid 1950s the GOVT embark upon the process of industrialization. The opportunities of good life and employment attracted million of poor in rural areas to migrate to cities.

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THIRD PHASE:The third phase stared with the break up of East Pakistan in 1971.all the supporters of united Pakistan in Bangladesh were forced to leave the country.

FOURTH PHASE:The four but very difficult and critical phases in 1980s.at this times changing in neighboring countries, such as Iran and Afghanistan greatly added to already ongoing process of urbanization in Pakistan. Iran-Iraq war, Iranian revolution and Soviet Invasion on Afghanistan compelled many people to seek refuge in Pakistan. History of urbanization in Pakistan shows that the process of urbanization has remained continues in Pakistan. Each decade has added something to it. Brief review of its history further confirms that most of time migration (migration from the other countries) has dominated urbanization in Pakistan.

POPULATION OF BIG CITIES OF PAKISTAN:

There are 23 cities having a population of 0.2 million or more. The biggest city in Pakistan is Karachi with the population of 9.3 million. Followed by Lahore 5.1 million and Faisalabad 2.0 million. These are three metropolises account for 38.4 percent of the total urban population of Pakistan. The other big cities with population over million are Rawalpindi, Multan, Hyderabad and Gujranwala .almost half of the urban population live in these big cities. However the three big cities of sindh provinces (Karachi, Hyderabad, and sukkur) account for 73.1 percent of the total population of the province.

KARACHI:

Karachi is the magacity of Pakistan its growth is higher then the second and the third cities combines 6%this high growth indicates that Karachi is receiving migrants from all over the country, most of them are rural and the tribal areas. This is on the one hand; suggest that the population pressure is responsible for the haphazard growth of Karachi city and on the other hand. Even bare the minimum infrastructure facilities are tempting for the haves not to migrate.Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad are the cities having over 0.5 million population each. They are the surrounded by the poor districts of their region and this seems to be appropriate reason for the increases in population. this is true for almost the entire country where the urban is increasing 32.5% is increasing faster then the rural share 67.5%.the data on large cities suggest that they are because of small towns are unable to absorb the rural population.In sum a micro analysis of population distribution at city reveals that large urban centers dominate over small centers in Pakistan. Seven cities with the population of over one million have a lion share about 50% of the urban population of Pakistan. Three big cities (Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad) in 1998 had an urban population 38.4%more then the national average of 32.5%.

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TRENDS OF URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN:

For much of the developing world, it was the rural and urban migration that increased the size of their cities and increased the proportion of urban dwellers in total population. Rural to urban migration has played a role in Pakistan as well. This is particularly true for Karachi, the country’s largest city. However, in Pakistan’s case the character of some of its large cities – including Karachi – was defined by the arrival of a large number of people forced out of their homes for political reasons. This feature of urbanization has to be kept in mind by policymakers when they get round to defining a strategic approach to dealing with the opportunities that urbanization creates as well tackling the problems it brings. Following are recent trends in urbanization in the country. Pakistan is currently the most urbanized country in South Asia. It is experiencing a rapid urban transition with a growth rate of urban population that is twice the rate of increase of the overall population. That is not the case in Pakistan where migration is still important as a determinant of urban growth. According to the 1978 census, slightly more than a third of the population then lived in the urban areas. There is a consensus among demographers that the census seriously underestimated the size of the population. This may have happened for political reasons since the politically powerful landed class in the country did not wish to see a major dilution in their power as a result of the shift in the population. Recent analysis, in particular by the World Bank, indicates that “rapid expansion of ribbon development along major transport routes and the expansion of peri-urban areas around cities have been classified as rural rather urban in the census statistics. Thus, it appears that the proportion of urban population is higher than official estimates.”The bank believes that by 2015, one half of the total population — which by then would have reached 190 million — would be urban. Of the 85 million people in the country’s urban areas, 40 per cent will live in the two large cities – Karachi and Lahore.If Lahore’s expanding periphery is counted as part of the city, it might by then have more people living inside its extended borders than Karachi. Another half a dozen cities will have populations of more than five million each. Economic activities are increasingly gravitating towards the urban areas. Now cities and towns contribute more than 75 per cent of the gross domestic product of Pakistan. Although Pakistan is a late comer to the development of skill-based sectors, the few activities that are gaining ground are located in the vicinity of schools and colleges that have the capability of producing people with the needed skills. At the forefront of this trend are the cities of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad that also house most of the modern educational institutions in the country. Whether the country will be able to deal with the inevitable pressures that rapid urbanization brings will depend upon a number of factors. Amongst these three are particularly important. The government must deal with the problem created by poor urban services: a serious effort must be made to create institutions that can deliver better urban services to the people, in particular those that live in the poorer parts of the cities and policies must be defined that will address the radicalization of politics and social structures of many cities. The last, is the consequence of the forced migration of people to the urban areas. The World Bank which has taken note of the problems associated with urbanization and has begun to develop

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responses to them has the following to say about the nature of the difficulties faced by policymakers: “The urban transition in Pakistan could contribute even more to the pace of the country’s economic growth and poverty reduction if cities did not suffer from severe infrastructure bottlenecks, service deficiencies, poor local governance and inefficiencies in land and housing markets.” Water and sanitation coverage rates have almost stagnated since the 1990s at about 58 per cent and 30 per cent respectively. Unaccounted for water (water stolen from the municipal supply systems and sold by private vendors to consumers not reached by public utilities) is high, collection rates and cost-recovery levels are low, existing infrastructure is run down, supply intermittent, and the quality of water dubious. Other urban services are not much better in terms of quality and sustainability.” The shortfalls in urban areas are not merely an outcome of aggregate resource constraints. They are exacerbated by constraints in the institutional, governance, and financial arrangements that have defined local service delivery and financing.”The government — probably at the provincial level — should develop a comprehensive strategy for the provision of basic services to the poorer segment of the population in the urban areas. The strategy should include the development of instruments to finance these services. In addition to charging the people for water and electricity that they receive intermittently and some times pay exorbitant amounts to receive them, these plans should include the grant of authority to the local governments to raise additional resources. This they should be able to do through taxation or by going to the capital markets by issuing bonds. All this means that the structure of local government should evolve further to assume these responsibilities. y far the most important contribution the government can make to solving the problem presented by rapid urbanisation while drawing benefits that the growth of cities bring to the economy and society is by bringing the government closer to the people. he first important step in this direction was taken by the administration of President Pervez Musharraf in 2001 when it chose to develop the system of local government. The system put in place is different from those that were tried and abandoned several times before. In that respect it has laid the ground for devolving authority to the elected representatives of the people. The system has been place for half a dozen years and needs to evolve further in light of the lessons learned since it was inaugurated. Even in its present form, the local government system has had an impact on the lives of the people in some of the major cities of the country. At a recent meeting of the Punjab Development Forum held in Lahore, I heard a presentation by the nazim and district coordination officer of Faisalabad that detailed some of the development activities undertaken by the local authorities. he most impressive part of the programme they are implementing is its information component which allows people to see on their computer screens what is being done in their areas.However, putting this information on the computer is only part of the programme. The other is to make it possible for the poor to access this information. Once the people have full knowledge of what is being done for them, they should be able to vote directly for the local leadership, re-electing those who are doing a good job, sending home those who have not been able to meet the people’s expectations. Under the present structure, the nazims are elected indirectly. This needs to change with the people given the opportunity to vote directly for local leadership. There is a significant difference in the way displaced people and those who migrate from the countryside and go to towns and cities shape the places to which

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they move. The former mostly arrive as cohesive communities that share a number of characteristics.For instance, the refugees who came from India at the time of independence and settled in Karachi and other large cities of south Sindh, were from the same states of India, spoke the same language, had the same culture, and shared the same values. They, therefore, kept their identity and found it difficult to be absorbed in the population that hosted them. Rural to urban migration on the other hand is usually in the form of a constant trickle and not a flood as is sometimes the case with displaced people. When people move in from the countryside and go to towns and cities in search of jobs, they normally don’t maintain a separate identity.This is especially the case when this type of migration is over a short distance. This is certainly the case in the migration that has fed the population of Lahore and other large cities of central Punjab over the last several decades. Consequently, in Lahore, the migrants have not constituted a separate identity for themselves as they have done in Karachi and Peshawar.When displaced people arrive in large numbers as they did at the time of partition and in connection with the Afghan problem, they tend to create political, social and economic space for themselves that is separate from the local population.While those who went to Karachi became active in the city’s economic life, they created a separate political identity for themselves in the form of the MQM. Those Afghan refugees who resettled in Peshawar and Islamabad became involved in the activities promoted by radical and extremist Islamic groups. One such group was behind the crisis involving the Lal Masjid in the central part of Islamabad.Public policy aimed at using urbanisation as a factor that contributes to development must, therefore, address the problem of assimilation of the people who go to the cites, especially as displaced people. More than anything else, this requires the development of political institutions that give these people a voice.The best way to start on this process is to develop local government institutions that can bring all urban dwellers into politics and make it possible for them to become productive citizens of the communities in which they live. Without such participation, these communities become not only politically, socially and economically marginalized, they also become disenchanted and adopt the politics of separation and dissidence rather than that of absorption.

: Population of Pakistan's Major Cities & Urbanization Rate, 1998, Pakistan

City* Population% of Total

Urban Population

Figure 1.5: Urbanization Rate in Pakistan (1951-1998) from Censuses

Karachi 9,339,023 21.7Lahore 5,443,495 12.7Faisalabad 2,008,861 4.7Rawalpindi 1,409,768 3.3Multan 1,197,384 2.8Hyderabad 1,166,894 2.7Gujranwala 1,132,509 2.6Peshawar 982,816 2.3Quetta 759,941 1.8Islamabad 529,180 1.2Sargodha 458,440 1.1

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IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF URBAN FAMILY IN PAKISTAN:

Generally, family system in every country will vary depending upon their culture and style of living. If you are dearly interested to know the family system in Pakistan, then continue reading to know the crispy information! Here, people conceive the traditional and cultural family values and they give good respect considering them as divinity and sacredness. Urban family system has been developed as nuclear family system, due to the socioeconomic confinements inflicted by the customary joint family system.In Pakistan, the joint family system is quite usually found. Joint family usually comprises father, mother, children, grand father and mother, and they live together with their people in the same family unit. Moreover, the governing male of the house will play a significant role with respect to the well-being of his family unit. Also, they give a good care and take the responsibility to guard their grandparents. Above all, they respect their folks and grandparents! People in Pakistan dearly follow the joint family system and live their life along with their folks.

Conversely in the recent years, urbanization has directed to the alterations and amendments in the existing family system, in larger cities. Moreover, the realism of urbanization will make the social units living together to get less exerted and large nuclear group. This method of practice will commonly be practiced and determined in developing countries. As known well that Karachi is the biggest city in Pakistan, the city has observed and on-looked the most avid impingement of urbanization. Also, people can clearly get to know and study the comparable variations in the family system. When considering the elder people in Pakistan, they usually stick with their offspring or grandchildren to get a complete support and care. They rely and depend on their people to get their assistance and support in all aspects such as physical, social and financial wellbeing. Giving physical and emotional support is quite usual in joint family system! It has been declared that urbanization will probably dilapidate and crumble the family care to their elder people. Moreover, urbanization will also drop-off the care of the growing children with their elders. The situation will become really troublesome for the elder people living in a nuclear family. Elder people can live without any troubles or risk, when they reside in a joint family. Individuals who closely stick in joint family will respect their elders and give them support in all possible ways. Joint family is absolutely good as

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living separate without your people will bring quite several difficulties. Urbanization and its growth tend to promote the growth of the nuclear family and moreover it abates the care and support to the elder people in the family. People in Pakistan are greatly trilingual and most of the people living here are Muslims. They give much respect to their customs and traditions and they closely follow the worth-taking family values. You could see most people living as joint family group along with their people and folks, whereas some other group of people lives as nuclear family. People living as nuclear family will take care of their spouse and offspring.

URBANIZATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE:

'Social Change' is a term used within sociology and applies to amendment in social relationships or culture. In simple words it means such a change that deals with society, a planned community of people, as well as its members.

‘Social Change’ is also used as ‘Socio-Cultural Change’ (in anthropology), which refers to the change in society as well as its culture. All societies are involved in a process of social change; however, this change may be so incremental that the members of the society are hardly aware of it. Societies are characterized by change: the rate of change, the processes of change, and the directions of change. The actions of individuals, organizations and social activities have an impact on society and may become the medium for social change. The process of social change in any society is mostly very slow so that the members of the society are unable to differentiate between off and on changes in the society. To observe the change in the society various socialists describe theories factors and patterns of social change through which these changes are being brought. The course of action by which a country's population changes from primarily rural to urban. It is caused by the migration of people from the countryside to the town in search of better jobs and living conditions. Urbanization is one of the major causes who bring change in any society. If the people from rural areas heavily migrate to urban areas then the economy might deprived to give services to those people and create frustration among them and this would lead to the change in society’s behavior , attitude and environment.

CAUSES OF URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN:

Pakistan is basically a rural country. About 68% of its population belong to village life and are dependent on land for their living. Agriculture and allied activities engage nearly 50% of workforce of the country. The agriculture output accounts for about 25% of GDP which at present stands declined from 48% in 1959-60. In short village in Pakistan holds a unique place in social and economic spheres. In the past, a village was a homogenous, closely knit and self sufficient unit. The community feeling and tradition of cooperation was the hallmark of village life. The family institution was in a dominant position. It was a functional and organizational

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unit regulating the entire community behavior. The outer contacts were few and limited. Consequently the process of social change was very slow. During the last five decades, successive governments attempted a number of rural development programmes to improve their socio-economic conditions but with out any success.

Rural life is beset with following major problems, which are causes of urbanization in Pakistan:

Rural health Rural education Rural unemployment Refugees Industrialization in cities Better standard of living

1. RURAL POVERTY:

Since 68% of the country’s population lives in rural areas and about 505%of the labor force is dependent on agriculture, the problem of the rural poverty cannot be solved unless the ‘jagirdari’ system and ‘piri muridi’ institute are not done away with. Right from the inception of Pakistan up to the present era in each assembly and in each government feudal lords have held sway. Consequently despite three land reforms in 1959, 1972 and 1977, these feudal lords and ‘pirs’ still hold hundreds and thousands of agricultural land and control the predominant majority of the rural population ( a large portion of them being haris and kimmis). The ‘haris’ and ‘kimmis’ can be evicted by landlords at their whim. Their children and women are in their 24hrs service. They are virtually salves. They have been deliberately denied education in the age of technology by their masters. In brief, without their removal, no development plans are likely to make an impact on the lives of rural masses. Economic growth without equitable distribution of the benefits of the development is meaningless. Pakistan today stands marked by the extremes of wealth and poverty. Millions of people in the country live below poverty line and most of these people live in the remote rural areas. This section of our population has remained largely untouched by the development programme as their problems have never been specifically addressed in policies and programmes.

2. RURAL HEALTH:

Majority of the rural population have no access even to the primary healthcare. One of the major problems in Pakistan’s health sector is its inability to reach the countryside. The gravity of the problem is underlined by the fact that a very small percentage of doctors work in villages. At one time this figure was a measly temper cent and today it must be more dismal when the rural population constitutes 68% of the total population. As far as the rural infrastructure goes, the existing one is scanty and primitive

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and there has been hardly any expansion or development in it. The Rural Health Centres and the Basic Health Units which supposedly constitute the backbone of the health delivery system in the country side are very limited in number. From 4213in 1990 the number of Basic Health Units has risen to 5155 in 2000 in ten years. The RHCs have fared no better. Their number has increased from 459 to 514 in the same period. Most of them are in a sorry state. Several of these have actually closed down or are operating without the necessary equipment or adequate staff. Given this bleak scenario, it does not come as a surprise that quackery is thriving in rural areas. The government therefore must find ways and means to expand the reach and cover of public health system and must ensure that this extends to remote areas where even the most basic medical facilities are non – existent. In the meanwhile, the emphasis must be on preventive and primary healthcare.

3. RURAL EDUCATION:

Since the feudals are responsible for keeping rural areas backward, without curbing their powers rural transformation will remain a utopia in Pakistan. If backward communities are backward because they were not given opportunities of education. Being illiterate, these poor rural people do not value education. The attitude of these communities towards education will not change unless they themselves are educated. Here lies the importance of education. A child in the household where the parents are illiterate is unlikely to attend school. For girls in rural areas where only 5% of mothers are literate, the chances of girls going to school are negligible. The factor that contribute to low enrolment and high drop-out rates in rural areas are poverty, low quality of teaching, distance of schools and physical conditions of schools. Most of these schools are either non-functioning, exist only in name or so shoddy that no child wishes to remain there. The site selection of the primary schools in many cases in rural areas is not suited to the needs of the people, with parents reluctant to send their children, particularly girls to distant places. In rural areas, another cause is a strong traditional system in which the children of poor work with their parents to supplement family incomes. In sum, people in rural areas have less access to elementary education, what to say of quality education. Since 35% of Pakistan’s population lives below the poverty line, of which a major section resides in the rural areas, this means a very large number of children deprived of education due to income disparities in the millennium.

4. RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT:

In spite of steady urbanization, Pakistan is still predominantly agriculture society. Still nearly 65% population lives in villages and depends directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. Due to the unprecedented increase in population there is over-fragmentation of land. The land holding are becoming too small to be economical. Moreover the agriculture cannot keep them engaged throughout the year. Due to no availability of irrigation facilities in many areas, the farmer has to depend on rains for a good crop. Agriculture inputs like good seeds, fertilizers, insecticides are generally in

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short supply. All these factors and vagaries of nature like drought and floods has made the problem of agriculture employment in rural areas a very acute problem. As a result, people in droves are migrating in search of employment to cities. The problem of rural unemployment can be solved by providing material assistance to set up cottage and small scale industries on the pattern of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. The farmers can be protected against vagaries of nature3 by crop insurance. People should be encouraged to take up allied jobs such as poultry farming, dairy etc. all the enterprising and capable persons including women should be provided necessary technical and financial assistance to become self-supporting.

5. REFUGEES:

The most potential factor in urbanization has been the out migration from various neighboring countries. At time of partition, six million people migrated to Pakistan and settled mainly in cities. In 1971, after the breakup of East wing, a great number of Bengalis migrated to Pakistan, whereas in 1980; high influx of refugees from Afghanistan caused a greater instability in our country.

6. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CITIES:

The process of industrialization, which begin since mid 50’s offered greater opportunities to poor unemployed population of rural areas. In order to make the most of this opportunity, a great number of rural population flocked to urban areas.

7. BETTER FACILITIES OF LIVING:

Better facilities of education, health, career, transport also attracted rural population to migrate to cities.

PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF URBANIZATION:

These problems are discussed under three heads:

1. ECONOMIC:

Economic development based on the technology results almost invariably in an accentuation of the process of urbanization. Briefly the reasons for this are: economic development implies a change in the occupational structure of the working force towards non agriculture activities. Secondly, more than the development of secondary industry, the growth of tertiary industry almost always implies the concentration of several servicing activities in urban areas. It is presumed that urbanization in almost all countries in early stages of modern economic development has generally tended to grow at a faster rate than population or growth of the economy.

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At least two stages can be distinguished in the industrial phase. In the early stages, industrialization has generally come to concentrate on the development of consumer goods and light industries. In the second phase of industrialization, the development of heavy industries, based on raw material, tends to get away from the location patterns of the pre-industrial and the initial industrial phase and will generally give rise to the growth of new towns based on raw material resources in the interior. In the several countries of Asia these factors are now simultaneously operative, thus accelerating the process of urbanization. The fact that urbanization has generally tended to move ahead of economic development has several implications for developing countries, especially when these are embarking on programmes of economic and industrial development. It mean that, as the process of economic development goes on, the demand for the provision of urban economic and social infra-structure investment grows much more rapidly than to several other factors. Similarly the death rate decreases faster than the birth rate and thus the so-called demographic burden is imposed on developing countries in the early stages of development. “It is probably true to say that Asia is over-urbanized in relation to its degree of economic development”.

THE PUSH FACTOR:

Several economic and non economic causes have contributed to this situation of relative over-urbanization. First, on the economic side there is push factor. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate. Different types of push factors can be seen below.

Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive" conditions Political fear Poor medical care Not being able to practice religion Loss of wealth Natural Disasters Death threats Slavery Poor housing Landlords

THE PULL FACTOR:

A pull factor is something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place. Though generally the push factor is predominant, the pull factor is reflected in the limited economic development based on a colonial or a semi-colonial pattern. The pull was to the administrative centers, port cities and other transport and break of-bulk points. More

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generally the pull factor was to the big city, resulting in the primitive city with areas of economic and industrial development is being accelerated and a new set of towns is growing up in the interior.Different types of pull factors can be seen below.

Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Security Family links

2. UNEMPLOYMENT:

The unemployment in urban and rural youth has been problematic ever since the fourth socio-economic transition in 1977-78, when number of unemployed was first recorded to reach the 0.9million people and to have remained at this level till to date. This problem has led towards social unrest in urban areas.

3. POVERTY:

The process of urbanization in Pakistan has led to a great rural - urban divide. Most of the government's resources are diverted towards the urban centers of Pakistan leading to very little development of the rural areas. The need for social reforms in the rural areas is similarly ignored in the face of development in the urban areas. Basic facilities such as health and education facilities are missing in the poverty stricken areas. The feudalistic system prevalent in Pakistan also discourages the development of farmers and peasants. According to economic survey, 30% of our population lives under object poverty. More than sixty percent of our poor live in cities. Beggary and footpath sleeping have become characteristic features of our cities.

4. ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS OF THE IN-MIGRANT:

The new-comer where possible, lives for sometime with his fellow villagers or relatives an only gradually becomes accommodated to city life. Among the most important new situations to which he must adapt is new and unfamiliar way of making a living, a money economy, regular working hours, the absence of warm family living, a large number of impersonal contacts with other human beings, and new form of recreation, housing, sanitation, and traffic congestion. The greatest problem of adjustment seems to centre on the shift from subsistence to a monetary economy and the necessity of having a job for subsistence.

5. THE FAMILY:

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In Asian countries, the family served as a primary social unit, it was largely a self sufficient economic unit. It had a major responsibility for socialization of young ones. The family in Asia is also being subjected to change in cities and even in most non-urban areas as a result of process of urbanization. Basic changes in the economic function of the family, along with the exposure to the urban environment are modifying the family in Asia. The disruption of traditional family life often has adverse effects on all members of the family and particularly on children, especially when they become victims of child labor practices. The breakdown of traditional family ties is evidence by increased separations and divorce in the city. The disruption of the traditional family crates urgent need for schools, daycare centers, and orphanages. While many aspects of family changes in urban environment, create difficult problems such as reduced despotism of family head, the improved status of the women, and grater personal freedom.

6. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION, CRIME AND DELIQUENCY:

In Asian urban settings, delinquency and crime as well as other forms of personal disorganization is the product of the break down of the informal social control of the folk the society in the city. Changing in the traditional family and the disruption of the family control over the behavior of its individual are important elements in the situation. It is recognize that city is not itself necessarily product of criminal behavior. But such behavior results from the breakdown of the traditional informal social control which tends to accompany the transition from folk to an urban society. It is felt that great increase in crime and delinquency would not necessarily accompany urbanization.

7. HOUING:

In Pakistan it is now being recognized that the provision of adequate housing and community facilities must accompany resource development if serious obstacle to economic progress and high social costs of haphazard urbanization are to be avoided. In Pakistan, slum dwellers constitute over 36milion people, who live in an estimated 8532 kutchi abadis in urban centers all over the country. Beside this 25% of country’s total population of 145 million (20030 are living in kutchi abadis. These people mostly migrants from rural areas in search of better economic opportunities in cities.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:

The rate of environmental pollution in cities of Pakistan is higher than in rural areas. The reason of high rate of pollution is high consumption, presence of industry, transportation, lack of proper disposal of waste.

9. DRUG ABUSE:

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The report of Istanbul summit June 1996, on mega cities revealed that Karachi like Johannesburg is the cities of gangsters, according to 1998, one out of nine young men In Karachi is addict.

10. URBAN CONFLICT:

Due to rapid increase in cities, low standard of living, poverty, limited avenues of employment had lead urban societies lead to violent urban conflicts, such as street violence, ethnic terrorism, killings, and robberies.

CONCEPT OF CITIES:

An urban community may be defined as a group of people having a specified minimum population and its members possessing certain specialized: economic, political and social structure along with certain urban characteristics. The censes definition of a city is an urban centre that has hundred thousands or more population and those with population raking between 5000 and 999, 00 are termed as town.

RURAL-URBAN CONVERGENCE:

The convergence of different ideas, groups or societies is the process by which they stop being different and become more alike. The rural-urban convergence stands for reconciliation of differences between two highly opposite forms or styles of social life or community organizations. The social scientist Horton and Hunt and many others are the of the opinion that due to some infrastructure development i.e. road, transportation, communication, media etc. the rural and urban life in many European, American and western societies is becoming more and less similar the rural dweller is rapidly developing urban personality, the birth of towns, the beginning of rural conform segment of the society. The resultant emergence of suburbanite groups, there and finally. The fading rural urban distinction is some of the referred evidence in this context. However this may be true of western societies but in case of Pakistani societies the case is totally different. There is no denying the fact that the speedy process of urbanization. Birth of towns in Pakistan has become open secrete. But in all this is very theme of what we called urbanized life style with its distinct feature is totally missing. We are developing urban areas but with out urban personality and urban life style. under develop infrastructure facilities, illiteracy, lack of proper family planning, combine family system un sophisticated formal methods of social control, conservation of the masses, sectarian and ethnic conflicts are some thing that are not in line with true urban culture. Thus our is the extensively urbanized but scaly urban society.

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RURAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN:

Pakistan was a predominantly rural country at independence, and the rural population still constitutes about two -thirds of the total population. However, it is now the most urbanized country in South Asia, with some 58 million people living in cities. There are about 50,000 villages in the country with populations below 10,000; around 448 small towns with population less than 100,000; 40 medium size towns withpopulation above 100,000; 7 metropolitan cities of Faisalabad, Multan, Gujranwala,Hyderabad, Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Quetta with population in excess of 1 million;and the two mega cities of Karachi and Lahore Infrastructure and services in both rural and urban areas are deficient and substantial improvement. However, the rural areas continue to lag behind in the availability of physical infrastructure, education and health facilities, safe drinking water supply and sanitation and other social services. The present position of some important rural-urban indicators is summarized in Table 1 below.

Rural-Urban Indicators, 2005

Sr no Sector Rural Urban Total

1. Population (%) 65.96 34.04 100

2. Labour force (%) 31.17 14.78 45.95

3. Unemployed labour force (%) 6.74 9.70 7.69

4. Literacy rate (%) 44 74 66

5. Municipal water supply (%) 55 85 65

6. Municipal swerage (%) 30 65 42

7. Roads (kms) 97881 157975 255856

8. Basic health units (no.s) 5290 - 5290

9. Rural health clinics (no.s) 552 - 552

RURAL DEVELOPMENT:

The rural sector is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. The performance of agriculture is tied up with the well being of rural population. Rural poverty remains high, with low level of quality of life indicators. The positive features include the emergence of empowered local governance and greater funds availability under Tameer-e-PakistanProgramme and wider spread of the Khushal Pakistan Programme.

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Rural Development Strategy:

For development of rural areas, a holistic approach will be adopted for rural development with local governments in the lead role, supported by the provincial and federal governments, with the following focus.

1. Enhancing the asset ownership of the poor by improving access to land, water and livestock.

2. Enhancing activities in the non-farm sector, including agro-processing, provision of agricultural inputs and supply of basic consumer goods and services.

3. Identifying new sources of growth that will increase incomes of rural population.

4. Facilitating private sector participation and involvement in value addition of agricultural products.

5. Promoting rural industrialization, including “One Village, One Product”movement.

6. Deepening and intensifying market development, including input, output and rural financial markets.

7. Household food security.

8. Provision of rural infrastructure including rural roads, clean drinking water supply and sanitation, education and health facilities and village electrification.

9. Human capital development.10. Wider participation of rural population in the development of their communities through their own associations/organizations together with local government.

11. Capacity building of rural development institutions.

Khushal Pakistan Programme:

A comprehensive Khushal Pakistan Programme (KPP) has been developed as a major initiative to be implemented during MTDF as a part of people-centric development. The programme is based on the need to (i) focus on people and their needs, (ii) involve national, provincial and local representatives of the people in the planning process, (iii) ensure that every district in Pakistan is part of the KPP, (iv) focus on implementation and delivery mechanisms to achieve desired results, and (v) coordinate activities of development partners and ensure NGOs participation. The programme will cover essential infrastructure at the village, union council, Tehsil and district level; basic education and health; support for creating entrepreneurial and employment capacity; and support for creating direct employment (money for work programme). It is envisaged that

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an additional one per cent of GDP will be added to social sector spending by establishing a Khushal Pakistan Fund, which will be augmented through grant support from development partners. The Khushal Pakistan Fund will be used for rural and urban infrastructure, agricultural and livestock development, self-employment schemes, and human resources development.

Tameer-e-Pakistan Program:

The program, launched in 2003, covers schemes relating to sectors such as gas,electricity, roads, telecommunication, education, health, sanitation and water supply. EachMNA and Senator, allocated Rs. 10 million yearly, identifies development schemes anddesignates the executing agency for their recommended schemes. This programme will be continued during the MTDF with an allocation of Rs. 27.5 billion.

Drought Emergency Relief Assistance-II (DERA-II) Program:

The major objective of the programme will be to provide a systematic thrust to rehabilitate the drought prone areas and to alleviate the impact of drought by developingdrought management strategy over a longer period, reviving the agrarian economy,employment generation by implementing labour intensive programmes and environment improvement through replication of proven strategy of DERA-I. The coverage of the programme would be extended to the left over drought-affected areas in provinces, AJ&K,FANA, FATA and ICT. The key areas to be covered under DERA-II programme would include water management both for irrigation and drinking purposes; agriculture and livestock sector development; employment generation; and watershed and range management. The MTDF includes an allocation of Rs. 30.0 billion for drought emergency relief, which will be shared between the federal and provincial stakeholders on the basis of severity of the drought and demand driven schemes.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT:

In recent years, urban population has been growing at the rate of 2.9 percent annually, among others, due to rural-urban migration and influx of illegal entrants and Afghan refugees. With increasing contribution of the urban economy to national development, the management of urban areas, particularly the metropolitan areas and the megacities of Karachi and Lahore, will play a key role in the country’s economic development in the decades ahead. This urban growth will take place in a period of major economic and technological change, dominated by the emerging global economy, a revolution in information technology and an increasing emphasis on market-based decision making. These new external influences mean that the country’s metropolitan areas such asFaisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Multan, Gujranwala, Hyderabad and Quetta, and themegacities of Karachi and Lahore will have to enhance their urban management capabilities and improve integrated development of urban infrastructure and services to provide a better quality of life for their residents. The urban centres in Pakistan are characterized by haphazard growth, congestion, pollution and unplanned expansion,

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including settlements along major national highways adjacent to metropolitan areas. This has put increasing burden on an already inadequate infrastructure and contributed to environmental problems including traffic congestion and pollution problems associated with inadequate provision of water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management, and urban flood protection. The situation has been further compounded by the lack of an integrated urban development approach. The inefficiencies in urban services and urban management have resulted in a higher cost for businesses, slowed urban based economic growth, and led to increased crime, violence andsocial unrest.The MTDF recognizes the key role of urban areas in contributing to acceleratednational growth and productivity by making them more efficient and competitive, amongothers, through an integrated urban development approach, enhanced urban planning andmanagement capabilities, and strengthened public-private partnerships.

Urban Development Strategy:

The strategy will be to adopt an integrated urban development approach for urbaninfrastructure development, enhance urban planning and management capacity, and strengthen public-private partnerships. Particular attention would be given to metropolitan and megacities economic development strategy to improve land supply and services, transport and communication links, information systems, and labour markets. Setting up ofthe industrial estates will be linked up with medium and small town development and establishment of new towns. These towns with growth potential would be identified through comprehensive spatial planning at the national and provincial level and provided with necessary infrastructure and self-contained utilities and ancillary facilities, including common technology support centres. Industrial corridors and specialized industrial and other estates will be set up along the motorways, expressways and railways.

Urban Land Management:

Land supply has a critical role in supporting quality of life in urban areas. The efficiency of urban land markets will be improved through (i) appropriate and affordable land use, building standards and regulations; (ii) improving procedures for land transfers (including cadastral mapping, titling, and registration); (iii) measures to stop land being held vacant for speculative purposes; and (iv) improving information to the public on land market indicators.

Urban Poverty:

A major challenge of urbanization is to improve economic efficiency and productivity while concurrently reducing poverty, thus facilitating a more equitable economic growth. The causes of, and remedies for, urban poverty are complex and cross-sectional. A holistic approach would be adopted for reduction of urban poverty including employment creation, credit for informal businesses, education and literacy training, provision of legal tenure to squatters, improved social and infrastructure services and access to shelter.

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Urban Environment:

Most of the cities in the country face environmental problems arising from poorlymanaged urban development activities and inadequate infrastructure and services. Effortswill be made to improve urban environment including (i) conservation of nonrenewableresources and resources rehabilitation; (ii) management, control and treatment of waste; and (iii) a greater reliance on market-based instruments (e.g. polluters pay) to supplementregulatory approaches.

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation:

The strategy for urban water supply would be based on meeting rapidly increasing demand for household and industrial water, increasing investments in new water delivery systems, upgrading and managing the existing systems more efficiently, ensuring provision of potable water to poor households, recycling of water, where feasible, and enhancing cost recovery. The sanitation improvement options would cover wastewater management and disposal of human wastes through cost efficient and affordable means, including improvement in the management of septic tanks. For solid waste, the strategy would be to develop integrated solid waste management systems, sanitary landfills, and to minimize waste through refuse recovery and electricity generation.

Urban Transport:

Urban transportation is crucial to improving the quality of life and economic performance of urban areas. The challenge is to make investments in urban transportation sustainable through coordination, both in terms of physical provision and economic and financial policies, and by comprehensively addressing related issues such as a city’s balance in the locations of employment and housing. Urban transport investments would incorporate concepts of demand management and appropriate roles for the public and private sectors. An economically efficient transport market based on optimal pricing will be developed. The main features of the urban transport strategy will be as follows:

(i) Encouraging balanced multi-modal transportation and reducing total transportation costs, particularly for those without access to personal motor transport.

(ii) Promoting traffic reduction strategies by a modal shift from private to public transport, walking and bicycle use.

(iii) Achieving economic benefits by using existing road capacity more efficiently.

(iv) Increasing transport productivity by improving mobility of higher value travel, such as freight, commercial and high occupancy vehicles.

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(v) Supporting public transport by increasing residential and employment densities, mixed land use and jobs-housing balance to reduce total vehicle travel.

(vi) Encouraging the introduction and promotion of pollution-free public transport by using CNG.

(vii) Linking transportation network development, including railway, for high rise commercial and real estate development.

Financing Urban Development

Municipal finance has emerged as a core issue in the functioning of cities, which require an increasing proportion of monetary, material and human resources to fulfil civic aspirations. New approaches would be required for financing of major infrastructure projects in large cities including financing in part by profits generated by property development. An entrepreneurial approach, with involvement of the private sector, will be adopted on a citywide basis to promote metropolitan cities to potential investors. Accessing the capital markets through municipal or other bond issues, with or without government guarantee, would also need to be considered. This would be complemented by price reforms to meet the cost of efficient service provision, manage demand and generate cash to catalyse new investments.

Integrated programmes for urban and rural development:

An Urban Policy Research Centre, attached to the Planning Commission, would be established. The Center in collaboration with the National Center for Rural Development, will focus its research on : (i) macroeconomic and urban economic relationships; (ii) improving the economic efficiencies of cities, among others, though integrated urbandevelopment and coordinated development of a broad set of infrastructure facilities; (iii)targeting of essential services at the poor; (iv) environmental sustainability; and (vi)strengthening municipal administration and management. The Center will also develop the(i) policy reforms to involve the private sector in the provision of urban infrastructure and services; (ii) strengthening urban institutions through human resource development and training; (iii) promoting appropriate pricing structures, cost recovery and resource mobilization at the municipal level; (d) and developing appropriate management information and environment monitoring systems. A specific focus would be given to thestrategic development challenges of megacities and metropolitan areas, including their long term evolution, future form and structure, improving market based approaches to service provision and public-private partnerships.A National Spatial Strategy will be prepared by the Planning Commission underVISION 2030, which will provide the framework within which Provincial Spatial

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Development Plans, District Structure Plans, Tehsil Master Plans, and Action Plans for specific local areas would be prepared to guide the growth of urban and rural settlements, with in the frame work of Devolution Plan under the Local Government Ordinance 2001. An enabling Spatial Planning Act will be enacted in order to provide for the creation ofnecessary agencies for preparation and monitoring the implementation of spatial strategies at the national, provincial and lower levels. Master Plans for integrated urban development of all metropolitan areas will be reviewed and updated to cater for present problems and future demands. All these Plans will be approved by the concerned federal, provincial and local governments for providing authority to their effective implementation. Within the framework of the National Spatial Strategy, and Provincial Spatial Plans, and Action plans will be made to guide future urbanization away from the G.T. Road and present canal-command areas, and to reduce the population concentration in major cities. This would include development of new towns and/or existing towns with potential, and satellite towns around Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Multan, Gujranwala and Hyderabad. Integrated provision of urban infrastructure and services, including water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management, urban roads and other municipal services will be undertaken to enhance quality of life for the residents and to improve urban productivity. With the establishment of a strategic framework for urban and rural development, the preparation of a National Spatial Strategy, linked to provincial, district and Tehsil level development plans, and economic strategies for the development of rural and urban areas, the MTDF provides for a comprehensive programme for the balanced development of urban and rural areas. A selective list of the MTDF urban development activities covered within the Physical Planning and Housing Sector is provided in Annex II. During the MTDF, the overall financial outlay of the federal and provincial urban development activities would be Rs. 10. billion. In the first year of MTDF i.e. 2005-06 Rs 3 billion are earmarked including Rs. 2 billion being provided for development of Islamabad and Rs. 1 billion for undertaking urban development activities by the Provincial Governments.

Devolution and Development:

Apart from infrastructure development, recent innovation in governance is likely to affect the future of both the urban and rural areas in Pakistan. Under the devolution plan, a new system of municipal governance has been laid out in Pakistan.The salient features include emancipation of women (30 per cent of the 130,000 –odd municipal representatives are women), devolution of power for local decision making, and the formation of Citizen Community Boa rds (CCBs) to engage the community in the decision making process. These developments are monumental from Pakistan’s perspective. These changes together with the much needed capacity building measures will be important instruments for achieving Vision 2030. The devolution plan recognizes an explicit role of the community in addressing the infrastructure deficit. The community-based infrastructure development has shown great success and promise in Pakistan, and community based waste management and water supply and sanitation systems are examples of successful implementation of municipal service delivery. Large scale replication of these projects is planned to address the infrastructure deficit in Pakistan. With the implementation of the

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devolution plan, th e rural-urban dichotomy has been removed, and a consistent, balanced, improvement is expected across all areas of the country. All devolved activities are to be undertaken in accordance with the functional assignments of district governments, tehsil municipal administrations (TMAs) and union administration. The devolution plan also provides for city districts and towns in a city district. In accordance with the Local Government Ordinance 2001, the provincial departments of public health engineering and local government and rural development as well as development authorities are to be fully decentralized to the TMA level, with the provincial role restructured to effectively perform policy making, regulating and guiding local governments. All the vertical programmes and parallel structures of the federal and provincial governments are being fully aligned with the new local government structures, with important effects in meeting the goals set out in vision 2030. While settlement patterns have varied across countries, efforts to significantly restrain migration or urban growth have largely proven to be unsuccessful. The development of smaller towns can reduce the migration to metropolitan areas and megacities to an extent, but it will be effective only if employment opportunities are created together with investment in social infrastructure. The policies that determine the “terms of trade” between urban and rural areas should ensure that price distortions do not unintentionally encourage migration.

PAKISTANI CITIES OF FUTURE:

With all the changes which will take place in Pakistan and the world, our cities of the future will very likely be different and certainly bigger than they are at present.

Karachi:

Karachi will be one of the great cities of the world, with a diverse yet socially cohesive population of around 30 million, pulsing with commerce and industry, and creative ideas for design and culture. It will also host a vibrant immigrant community. It will be a regional hub for electronics, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology industries, as well as medical and financial services because of its excellent physical and electronic infrastructure. Karachi’s top hospitals will be famous for their diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, based upon the competence of doctors and staff, and diagnostic infrastructure. It will have excellent air and sea links, as well as electronic and satellite connectivity with the world, making it a regional financial and industrial centre, attracting high levels of professionals and multinational activity.

Lahore:

Lahore returns to being a city of intellectual activity and entertainment. Half a dozen foreign universities will have made it their first overseas campus; together with its older well known Pakistani universities, they will offer a variety of studies to people from across the world. The Mall will have a large number of theatres and restaurants, with the walled city and historical monuments becoming a haven for tourists and students. Its industrial estates, technology parks, and shopping centres will rival the best in the region.

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Its cultural and art festivals will attract a large numbers of domestic and in ternational tourists.

Nankana Sahib: It will become an international centre for religious tourism. It will have a large infrastructure for the pilgrims, as well as shopping malls and major discount outlets for local and foreign tourists, and other visitors from nearby towns.

Quetta:

It will be an important commercial city on the route between Central Asia and West Asia on to Gwadar. It will be the principal centre of mineral beneficiation in the country, with regional headquarters of several international mining companies. It will be as famous for the orchards and forests in its hinterland, as also for sheep farming and equestrian sports.

Peshawar:

It will vie with Quetta for pride of place on the land routes from Central Asia; it will be the major city between the Indus and the Caspian. It will also be the regional trade and energy hub, on the route from Gwadar to Western China and Cenral Asia. The excellence of its climate, and educational and medical facilities, will have made it a centre of medical tourism, while also drawing several pharmaceutical manufacturers to the area.

Islamabad:

It will be a medium sized international city of gracious suburbs, parks and watercourses, wooded hills, and clean air - offering a unique quality of life to its residents and visitors. Like ancient Taxila and Gandhara, it should have become a seat of learning, and the intellectual and cultural centre of the region based upon the excellence of its public schools, universities, its think tanks, libraries, and museums, and sports facilities, blending and accentuating its Islamic Heritage with the natural beauty of its surroundings. It shall have several small townships around it, stretching in a 20 km wide swathe from Taxila to Rawat, which should have grown to their optimal size within the hierarchy headed by Islamabad.

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BIBOLOGRAPHY:

1. BOOK: Sociological problems of Pakistan2. BOOK: by Horton and Hunt3. F:\Population Association of Pakistan-Statistics.htm4. by Shahid Javed Burki F:\DAWN - Opinion; July 17, 2007.htm5. by Safdar Ali Shirazi Department of Geography University of the Punjab Lahore-Pakistan6. F:\Urbanization and Global Change.htm7. F:\Urbanization and Global Change.htm

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