Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

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Urban Self-Sufficiency with Sustainable Energy & Clean Mobility Gustav R. Grob. F.IP (F.EI) International Sustainable Energy Organization ISEO Chairman ISO/TC203/WG3 Energy Systems Analysis President International Clean Energy Consortium ICEC
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Transcript of Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Page 1: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Urban Self-Sufficiency with Sustainable Energy & Clean Mobility

Gustav R. Grob. F.IP (F.EI)International Sustainable Energy Organization ISEOChairman ISO/TC203/WG3 Energy Systems Analysis

President International Clean Energy Consortium ICEC

Page 2: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

The complexity of the future global sustainable energy system intelligently interlinking a multitude of decentralized clean energy sources with efficient

stationary users and electric vehicles with millions of buffer batteries

Page 3: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Energy supply for a growing population is facing fundamental change for three reasons:

1 - The economic supply of the mineral energy resources oil and gas is ending in a few decades.

2 - Health hazards, risks and global warming causedby emissions from combustion engines.

3 - Imperative conservation of the fossil resourcesfor the chemical and metallurgical industries.

Page 4: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

SOLAR PV & THERMAL ENERGY DIRECT WIND POWERHYDRO POWER / TIDAL / WAVE POWEROCEAN & GEOTHERMAL ENERGYBIOMASS / BIOGAS ENERGYAMBIENT ENERGYMUSCLE POWER

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY

INEVITABLE CLIMAX OFMINERAL ENERGY

HAZARDOUS ANDDEPLETING ENERGY

CONSUMPTION(FOSSIL & FISSILE)

[YEARS]

200

100

ENERGY[PWh]

ENERGY HISTORY & FORECAST

t

E

RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

TOTAL USABLEENERGY ON EARTH

DEPLETION OF FINITE ENERGY RESOURCES

OPTION A

OPTION B

MAXIMUM

OPTION 0 (ZERO-SUBSTITUTION)

SOURCE : ISEO

SITUATION 2000

TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Page 5: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Prevention of catastrophic global warming by clean

sustainable energies

Global Warming Forecasts by prominent scientists of Meteorological Institutes

Page 6: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

To cope with these serious problems, benign,

renewable energy systems must be multiplied

to replace conventional combustion

Smart grid electricity is the ultimate concept

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WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO 2000 - 2050

0 . 0

5 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 5 0 . 0

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2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

So u r c e f o r F i n i t e E n e r g y D a t a : A SP O a t w w w . p e a k o i l . n e t & K y o t o P r o t o c o l

WORLD E NE RGY DE M AND 2% ANNUAL GROWT H

RE NE WABLE E NE RGY DE M AND GROWT H AV . 5. 2 %

FI NI T E E NE RGY DE CLI NE

Page 8: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

CleanVehicles

Hydropower

GeothermalEnergy

HeatPumps

SolarEnergy

BioEnergy

Ocean Energy

Wind Power

Page 9: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Energy Option Immediately Feasible Theoretical Potential- Bio energy 50 PWh/year 80- Hydropower 8 15- Geothermal Electricity Conventional 2 ⎞- Geothermal Electricity Hot Dry Rock 80 ⎬

400

- Geothermal Heat 4 ⎠- Wind Power 53 160- Solar Power PV 6 ⎞- Solar Thermal Power 40 ⎬

435

- Solar Active Heat 20 ⎪- Solar Passive Heat 10 ⎠- Ocean Energy 15 200- Heat Pumps 10 50- Muscle Energy 1 10- Novel Energy Technologies (R&D) 50 200Total Renewable Energy Potential 348 PWh/year max. 1550 PWh/yearmore than twice present world energy consumption

Page 10: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Geothermal EnergyBorehole systems

a) Hydraulic fracturing by high pressure Brunnschweiler system with safely controlledwith relatively small energy yields closed primary water cycle in insulated well

or andb) Boreholes to geothermal aquifers secondary steam turbine cycle with co-generation

in open systems with limited energy for district heating, AC, greenhouses, industry

Advantages:No yields by hazard ! Super performance (GW).No fuels or waste problems.Excavated materials re-used.Base load power plus heat

Energy cost: 2–4 $¢/kWh

Disadvantages:

a) Water is finding way of lowest resistance= limited Energy yield

b) Only in hydro geologic strata often far from consumers.Often high energy transport cost.Often limited to heat production only.

Energy cost: 5-10 $¢/kWh

Page 11: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Advantages of geothermal deep well energy co-generation

Produces electricity and heat (suitable also for AC)Much lower net cost than any other energy sourceCan be built near agglomerations and substationsLess energy transmission line cost – hence alsoless transmission losses than other power plantsInvisible, no air or water pollution and no noiseIdeal power source for clean electric vehiclesNo radiation risks or other health hazardsCreates new clean sustainable jobsNo waste disposal problems !Lasts forever !

Page 12: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Typical locationsExample NRW Subsitution of Nuclear & Coal

Page 13: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Finite Nuclear Power (to be replaced)

Page 14: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Sucess Story: Barcelona Solar Ordinance

One of the first cities to oblige owners to equip roofs with solar collectors ! To heat all the domestic sanitary water by solar energy it is necessary to cover

1.62 % of municipal surface or 2.82 % of built surface, representing1.07 m2/capita > 2.4 m2/appartment > 20.15 m2/residential building

Evolution of solar collector surface since ordinance enforcement:

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m2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

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Conclusions of the ISEO Energy Study1. There is more affordable renewable energy available on Earth than

humankind ever needs at the foreseeable population growth rate.

2. Most renewable energy systems like GEOCOGEN are competitive with the depleting non-renewable sources - even more so, if the full costing “polluters-pay” principle and smart grids are applied.

3. All nations and cities are able to become energy self-sufficient with renewables and thus can drastically reduce pollution by cleaner, more efficient power plants and transport modes.

4. The remaining finite mineral energy resources can and must be conserved for higher added value purposes in the chemical and metallurgical industries.

Page 16: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Transportation absorbs over 1/3 of World Energy Production

i.e. over 50 % of World Oil Production

European Shares of Energy for Transportation

The bulk of energy is usedfor inefficient road transportationtoo many trucks and underutilzedcars with low-efficiency engines

Page 17: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

SUSTAINABLE

TRANSPORTATION

OF THE FUTURE

Page 18: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Clean Rapid Mass Transit and inter-modal freight systems are indispensable for the efficient flow of people and goods in highly populated regions, but also clean and safe individual transport is required to satisfy the needs of humans living or working in remote, scattered locations and for their leisure time.

Solutions are electric trains for goods and people, clean fuel trucks and ships for inter- modal transportation, cleaner aero-planes and efficient 2, 3 & 4-wheelers driven by clean fuels or electricity from RE sources.

Page 19: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Rapid Mass Transit Systems

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People Transportation

must evolve towards combined Road-Rail Mass Transit Systems. Excellent example:

the saving unproductive time of travellers, traffic fines,

parking and fuel cost, pollution, reducing traffic congestion and improving social life

among the passengers in transit

Electric Swiss Rail Network

Page 21: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Example: Electric Schoolbus with Supercaps

Inductive Re-Charging

Page 22: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Individual Transportis, however, one of the basic human urges.

It must be satisfied for professional and leisure purposes. I characterized the car of

the future 1992 in Rio as follows:

Comfortable, Light, Zero-Pollution,Quite, Safe, Long-Life, Recyclable,

Low Maintenance Cost& Modern Navigation System

Page 23: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Battery Charging

Solar CarEV Concept

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420

330

214

150

75

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Weight(kg)

Pb-battery

Ni-Cd-battery

Ni-MH-battery

Li-Ion-battery

NOVELbatteries

Comparison of 15 kWh Batteries by Weight

Future Electric Cars - Long Range & Long Life

50

Page 25: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

COMPARISON OF VEHICLE DRIVE TRAIN COST (40 kW; 240’000 km over 6 years) Drive Options Battery Hydrogen Hydrogen * Gasoline Remarks Criteria NOVEL Fuel Cell Combustion Combust. * a standard 4-cylinder combustion engine is used ** gasoline version: 1$/Liter, 10 Liters per 100 km

Li-ion or Amb. Temp. Cryogenic Gasoline *** AC/DC charger on board the electric car for easier battery charging ZEBRA Storage Storage ** Tank **** cryogenic H2 storage boil off loss depending on parking duration Relative Drive the same gear box assumed for all options Investment $/W 0,75 2,35 1,35 < 0.20 including energy management, storage and power train Energy Cost $/km 0,03 0,07 0,16 0,15 > energy supply at 0,1 $/kWh or H2 at 1 $ per Litre gasoline equivalent Relative Weight kg 350 250 250 200 > average weight of energy management, storage and power train Average Range km 300 400 200 400 > with one tank filling or one full charge (plus extra charges at stops) Energy Efficiency % 0,75 0,32 0,13 0,13 > total efficiency over whole energy chain to gear box E + Cap. Cost $/km < 0,20 0,56 0,46 0,28 > at 6 % interest over 3 years and 240’000 km usage incl. service & spares (Total Vehicle Cost) E-Vehicle maintenance cost are the lowest BATTERY η 0.9 0.1 $/W BATTERY CHARGER ON BOARD *** η 0.9 0.5 $/W 400 kg PRESSURE CONTROL AC POWER SUPPLY AC η 0.9 0.1 $/W 50 kg DC DC η 0.95 0.05 $/W 50 kg FUEL CELL AC M HYDRIDE ELECTROLYZER η 0.9 0.1 $/W 200 kg η 0.6 1 $/W 100 kg SUPPLY AND η 0.92 50 kg ELECTROLIZER ELECTROLYZER NANOTUBE 0.1 $/W AC M (STATIONARY) η 0.9 0.1 $/W 100 kg η 0.75 1 $/W

?? CRYOGENIC COMBUSTION DIRECT RENEWABLE η 0.6 0.2 $/W 100 kg ENGINE GEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION η 0,3 0.1 $/W 150 kg WHEELS

Page 26: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

The Merits of Bicycles & Electric 2 & 3 Wheelersfor Good Health and Congested Areas

Taiwan Mail Service

Netherlands ChinaHealthy Sisters

Page 27: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

The link between electric vehicles and power The Smart Grid

Page 28: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

The elements of Smart Grids

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Smart Power Grid Practicalities

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Benefits of Rapid Transition to Electric Vehicles Swiss Example

0

0.5

1

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2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

PHEV +15 %PHEV +20 %City EV +10 % City EV +20 % Full EV +10 %Full EV +20 %Fuel EnginesFuel Engines

Massive Cost Reductions

Intelligent Mix of Clean Vehicles

Million Vehicles

Annual EV Fleet Growth

Rates 10 – 20 %

Expected Vehicle Growth Rate 2 % p.a.

Towards ZERO City Pollution

Page 31: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Visionary clean MASDAR CITY with absolutely clean traffic

Page 32: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Freight Transportation

must undergo drastic change towards inter-modal road-rail-barge-freighter transportation by means of standard

ISO containers in line with the improvement of the railway network and

modern container handling systems

Page 33: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Ship-Road-Rail Freight Container Transloading Facility

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Air Transport> a tough environmental problem <

It is responsible for excessive pollution in very sensitive atmospheric layers. It may be resolved by hydrogen jet engines, as

demonstrated already in the Eighties, or by air ships lifted by inert gases and propelled

by clean fuels

Page 35: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

Clean Airships

Hydrogen Aeroplanes

Space Shuttle

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CONCLUSIONS

Clean vehicles, fed by clean renewable energyare needed to satisfy individual mobility

Clean Mass transport for people has to take the pressure off urban traffic congestions

Clean inter-modal freight transport between cities must be developed much faster

Air transport must become cleaner, quieter

Innovation coupled with huge investments in clean cities and smart grids fulfil these tasks

Page 37: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Accelerate the development of efficient, quiet and non-polluting drive systems

Implement more electric rapid transit & inter-modal freight transport systems

Design and manufacture clean, lighter, quieter, safer, recyclable vehicles

Implement clean, renewable energy supply systems at a much faster pace !

Page 38: Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)

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