Urbanism Project 2 Research Paper Masjid Jamek
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Transcript of Urbanism Project 2 Research Paper Masjid Jamek
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
Module
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM (ARC2224) (ARC61303)
Name
YONG YIH TYNG
Student ID
0312764
Tutor
NOR HAYATI HUSSAIN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Project Introduction
a. Abstract
b. Methodology
c. Literature Review - Cognitive Mapping
2. Site Background
a. Maps
b. History
c. Site Images
3. 3 Types of Mapping
a. Map 1
b. Map 2
c. Map 3 - Sketches
4. Mapping Comparison
a. Similarities
b. Differences
d. Observation and Statement
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion - City Improvement
7. Reference
Project Introduction
1. Project Introduction
a. Abstract
This project is carried out as a research project of an area with selected boundary within a city. An
investigation of the relationship between the place-making and people.
In this research project, the methods of space navigation and process of memory creation of an
individual is also being investigated. Memory or experience of a person towards a space can
become the main influence of how the place is being perceived by the same person, or sometimes
a trigger point to how a person recalled the place.
Every individuals navigate their direction between two points, usually with intention or intuitively.
This project is a research project between the internal psychological behavior of a person and the
decision making in a person that influence the choice of path and space preference.
Other than that, space quality is also one of the research area that is being highlighted in this
research in order to understand the desired quality and space and how streetscape design can
improve lifestyle of the users.
b. Methodology – Cognitive Mapping and Urban Planning
In this research project, there were several research methods has been carried out to collect the
required data.
In the primary method, we were required to collect two cognitive maps from a group of people
within a specific age range and gender. In order to understand their background in depth as to assist
a better research result, we were also required to record the interviewed conversations and
transform the information into tabulated data.
For this project, I have select female age range of 24 to 32 years old as my research prospects. One
prospect is a Malay housewife that stay around the site for around five years, Amalina, who is 32
years old; and a friend of mine, Melisa, a Chinese young lady, 24 years old, an undergraduate of
Communication Arts who has never been to the site.
During the research process, I have identify the boundary of the research project, namely a path
from Masjid Jamek Train Station towards MyDin that is situated at Jalan Masjid India, right after
Lorong Masjid India 4.
The prospects were required to draw a rough sketch of the place including the direction of how
they navigate the place via memory.
Other than that, in this project, we were also required to produce a cognitive map of on our own
as a research comparison between the prospects and our personal perception towards the place. As
an architecture student, I am trained to practice record drawings, observation and data analysis in
architectural method. Hence, the cognitive map produced by me will show a degree of architectural
practice.
Data collection in form of photography and online research are the secondary methods which were
also performed in this research project.
c. Literature Review
1. Human Sense of Direction and way-finding
“As we shall see, having a sense of direction has been
associated with an ability to discriminate fine-grained
environmental cues, a special sensory apparatus such as a
magnetic sense, memories of locations constituting a
cognitive map, strategies for learning a route, a schematic
representation of one’s past experiences in navigation and
orientation tasks, and the ability to mentally align one’s
current heading within an imagined frame of reference.”
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
2. Orientation
“A sense of direction is also derived from the perception
of known landmarks and landscape as we move to different
places”
Gibson 1979
“ The invariant relations between geographic features
—distributions of sites and boundaries of regions—
provide a spatial framework for positioning ourselves”
Golledge 1995
3. Cognitive Mapping
“Behavioral geographers consider cognitive maps to
be natural sources of information and preferences for
spatial choices.
Ga¨rling and Golledge 1999
“While sometimes thought of as a formal and
conventional enterprise,the mapping of the layout and
identity of environmental features is essentially symbolic
and selective, a process embedded in culture, communication,
and human purpose.”
Blaut 1991; Stea and Blaut 1996
“As a variable that differentiates individuals, self-rating
does not address how a person may have formed an
impression of their sense of direction. However, Kozlowski
and Bryant (1977) suggest that sense of direction is related
to the accuracy of cognitive maps. In this context,
cognitive maps were taken as mental representations that
preserved survey knowledge of a familiar environment.
Survey knowledge includes metric and relational information
about landmarks and paths; distances, bearings,
and the configuration of objects may be simultaneously
represented as if seen from a bird’s-eye view (Hart and
Moore 1973; Siegel and White 1975; Thorndyke and
Goldin 1983). Koslowski and Bryant (1977) established
moderate correlations (rs 0.49 to 0.51) between
self-ratings of sense of direction by college students and
the magnitude of their errors when pointing to known
buildings from an imagined vantage point on their campus”
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
4. Cognition the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience, and the senses. https://www.google.com.my/#q=cognition+definition
5. Perception of Place
“These interpretations are consistent with the
notion that people’s assessment of their sense of
direction may be similar to other beliefs about
the self, a schematic representation of a
variety of incidents in autobiographical memory”
Bem 1972; Markus 1980
“People likely modify ideas about themselves as wayfinders after they cleverly calculate a
shortcut or after reflecting upon an episode of being lost. Many self-concepts are biased by recent
experiences (Markus and Nurius 1986; Klein and Loftus 1993), and the assessment of sense of
direction may unduly weigh those memories that are most easily retrieved. What might produce
memories of using one’s sense of direction? Sholl (1988) has suggested a cognitive process—that
people with a good sense of direction are good at imagining spatial relationships beyond their
immediate position and surround. In particular, Sholl’s data indicated that in contrast to students
with a poor sense of direction, students with a good sense of direction were more accurate at
pointing to landmarks when they had to assume a viewpoint that was misaligned with their Human
Sense of Direction and Wayfinding 401 forward facing. According to Sholl, sense of direction
reflects the ability to mentally coordinate egocentric and imagined frames of references. This
coordination would be important when updating one’s position in obscure environments, such as
when firefighters are in smoke- filled buildings or when ambulance drivers are between buildings
that do not afford views of the skyline
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
“ The question of space and place in geographical knowledge is ultimately not just about whether
the question of “where” matters in the way that “when” does in explaining “how” and even “why”
something happens. It is also about how it matters.”
in J. Agnew and D. Livingstone (eds.) Handbook of Geographical Knowledge.
London: Sage, 2011 (forthcoming)
Site Background
2. Site Background
a. Maps – Macro Map
Image retrieved from Google Map. From Masjid Jamek Train Station to MyDin.
b. History – Historical Building
The significant in the history of Masjid Jamek dated back 1909, when, the Mosque of Masjid
Jamek was officially opened by Sultan of Selangor Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah. This is a
mosque that dated 105 years and situated on the land previously a Malay cemetery. The Malay
cemetery was then relocated at Jalan Ampang to give way for the mosque construction. The
mosque was designed by Federated Malay States’ Public Works Department assistant architect
A.B. Hubback.
The significant of the site development can be seen as the staircase of the mosque slowly disappear.
The river transportation was replaced by the train line indicates the change of time and new
development at the area.
An old drawing of Masjid Jamek with the staircase used as a landing area for those arriving by sampan. - Photo used with permission of Malaysian
Institute of Architects (PAM). Image retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/10/28/Fascinating-historical-find-
Construction-work-dredges-up-stairs-leading-to-Masjid-Jamek/
Moghul architecture: Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur’s oldest mosque at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers. It was built in 1907 and
officially opened by the Sultan of Selangor on Dec 23, 1909. Image retrieved from
http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/10/28/Fascinating-historical-find-Construction-work-dredges-up-stairs-leading-to-Masjid-
Jamek/
The disappearance of staircase indicates the changes of time and main transportation. Image retrieved from
http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/10/28/Fascinating-historical-find-Construction-work-dredges-up-stairs-leading-to-Masjid-
Jamek/
c. Site Images
1. Main Nodes
2. Interesting Sites
Masjid Jamek train station
become the main gathering and
diversion place for people coming
from different direction.
Masjid Jamek Train Station.
Image took from site by Yong Yih Tyng.
Masjid Jamek Train Station.
Image took from site by Yong Yih Tyng.
Attractions around
Masjid Jamek
3. People
Bazaar at Masjid Jamek Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
The source of income for the local people. Part of the activities that support the overall economic
around the area. Most of the price labeled on the goods are cheaper, some goods are sold in bulk.
Circulation of People Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
One of the place that is opening into the street from the main road. This is one of the path that
used by people to travel from adjacent buildings blocks towards Masjid India. This is a crowded
path during Friday because it is situated between two Mosque: Majid Jamek and Masjid India.
Activity and People.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Activity and People. Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Masjid India.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Bazaar open in to a huge space. Pavement in front of Masjid India.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Bazar Masjid Jamek Entrance. A starting point of the stalls.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Food and Activity. 5Ft way has its own flexibility.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Food and Activity. Traditional food, traditional way.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Activity.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Activity. Shop selling gold jeweler. One of the attraction.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
5. Architecture
Architecture
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Architecture
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Architecture
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Architecture
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
6. Color and People
Color and People. A pop of vibrance.
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Color and People. A Pop of vibrancy among the street
Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Color and People Image took by Yong Yih Tyng
Types of Mapping
3. 3 Types of Mapping a. Map 1
Cognitive Map drew by Amalina. Path from Masjid Jamek Train Station to My DIN (SET A)
b. Map 2
Cognitive Map drew by Melisa. Path from Masjid Jamek Train Station to My DIN (SET B)
In Map 2, it is show that, the main elements that help Melisa to navigate the place are the train
station, OCBC bank, Masjid Jamek Mosque , Indian Gold and My Din itself.
c. Map 3
Cognitive Map drew by Me (Yih Tyng). Path from Masjid Jamek Train Station to My DIN
(SET C)
The junctions and stops is one of the components that influence Yih Tyng (me) space navigation.
Sketches of Junction and Architectural Element
Masjid Jamek. Sketched by Yih Tyng.
Masjid Jamek Architectural Elements. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Masjid Jamek Architectural Elements. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Masjid Jamek Sketch of Balloons. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Masjid Jamek Sense of Space. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Sketch of Junctions
Masjid Jamek Sense of Space. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Masjid Jamek Sense of Space. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Masjid Jamek Sense of Space. Sketched by Yih Tyng
Mapping Comparison
4. Mapping Comparison
a. Similarities
SET A SET B SET C
similarities
LRT Station LRT Station LRT Station
Masjid Jamek Mosque Masjid Jamek Mosque Masjid Jamek Mosque
Represent path by line Represent path by line Represent path by line
Table 1
The three sets of maps were compared for their similarities. It is found that there are two
repeating iconic buildings noted on the maps, mainly: the train station and the Masjid Jamek
Mosque. Masjid Jamek Mosque is appearing in three maps due to its historical value and famous
among the local and visitors.
Other than that, in all the maps, the path directions are represented by lines.
b. Differences
SET A SET B SET C
differences
Memory mainly drove by
daily needs
Memory drove by familiar
places
Memory drove by
observation
Methods of drawing focus on
iconic building or form
Method of drawing by
directions or paths
Method on drawing by
practice
Choice of Drawings are
Creative/ Spontaneous in
conveying message
Choice of Drawings show
unfamiliarity
Choice of Drawings
influenced by practice
Unskilled Drawing Unskilled Drawing Skilled Drawing
Focus on needs or preference Focus on direction Equal exploration of places,
focus more on junctions and
architectures
Use of solid lines Use of infirm lines Use of Solid lines
Table 2
The differences between the maps were also outlined and tabulated in table 2 as above.
c. Observation, Comparison and Statement:
1. Different profession led to different methods of space navigation
Statement: Amalina navigates the place differently from Melisa and Yih Tyng due to her
identity as a housewife, who practice her daily routine around the site.
Melisa, a student that travel by direction, could easily rely on a few basic landmarks
across the path.
Yih Tyng is an architectural student who drawn by the openness of junctions and
height of buildings.
2. Different needs of users led to different methods of space navigation
Statement: Amalina navigates the place differently from Melisa and Yih Tyng due to her
personal needs.
Melisa is new to the place. Her safety and site attractions are her main
considerations when she travel from train station towards MyDin. Melisa said she
is drawn to the place by the memory of Ikan Bakar as she travel pass the food court
because she is a food lover.
Yih Tyng is travelling through the space with the intention of data collection. Hence,
Yih Tyng is more likely to be drawn by the junctions of the road at where she can
collect data and take photos. The openness of the space and surrounding
architectures, landmarks and iconic buildings are the main attraction for Yih Tyng.
Tall buildings are the indications of main roads for Yih Tyng.
3. Different path routine of users led to different methods of space navigation
Statement: Amalina use the same path whenever pass through the place due to her routine.
She has been staying at the place for years.
Melisa and Yih Tyng navigate the space through the existing path and the
direction of human crowd.
5. Safety issue led to different methods of space navigation
Statement: Amalina, Melisa and Yih Tyng are less likely to use back ally as path due to
safety issue.
6. Pass experiences led to different method of space navigation
Statement: Amalina knew about the locations of most individual activities very well. Hence
she can travel faster from one point to another point than Melisa and Yih Tyng by
using shortcuts or avoid the human crowd.
Discussion
5. Discussion
Way finding
Way finding is the travel process of an individual from one point to another. During the
process of way finding, there are many elements that influence how an individual can travel from
one point to another. Each individual has own set of rules in way finding.
The factors of way finding, based on the research above, are, occupation and profession,
needs, routine, safety, site attraction, intention, experience and etc.
For example, given a space between point A (Masjid Jamek Train Station) to Point B
(MyDIN), Amalina, Melisa and I, we all have our own set of way-finding elements that guide us
to the destination.
Amalina is influenced by her needs, past experience or routine when travels around the site.
She is able to travel on the site safer than Melisa and Yih Tyng because she understand the site
issue better than both of them because of her past experiences. She will be able to avoid dangers
and use shortcuts which unknown by Melisa and I. Amalina goes to the site whenever she intends
to sought for beautiful baju kurung or other daily products. These are the elements that influences
her in her way finding around Masjid Jamek.
On another hand, this is not the same for Melisa and Yih Tyng as they are not as familiar
as Amalina towards the site.
Melisa and Yih Tyng have different occupations, hence they were also not sharing the same
group of way finding elements. Although there is occasionally an overlap of one or two way-
finding elements, they were not driven by the same thing around the site during movement. Melisa
like to solve problem in a simpler and direct way. Hence, she tends to have a set of way finding
elements that more direct and simpler, such as a tall building that can be seen from far. Hence,
direction and landmarks are more important for her. Occasionally, Melisa and Yih Tyng can share
the same landmarks because Yih Tyng is also attracted by by buildings in a slightly different
perspective from Melisa.
Formation of Nodes on Street, Streetscape Design
The openness of the junctions and juxtaposition of building are very important elements in
street scape design in order to maintain a safe and healthy environment.
How much the streetscape design is contributing the wellness of the street users can
influences the formation of nodes and the preference of people for the site. A space that is
complimentary the needs of the people definitely will become a place that is capable to hold people
a bit longer around that place. Hence by time, activity at a place will increases.
For example, the longer pedestrian walk way connects the Train Station to MyDin can
considered as human activities driver. People gather around the place selling food and goods,
because of the existing human density created by the train station. People came out from the train
station, slowly move into the path between the stalls, gathered and the diverse into other places
when it reaches the end of the Bazaar. The whole roll of stalls becomes a buffer zone for the
adjacent streets.
The gathering of people at a place can slowly contribute a significant density which can
then influences the local politics, social and economic of the place.
The openness of space at the end of the Bazaar can provides a new introduction space to
the pedestrian users. Walking through the street now become more interesting.
Conclusion
6. Conclusion - City Improvement
How can designer improve the life quality of people through streetscape design?
In conclusion, designers should always consider the possibility of streetscape
elements to be transformed to support the needs of the people. A degree of flexibility
design such as seating area can introduce a different experience to the pedestrian
users. A design that is inspiring at the same time functional, adaptable to all group
of people is surely a design that impacts.
Other than that, safety and openness of the street are also other important roles
to enhance the feeling of secure for the user.
Reference
7. Reference
Edward H. Cornell, A.S, and T. M, 2003, Human Sense of Direction and Wayfinding,
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta
Retrieved from http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ecornell/SOD-Ms.pdf
Stanley Milgram and Denise Jodelet “Psychological Maps of Paris” (1970)
Kevin Lynch “The City Image & Its Elements” (1960)
James J. Gibson “Theory of Affordances” (1979)
Robert Sommer “Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis for Design” (1969)
Guy Debord “Theory of the Derive” and “Preliminary Problems in Constructing a Situation”
(1958)
Online
http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/10/28/Fascinating-historical-find-
Construction-work-dredges-up-stairs-leading-to-Masjid-Jamek/