Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has...

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Urbanizatio n and Wildlife
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Transcript of Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has...

Page 1: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Urbanization and Wildlife

Page 2: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Why do we care about urbanization?

• Globally– Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to

human uses– The world’s urban population was 50% in 2000

and is expected to reach 70% by 2050 – About 17% of land is protected

• In the U.S.– Urban land increased by 1.1 million acres per

year between 1960-1980– By 1989, 74% of the population lived in urban

areas• In Central Puget Sound

– The population has increased by 2 million people since 1960

Page 3: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

More and more people are living in urban areas

DeStefano et al (2005)

Page 4: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Location of cities exaggerate impacts:coasts, river mouths, lakes, fertile inland areas.

Natural resource production is displaced and therefore a larger area of more intensively used area is needed for wood and agricultural products

Page 5: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Puget Trough Ecoregion (2)Occupies 8% of the land area of the state, but contains over 70% of Washington's human population.

Source: Seattle Audubon Society’s BirdWeb

Page 6: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Urban areas have large ecological footprints

• Amount of land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes

• A larger, more intensively used area is needed to support urban areas

• Urban footprints can be highly dispersed: Chicago’s famous pizza – cheese from Wisconsin– flour from Kansas– oven from Japan

Eco

logi

cal f

ootp

rint

(# e

arth

s) 23% too high

Page 7: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Urban Sprawl

A form of urbanization distinguished by

– Large areas of single-use development (residential)

• Heavy reliance on automobiles– Minimal public open space

– Leapfrog patterns

– Commercial strips

– Low density

Page 8: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

4% population increase drove 49% increase in developed

land

Page 9: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Urban sprawl in eastern King County(1974 1998)

Page 10: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Becoming MoreUrban

Sprawling From Urban Centers

Wor

ld P

opu

lati

on (

Bil

lion

s)A Tidal Wave of Sprawl is Likely to Come

from Developing Areas(WRI 1996)

Page 11: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Persistenceof

Change

Similarity of Matrix to Natural HabitatHigh Low

Low

High

Agriculture

TimberHarvest

Urbanization

High

Low

Effect ofFragmentation

Contrasting Various Land Covers

(Marzluff and Ewing 2001)

Page 12: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Where is Urban?

Page 13: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN INDIA

Page 14: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN JAPAN

Page 15: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN CHINA

Page 16: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN PANAMA

Page 17: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN CANADA

Page 18: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN THE US

Page 19: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN IN BOTSWANA

Page 20: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

The World’s Urban Centers

Page 21: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Tokyo, Japan .......................................................... 34.450 Mexico City, Mexico ............................................... 18.066 New York-Newark, USA ......................................... 17.846 São Paulo, Brazil .................................................... 17.099 Mumbai (Bombay), India ......................................... 16.086 Calcutta, India ......................................................... 13.058 Shanghai, China ..................................................... 12.887 Buenos Aires, Argentina ......................................... 12.583 Delhi, India .............................................................. 12.441 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, USA ............ 11.814

CITY

POPULATION

(millions)

Page 22: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Regional Comparison

Page 23: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

URBAN AREA

Land area within city limitsArea: 6200 km² (2418 sq mi)Population: 14 million

SHANGHAI

Area: 217.4 km² (83.9 sq mi)Population: 570,800

SEATTLE

Area: 1,487 km² (574 sq mi) Population: 9.8 million

MEXICO CITY

Page 24: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Land Cover Classes

URBAN GRADIENT

Page 25: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

urban suburban exurban wildland

The Urban Gradient

• Shift inImperviousness (paved)Forest coverExotic speciesBiodiversity

Page 26: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

r

rr

r

r

rr

r

r

rr

r

r

r

r

rr

rr

2002 classified landcoverheavy-medium urbanlight urbancleared landgrassmixed forestclearcut forestregenerating forestagriculturenonforested wetlandsopen waterbare rock/snow/iceshoreline999No Data

r telemetry study sites

0 10 20 30 40 Kilometers

urban suburban

exurban-rural

wildland

Seattle

Page 27: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Settlement Affects Native Habitat

• Habitat Loss

• Reduced connection among remaining patches

• Perforation of large patches

• Increased edge & degradation of remaining habitat

• Introduction of non-natives

Page 28: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Settlement has varying effects on wildlife species

• Reduced predation

• Reduced climatic extremes

• Available water

• Supplemental food

• New nest sites

• Increased edge and vegetative diversity

• Increased predation

• Reduction in nest sites

• Reduced food

• New disturbances

• Increased edge and vegetative diversity

Some benefits: Some costs:

Page 29: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Diversity patterns associated w/ urbanization

Blair & Johnson (2008)

Marzluff (2005)

Species richness peaks w/ moderate development then decreases.

Why?

Page 30: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Effects of Urbanization

• Convenient to think of wildlife in three categories– urban avoiders– urban adapters– urban exploiters

Page 31: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Effects of Urbanization

• Declining and threatened/endangered species are usually native urban avoiders suffering from – habitat loss, fragmentation– interaction with non-native species (predation

and competition)

Page 32: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Effects of Urbanization

• Urban avoiders in Puget Sound

Page 33: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Settlement Benefits Some Wildlife

• Reduced predation

• Available water

• Supplemental food

• New nest sites

• Increased edge and vegetative diversity

Page 34: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Effects of Urbanization

• Urban adapters can benefit from urbanization if sufficient native habitat remains– able to live in small patches and/or– adapt to altered environment

Page 35: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Effects of Urbanization

• Urban exploiters increase with urbanization and exploit new & altered environment– Both native and non-native– Serve to homogenize species in cities

Page 36: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Marzluff (2005)

Loss of native specialists (avoiders) and gains in generalist and synanthropic species (adapters and exploiters) explain diversity patterns

Page 37: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Marzluff & Rodewald (2008)

Page 38: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Other general trends associated w/ urbanization

Blair & Johnson (2008)

Marzluff & Rodewald (2008)

Page 39: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Other general trends associated w/ urbanization

Blair & Johnson (2008)

Page 40: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Some birds found consistently in cities around the world

Global homogenization of some wildlife communities a concern.

Page 41: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Wildlife communities change along the urban to wildland gradient

Loss and fragmentation of original habitat

Shift in vegetative structure and composition of habitat fragments and the urban matrix

Alteration of population dynamics processes (reproduction, survivorship, dispersal)

Species losses and gains

Page 42: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Effects of Urbanization

• Other organisms in cities:– More non-native plants, insects with increased

urbanization– Greater plant diversity in larger habitat patches– Small mammal diversity and density decrease with

urbanization

Page 43: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Primary Problems for Urban Wildlife

• Loss of habitat (amount and connectivity)

• Simplification of habitat (quality, exotics)

• Invasion by exotic species (competition, disease)

Page 44: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Primary Problems for Urban Wildlife

• Predation by domestic animals (cats, dogs)

• Predation by wild animals (corvids, squirrels, rats)

• Increase in accidents (cars, windows, power lines, fences)

Page 45: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Raptors as City Dwellers

Some raptor species can thrive in urban areas• able to use artificial nest platforms• find abundant prey• relatively free from persecution

Page 46: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Suburban v Rural Eastern Screech Owls in Texas:

Nested earlier (urban heat island)

Larger clutches (more food)

More and larger fledglings (food and low predation)

More recruits into population

Higher fitness

Page 47: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Controlling Sprawl

• Sprawl is a strong driver of the urban footprint– results in loss, fragmentation, and degradation of

habitat– increases energy use– increases pollution from commuting

• Growth Management is needed to control it– Limits most future growth inside Urban Growth

Boundary– May just displace the problem if regional planning is

not incorporated (leapfrogging)

Page 48: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Growth Management Act - King County Comprehensive Plan

Page 49: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Clustered subdivision has • smaller lots• higher density of homes• majority of the site left as open space

Gillham 2002

Subdivision Planning

standard clustered

Page 50: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

1. Preserve large areas of habitat the area, numbers, and connectivity of reserves

should be maximized buffers should be maintained around reserves the amount of edge and degree of fragmentation

within reserves should be minimized the scale of reserve planning should be expanded

beyond the local area to include entire watersheds and bioregions

(Marzluff and Ewing 2001)

Page 51: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

2. Enhance habitat locally

• Retain as much natural habitat as possible (especially new housing)

• Plant native plants, fruit-producing exotics

• Retain understory and snags

• Minimize lawn cover

Page 52: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

3. Provide essential resources: Places to breed (nest boxes, platforms,

trees) Feeding stations (squirrels, birds) Water Cover (vegetation)

4. Provide protection from domestic predators

• control dog and cat behavior

Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

Page 53: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

5. Reduce accidental mortality:

• Birds crashing into windows

• 3.5 million birds/yr

• Birds hitting buildings, towers, etc.

• 1.5 million birds/yr

• Avoid planting fruit-bearing plants/trees next to highways

• Clean bird feeders frequently (Salmonella)

Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas

Page 54: Urbanization and Wildlife. Why do we care about urbanization? Globally –Roughly 39-50% of land has been converted to human uses –The world ’ s urban population.

6. Support urban planning initiatives and education

• Clustered development

• Growth management

• Open space preservation

Wildlife Conservation in Urban Areas