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Transcript of Urban Water
Urban Water
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Peter Krebs Dresden, 2010
1 Global water aspects
2 Introduction to urban water management
3 Basics for systems description
4 Water transport
5 Matter transport
6 Introduction to water supply
7 Water extraction
8 Water purification
9 Water distribution
10 Introduction to wastewater disposal
11 Urban drainage
12 Wastewater treatment
13 Sludge treatment
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 2
1 Introduction to urban water management
1.1 The urban water system
1.2 Costs
1.3 History of water supply
1.4 History of sanitation
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Peter Krebs
Urban Water
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 3
1 Introduction to urban water management
1.1 The urban water system
1.2 Costs
1.3 History of water supply
1.4 History of sanitation
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Peter Krebs
Urban Water
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 6
Rio de Janeiro
Urban Lake: Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas
Eutrophic state due to discharge of untreated wastewater
(NZZ, 9.3.2000)
Water protection
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 7
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
0Africa Asia Europe North AmericaLatin America Oceania
0
1 2
Population 1990
Population 2000
Fraction with access to safe drinking water
Fraction with access to safe sanitation
Po
pu
lati
on
in m
io ;
Fra
cti
on
Continent
Access to water supply and sanitation
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 8
Urb
an r
egio
n
Rain-runoff processSewage
retention tank
Wat
er
dist
ribut
ion
Reservoir
Sew
er s
yste
m
Combined sewer
Retention tank CSO structure
Wat
er
puri
ficat
ion
WW
TP
Treatment
Rec
eivi
ng
wat
er
Gro
und
wat
er
Infiltration Overflow
Retention
Sedimentation
Sludge disposal
In-/Exfiltration
Clean water inflow
Urban water system
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 9
Groundwater
Agriculture
Nat. land use
Wastewater
Drinking water
Atmosphere / Climate
Inst
ituti
onal Fr
am
ew
ork
Stagnant waters
Implementation
Running waters
Szenarios and systems analysis
Capaci
ty D
evelo
pm
ent
Integrated water resources management IWRM
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 10
1 Introduction to urban water management
1.1 The urban water system
1.2 Costs
1.3 History of water supply
1.4 History of sanitation
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Peter Krebs
Urban Water
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 11
Urban water systems in total 500 bill. EUR
Water supply / wastewater disposal 1 / 1
Average life time expectancy 50 a
Annual investment need to maintain stable value: 10 bill. EUR/a
Replacement costs for German urban water systems
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 12
Drinking water prices for centralised systems
2,18
1,761,65 1,63
1,261,16
1,000,94
0,81 0,76 0,750,68 0,67
0,52
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
Denmark
Ger
man
y
Gre
at Brit
ain
Belgiu
m
Franc
e
Nether
land
s
Austra
liaIta
ly
Finlan
d
Spain
South
Afri
ca
Sweden
Canada
USA
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er p
rice
EU
R/(
per
son
day
)
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 13
Drinking water prices in Germany
1,81
1,27
2,29
1,51
1,98
1,52
1,93
1,55
1,19
1,59 1,55
1,81,93
1,57
1,3
2,04
1,6
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
Baden
-Wür
ttem
berg
Bayer
n
Berlin
Brand
enbu
rg
Brem
en
Hambu
rg
Hesse
n
Mec
klenb
urg-
Vorpo
mm
ern
Nieder
sach
sen
Nordr
hein-
Wes
tfalen
Rheinl
and-
Pfalz
Saarla
nd
Sachs
en
Sachs
en-A
nhalt
Schles
wig-Hols
tein
Thürin
gen
Deutsc
hland
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er p
rice
EU
R/m
3
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 14
Drinking water consumption
116
133
112
98
127133
123
100
128135
118 116
8590
133
90
122
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Baden
-Wür
ttem
berg
Bayer
n
Berlin
Brand
enbu
rg
Brem
en
Hambu
rg
Hesse
n
Mec
klenb
urg-
Vorpo
mm
ern
Nieder
sach
sen
Nordr
hein-
Wes
tfalen
Rheinl
and-
Pfalz
Saarla
nd
Sachs
en
Sachs
en-A
nhalt
Schles
wig-Hols
tein
Thürin
gen
Deutsc
hland
Wat
er c
on
sum
pti
on
l/(
Per
son
day
)
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 15
Drinking water costs per year
77
62
94
54
92
74
87
57 56
78
67
76
60
52
6367
71
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Baden
-Wür
ttem
berg
Bayer
n
Berlin
Brand
enbu
rg
Brem
en
Hambu
rg
Hesse
n
Mec
klenb
urg-
Vorpo
mm
ern
Nieder
sach
sen
Nordr
hein-
Wes
tfalen
Rheinl
and-
Pfalz
Saarla
nd
Sachs
en
Sachs
en-A
nhalt
Schles
wig-Hols
tein
Thürin
gen
Deutsc
hland
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er c
ost
s E
UR
/(P
erso
n y
ear)
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 16
(DREWAG – Stadtwerke Dresden GmbH)
Water price in Dresden appr. 2.- EUR/m³
Sonst. betriebl. Aufwendungen 0,03 €
Loans 0.19 €
Umlage Verwaltung/Verrechnung 0,26 €
Taxes 0.05 €
Innerbetr. Verrechnung 0,08 €
Depreciation 0.41 €
Personnel 0,32 €
Wastewater charge 0.02 €
Chemicals 0.01 €
Wassernutzungsentgelt 0,02 €
Energy 0.02 €
Raw water 0.11 €
Outsourcing 0.16 €
Working materials 0.08 €
Gewinnanteil/Steuergutschrift 0,19 €
Composition of drinking water price
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 17
2927
25
9 9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
England
Italy
France
Germ
any
%
Denm
ark
Water Losses
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 18
Wastewater price
2,14
1,7
2,55
3,31
2,88
2,58 2,512,69
2,22,39
1,9
2,752,55
3,18
2,152,27 2,29
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
Baden
-Wür
ttem
berg
Bayer
n
Berlin
Brand
enbu
rg
Brem
en
Hambu
rg
Hesse
n
Mec
klenb
urg-
Vorpo
mm
ern
Nieder
sach
sen
Nordr
hein-
Wes
tfalen
Rheinl
and-
Pfalz
Saarla
nd
Sachs
en
Sachs
en-A
nhalt
Schles
wig-Hols
tein
Thürin
gen
Deutsc
hland
Was
tew
ater
pri
ce E
UR
/m3
+ stormwater costs per m2 impervious area connected to sewer system
1,6 EUR/(m2connected year) in Dresden
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 19
Fixed costs
Overhead and running costs
•Depreciation
•Payment of interest
•Personnel
•Energy
•Operation
•Renovation, repair, spares
•Disposal of sludges
•Administration
Fixed costs are dominant both in water supply and wastewater disposal
Annual costs
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 20
1 Introduction to urban water management
1.1 The urban water system
1.2 Costs
1.3 History of water supply
1.4 History of sanitation
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Peter Krebs
Urban Water
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 21
Free surface flow conduits, Rome (reconstruction)
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 22
Drinking water aqueduct, Segovia, Spain
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 23
Pergamon, Greece, pressurised pipe
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 24
Led Clay
Roman drinking water pipes
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 25
Wooden pipes, middle-ages
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 26
Iron water conduits, Versailles, 17th century
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 27
Sand stone pipes in Dresden (from 1841)
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 28
Steam engine driven pumping station, Berlin
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 29
Slow sand filtration, Berlin
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 30
Pressure filtration Ultrafiltration
Modern filtration plants
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 31
1 Introduction to urban water management
1.1 The urban water system
1.2 Costs
1.3 History of water supply
1.4 History of sanitation
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Peter Krebs
Urban Water
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 32
Mesopotamia, 3000 bC
Illi (1992)
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 33
Illi (1992)
Babylon, 600 bC
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 34
Sand stone Bottom sand stone brick walls
cement roof
Cloaca Maxima, Rome
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 35
Cloaca Maxima, Rome
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 36
Rome, public latrine
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 38
Boccacio, Decamerone, mid 14. century (Illi, 1992)
Middle ages
Urban Water Chapter 1 Introduction to urban water management © PK, 2010 – page 39
France, barrel system, 19th century