1. Concerns ofindustrialization andurbanization

2. industrialization Industrialization is a period of social and economicchange in that transforms a human group from unagrarian society into an industrial one It is a part of modernization process, where socialchange and economic closely related withtechnological innovation, development andparticularly with development of large scale energy andmetallurgy production the first country to industrialize was the U K during theindustrial revolution commencing in 18th centaury East Asia had become one of the most recentlyindustrialized region in the world 3. Industrialization is the name of growth has to addedtremendous pressure on environment Rapid industrialization to meet the public need hasdetoriated the environment to its fullest extent duringlast two decades Industrial effluents, polluted air, noise pollution,green house gas effect etc not only a concern forhuman habitat but also a concern for forthcomingdisasters In order to lead a healthy life we are detoriating theenvironment in shadow 4. Environmental disasters such as Bhopal tragedy, Rhinepollution, Chernobyl disaster, acid rain damage,ozone layer depletion has lead to growing publicpressure on government all over world which startedimposing stringent legislation with severe penalties inenvironmental and safety system Industry is becoming increasingly concerned aboutachieving and demonstrating environmentalperformances because of growing compulsion fromstringent legislation and mounting public pressure 5. Pollutants effect not only living environment butalso social, cultural, political and aesthetic values On the one hand the advancement of science andtechnology have added human comfort by givingautomobiles, electrical appliance, better medicine tocontrol harmful insect and pest but on other hand theygive us serious problems also The continued increase in the pollution coupled withindustrial revolution has had the vital impact on ruralresources The resultant deterioration of environment and fastdepletion of natural resource threaten the sustainabilityof economic development 6. Urbanization Urbanization refers a process in which an increasingproportion of society live in cities and the suburbsarea. Historically, it has been closely connected withindustrialization Following industrialization, larger and largerproportions of population could live in cities Economic forces were such that cities became theideal place to locate factories and theirworkers Cities are the focal point of opportunities. Hencethere is always a movement of population to cities 7. Causes of urbanization Industrial Revolution Emergent of large manufacturing centersJob opportunitiesAvailability of easy transportationMigration 8. Effects of urbanization Positive Negative 9. positives Social and religious taboos/ sanctions disappearing Education is a tool to eradicate social evils Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas 10. negativesIndustrial cities were difficult places to live due to:Public health issues resulting from contaminated waterand air and the spread communicable disease due to overcrowdingUnemployment and under employmentSever shortage of housingTransportation- community issues, lack of publictransportSocial effect- poverty, lack of opportunities,physiological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,violence and other deviant behaviors' 11. Environmental impacts ofurbanization 12. Urban problem related to energy Historical evidence shows that worlds energy demandhas increased as almost the same rate as gross worldproduct People living in industrialized or developed countries arerelatively small percentage of the total worldspopulation, but they consume disproportionate share ofthe total energy produced in the world For example the United states has only 5% of the worldspopulation and consume about 25% of the total amountof energy consumed in the whole world 13. The main issues regarding the energy problem in urbanareas are;a) How to utilize the energy from non-renewable sourcesat their maximum efficiency?b) How to make use of renewable source of energy or thealternative energy sources? 14. Energy supplies and demand are very difficult to predict,as technical, economical, political and social assumptionare constantly changing There are also large annual and regional variation inenergy utilization All the above factors give rise to the concept ofintegrated energy management The basic objective of the integrated energymanagement is to obtain sustainable energy 15. Waste disposal 16. Waste disposal With urbanization even the simple matter of wastedisposal became a problem The throw away societies of cities generate the mosttrash disposal which poses a major threat today In the big cities the daily amount of waste can beenormous and hard to handle In the lower income countries the amount of waste is notso big but the problem is the poor waste managementsystem 17. The agencies that are responsible for the collection anddisposal of solid wastes are often unstaffed and underfunded Also the lack of equipment, like collection trucks makesthe service insufficient Many cities also have poor sanitation, waste contain lotsof fecal matters The risk from the uncollected waste is oblivious for somechildren playing in the streets and waste pickers 18. Solid waste The waste from industries, hospitals and institutionswhich often contain hazardous and toxic chemicals These chemicals need special care when changing,storing, transporting and disposing them If solid waste are left in the open spaces and streets causesevere problems With rainwater much of this waste swept into waterbodies This can lead to the pollution of ground and surfacewater because of leaching 19. The garbage combustion creates yet anotherenvironmental problem People want to get rid of the waste and they burn themin their backyard The gases produced by burning can causes differentrespiratory diseases Uncollected waste spoil also the aesthetic outlook of thecity 20. Urbanization and impact on coastal zone The growth in urban population world wide during 1990-2030 is expected to add another 4 billion people of which90%will be in developing countries Human activities include construction and operation ofports, harbors, deposition of municipal and industrialwastes, navigation , explosion of minerals and fisheryresources The land and sea based activities are normallyinterrelated and interdependent and inactive 21. The discharge of huge quantities of untreated sewageinto the sea cloud lead to eutrophication to coastalareas, which could result in toxic algal bloom or redtide. mangroves and coastal wetland are under pressure forvariety of reasons, including expansion of urbansettlement, exploitation for fuel, agriculturedevelopment and construction of shrimp pond An important conversion of mangroves and agricultureland has been the rapid expansion of shrimp farming A recent analysis by the world resources institutesuggests that almost 60% of the world reefs arethreatened by human activities 22. Over population The major cause of most environmental problem is therapid growing population About 90 million babies are born each year By this rate, by the year 2050, global population willreach 10 billion The population growth take mostly place in developingcountries It has been estimated that by the year 2025 even 84% ofthe worlds will live in developing countries 23. Indian scenario: a case study Alarmingly growth of population is one of the mostformidable problem India is facing today and it isseriously threatening its economic development In 1921, the Indian population was 25 crores. Itreached 84 crores in 1991; crossed 1 billion in 1999;and expected to jump to 1.4 billion by 2030 24. The various reason attributed to this great increasein population in India are;i. Substantial drop in death rate due to advance inmedical sciences. But the drop in birth rate ismarginal. As a result of which the gap between deathrate and birth rate widenedii. Universality of marriage. In India marriage isuniversal to almost all men and women ofmarriageable age, as a result the birth rate in India ismuch higheriii. Due to practice of early marriage , there is a longerspan of reproductivityiv. Due to poverty, a poor man welcomes furtheraddition to his family. He expect every member to earnand supplement the family incomev. No birth control 25. Growing demand for food and facilities Due to the growing population, demands for water, food,housing, heat, energy, clothing and consuming goods areincreasing alarmingly Increasing demand forces farmers to exhaust the soil orto use marginal product The only way to product food to all this population is tocreate more effective agriculture production Irrigation is the most important way, because in thefuture the arable land is not increasing, probablydecreasing, due to erosion and land deterioration 26. Air pollution 27. Air pollution In many cities the air already polluted that it has beencausing illness and premature death among elderlypeople and children Studies show that disease rate rises when the airpollution level increases Most of the ambient air pollution in urban areas comefrom the fossil fuel industry, motor vehicles, heating andelectricity generation In many cities the main air polluter is the domesticheating. 28. Los Angeles smog 29. Water pollution 30. Water pollution The lack of sanitation and sewage treatment is thebiggest factor regarding water pollution Local water bodies are used as a dumping ground foruntreated water from urban areas or industries Chemical discharge is also a widespread problem For example, in Bangkok, 90%of industrial wastes,including hazardous chemicals are discharged withouttreatment. On a positive note many countries have introducedlegislation to combat the problem 31. Rome's river Tiber 32. Noise pollution 33. Noise pollution In urban environment there are many sources of noise. The main sources are aircrafts, industrial operation,highway traffic and construction activities Sleep disturbance, loss of hearing stress, poorerwork performance and increased anxiety are effectfrom noise The noise level varies between cities and also betweendifferent areas in the city Especially in mega-city people are under constant stressfrom noise, which has harmful effect on their healthlevel of living 34. deforestation 35. deforestation The adverse impact on urbanization on ecologicalbalance is mainly reflected through deforestation An increase in urban population increase the demandfor firewood because of the rice in price of oil basedfuels. In the tropics 80% of all wood harvested is simplyburned as fuel The consumption of firewood in many cities are highbecause of poverty and proliferation of slums resultingfrom urbanization 36. Beside, thus increased demand for firewood makescommercially attractive All these leads to deforestation 37. traffic 38. traffic Almost all cities have changed to motorized roadvehicles which has increased the use of fossil fuel andincreased green house gas emission The explosive growth in the number of motor vehicle is abig problem in many cities The pollution is high due to constant traffic and causerespiratory disease to city habitants 39. Proliferation of slums one important impact of urbanization in developingeconomies, particularly is the proliferation of slums. This is chiefly a problem of the worlds countries The environment of third world countries are effectednot so much industrial and automobile exhaust than bypoverty and inability of the concerned government totackle its underlying causes The third word population lives in the worlds mostdegraded environment, without proper drinking water,sewage connection, health services 40. Housing is a prominent problem in third world countriesleading to extension of slums As a result communicable disease like tuberculosis,lowering resistance among inhabitants due to mal-nutrition In most third world slums, one child out of three diebefore the age of live 41. Quality of urban environment in India 42. Urbanization in India is due to migration of people fromrural to urban areas, re-classification of villages/townsover period This has give rise to acute shortage of housing facilitiesthat ends up in proliferation of slums Because of this acute housing shortage majorities ofurbanites live in slums In cities like Bombay and Calcutta, slum populationaccounts for 40% and in madras about 30% Housing space is reduced by a continuous movement ofpeople from rural to urban areas as a result of whichthere is an increase in the number of families living onfootpaths 43. Solid waste disposal is also a serious problem in Indianurban areas The solid waste reaching disposal sites in Mumbai,Calcutta, madras and new Delhi ranges from 45 to 60 kgper day Energy consumption, automobile exhaust and industriestogether have damaged the urban atmosphere Calcutta, Mumbai, pune, Thana, Coimbatore, Madurai,Ernakulum, Kanpur account for 80% of air pollution inthe country Mumbai emits 350 -400 tones of so2 every day 44. The citizens of Mumbai with more than 4 lack motorvehicle and Delhi with more than 8.5 lack vehicles arealready facing high pollution problem Mumbai is the most urban environment with 62% airpollution by automobiles Almost all the major rivers polluted by the untreatedeffluent dumped by the various industries Two major rivers hoogly and damodar receiveuntreated industrial waste from jute and textile mills,tanneries, pulp and paper, distilleries, steel mill etc