Urban Transport Crisis in India_literature review

7/30/2019 Urban Transport Crisis in India_literature review

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Dinesh Poudel

Roll No: 013-1207

Msc TEAM

Nepal Engineering College


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Outline

1. Literature Information2. Abstract

3. Limitation and shortcoming

4.Transport problems of developing countries

5. Urban Condition in India

6. Trends in land use

7. Urban Transport problems

8. Nine Improvement policy

9. Conclusion

10. Findings in our context

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Literature Title :Urban transport crisis in India

Literature type : JournalJournal : Transport Policy

Edition: Transport Policy 12 (2005) 185198

Author: John Puchera,

Nisha Korattyswaropama,

Neha Mittal,

Neenu Ittyerah

Rutgers University,

New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1987, USA

Online Edition :Www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpolicy

Available online :21 April 2005

Copyright: Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpolicyhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpolicy


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2.Abstract

This article summarizes key trends in Indias transport

system and travel behavior, analyzes the extent andcauses of the most severe problems, and recommends

nine policy improvements that would help mitigate

Indias urban transport crisis.

Environmental pollution, noise, traffic fatalitsand injuries, congestion, and mobility problems are far

more severe in developing countries



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The literature more focus in concentric development first and

then outer development

Some of these recommendations may seem too ambitious or

overly optimistic. Like radical changes in transport policiesIt seems highly unlikely that all the recommended measures will

be adopted, or implemented


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4.Transport problems of developing countries

Unplanned, haphazard development without adequate

infrastructure

Limited network of roads, often narrow, poorly

maintained, and unpaved

Extremely congested roads with an incompatible mix of

both motorized and non-motorized vehicles

Rapidly increasing ownership and use of private carsand motorcycles



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Transport pblm. Continued

Inadequate roadway accommodations for buses and

non-motorized transportPrimitive or non-existent traffic control and

management

Overcrowded, uncomfortable, uncoordinated,

inefficient, and dangerous public transport



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5.Urban conditions in India

Rapid

populationgrowth of Indias

cities

Mumbai (Bombay)

Kolkata (Calcutta)

Delhi

Chennai(Madras)

Hyderabad

Bangalore


35 metropolitan areas had populations exceeding one million, almost twice as many

as in 1991 (Office of the Registrar General of India, 2001).

Rapid growth Causes :

Rapid growth in travel demand, Overwhelming the limited transport infrastructure

Alarming levels of congestion, air pollution, noise, and traffic danger

Indias poor especially disadvantaged


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6.Trends in land use and travel behavior

Lack of effective planning and rampant sprawled development Greatly increased the number and length of trips

Longer trip distances /less walking and cycling

FSI Floor Space Index ( ratio of floor areas to land areas ) in India

:1.6 where as 5 to 15 in Asian city centers


Sprawl-spread out in an unnatural or ungraceful way

Less stringent land use regulations

Discourage development in centre

Seek location on suburban fringe

Low density and Sprawl development causes enormous

problems in public transport.


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7. Urban transport problems in India

Indias 20-fold increase in thecombined number of cars, taxis,

trucks, and motor cycles from

1971 to 2001

The number of traffic fatalities

has increased more than 5-foldsince1971

Traffic fatality rate per million

inhabitants has tripled over the

past three decades


7.1. Traffic injuries and fatalities

Traffic Fatalities in India


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Traffic injuries and fatalities contd..

Motorcycles and bicycles each account for more than twice the share

Cars, taxis and buses appear to be the safest modes

Pedestrians account for a slightly higher percent of fatalities than their

share of total trips


Traffic fatalitiesin different

mode


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7.2. Environmental pollution

levels of air pollution concentrations are highest for suspended

particulate matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particulate matter

(RSPM), which exceed WHO air quality standards, as well as official

Indian government standards, for all of the cities



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7.3. Roadway congestion

Traffic congestion is frustrating and time consuming for travelers

Roadway speeds for motor vehicles in Mumbai fell by half from

1962 to 1993, from 38 km/h to only 1520km/h

Most roads in Indian cities are narrow and lack of modern traffic

signals and signage


7.4. Equity

Most of Indias urban poor cannot afford any private

motorized transport at all, and many cannot even afford the

low fares on public transport

Due to travel distance and economic status urban poor live

in congested slums in older, deteriorating inner-city areas andvictim of environmental pollution

Poor get around cities mainly by walking or cycling, theirspecifically non-motorized transport needs are yet further ignored


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7.5. Inadequate public transport

Vast improvements are needed in Indias public transport

systems

The slowness, unreliability, danger, and overcrowding of buses

and trains has forced many middle class passengers to shift to

cars, motorcycles, and scooters

Instead, yet further congesting the roads and worsening air

pollution, noise, and safety problems



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8.1. Improved rights of way for pedestrians and cyclists

The national governments Ministry of Urban Affairs and Poverty

Alleviation (2004) has issued a draft urban transport policy

recommending 50% Central Government financing of both cycle

tracks and pedestrian paths in large cities.

8.2. Improved traffic management

Clearly, better driver training, traffic signage, uniformregulations, and strict enforcement are needed.

Chandigarh is an example of a smaller city that has

vigorously implemented such traffic management measures

The main focus of public transport policy must be on improved

bus transport, Suburban rail and metro systems

Chennai have been converted from 2-track to 4-track lines to

enable separation of local from long-distance rail traffic,increasing

both safety and speed


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8.4. Privatization of bus services

Compared to the publicly owned, operated, and subsidized bus

services in the same cities, the privately run services have

higher productivity, lower costs, more passengers per bus, andhigher revenues per bus km of service

8.5. Improve motor vehicle technology and fuelsWith Indias worst air pollution, Delhi was forced to adopt the

rather drastic policy of requiring all buses, taxis, and trucks toconvert from petrol and diesel to CNG (compressed natural gas)

within a period of only 3 years

It is easier to affect future vehicle design than to force

conversions of existing vehicles.

8.6. Design new roads to accommodate the needs

of buses, cyclists, and pedestrians


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8.8. State and local governments should be encouraged

to revise their current land use and development

regulations to promote higher-density development at railstations and along key bus routes


Large increases in funding will be required for the enormous

investments needed to improve Indian transport systems

8.9. Large increases in funding

8.7. Better cooperation among different transport

agencies, departments, and ministries as well as better

overall coordination of transport and land-use policies


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9. Conclusion

There are two main obstacles to implementing policies needed to deal

with Indias urban transport crisis financial and political.

The very successful TransMilenio Project in Bogota,Columbia, for

example, introduced a bus rapid transit system, bicycle paths, improved

pedestrian facilities, and significant restrictions on private car use A new Technology like CNG gas has been implemented for pollution

control

As now in 2013 implementing these above situation India has made a

rapid change in transportation system like metro rail , BRT, cycle lane.



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Our Planning should be such that it will address all level people (

Poor to rich )Like india we are also facing pollution and our policy should focus on

new eco friendly technology like electric vehicles and management of

old vehicles

Focus should be given for non motorized system like cycling & proper

footpath and better public transport serviceThe private participation approach should be developed for better

services and infrastructure

Good transport management system(ITS) and coordination among

different organization and stake holder is must

The problem in the literature currents reflects our urban problem

in the cities like Kathmandu , Pokhara, Birjung and Biratnagar

Findings :


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Question ???

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THANK

YOU!

Urban Transport Crisis in India_literature review

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