Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)
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Transcript of Urban Self Sufficiency with sustainable energy and clean mobility (ICLEI World Congress 2009)
Urban Self-Sufficiency with Sustainable Energy & Clean Mobility
Gustav R. Grob. F.IP (F.EI)International Sustainable Energy Organization ISEOChairman ISO/TC203/WG3 Energy Systems Analysis
President International Clean Energy Consortium ICEC
The complexity of the future global sustainable energy system intelligently interlinking a multitude of decentralized clean energy sources with efficient
stationary users and electric vehicles with millions of buffer batteries
Energy supply for a growing population is facing fundamental change for three reasons:
1 - The economic supply of the mineral energy resources oil and gas is ending in a few decades.
2 - Health hazards, risks and global warming causedby emissions from combustion engines.
3 - Imperative conservation of the fossil resourcesfor the chemical and metallurgical industries.
-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
SOLAR PV & THERMAL ENERGY DIRECT WIND POWERHYDRO POWER / TIDAL / WAVE POWEROCEAN & GEOTHERMAL ENERGYBIOMASS / BIOGAS ENERGYAMBIENT ENERGYMUSCLE POWER
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY
INEVITABLE CLIMAX OFMINERAL ENERGY
HAZARDOUS ANDDEPLETING ENERGY
CONSUMPTION(FOSSIL & FISSILE)
[YEARS]
200
100
ENERGY[PWh]
ENERGY HISTORY & FORECAST
t
E
RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
TOTAL USABLEENERGY ON EARTH
DEPLETION OF FINITE ENERGY RESOURCES
OPTION A
OPTION B
MAXIMUM
OPTION 0 (ZERO-SUBSTITUTION)
SOURCE : ISEO
SITUATION 2000
TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Prevention of catastrophic global warming by clean
sustainable energies
Global Warming Forecasts by prominent scientists of Meteorological Institutes
To cope with these serious problems, benign,
renewable energy systems must be multiplied
to replace conventional combustion
Smart grid electricity is the ultimate concept
WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO 2000 - 2050
0 . 0
5 0 . 0
1 0 0 . 0
1 5 0 . 0
2 0 0 . 0
2 5 0 . 0
3 0 0 . 0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
So u r c e f o r F i n i t e E n e r g y D a t a : A SP O a t w w w . p e a k o i l . n e t & K y o t o P r o t o c o l
WORLD E NE RGY DE M AND 2% ANNUAL GROWT H
RE NE WABLE E NE RGY DE M AND GROWT H AV . 5. 2 %
FI NI T E E NE RGY DE CLI NE
CleanVehicles
Hydropower
GeothermalEnergy
HeatPumps
SolarEnergy
BioEnergy
Ocean Energy
Wind Power
Energy Option Immediately Feasible Theoretical Potential- Bio energy 50 PWh/year 80- Hydropower 8 15- Geothermal Electricity Conventional 2 ⎞- Geothermal Electricity Hot Dry Rock 80 ⎬
400
- Geothermal Heat 4 ⎠- Wind Power 53 160- Solar Power PV 6 ⎞- Solar Thermal Power 40 ⎬
435
- Solar Active Heat 20 ⎪- Solar Passive Heat 10 ⎠- Ocean Energy 15 200- Heat Pumps 10 50- Muscle Energy 1 10- Novel Energy Technologies (R&D) 50 200Total Renewable Energy Potential 348 PWh/year max. 1550 PWh/yearmore than twice present world energy consumption
Geothermal EnergyBorehole systems
a) Hydraulic fracturing by high pressure Brunnschweiler system with safely controlledwith relatively small energy yields closed primary water cycle in insulated well
or andb) Boreholes to geothermal aquifers secondary steam turbine cycle with co-generation
in open systems with limited energy for district heating, AC, greenhouses, industry
Advantages:No yields by hazard ! Super performance (GW).No fuels or waste problems.Excavated materials re-used.Base load power plus heat
Energy cost: 2–4 $¢/kWh
Disadvantages:
a) Water is finding way of lowest resistance= limited Energy yield
b) Only in hydro geologic strata often far from consumers.Often high energy transport cost.Often limited to heat production only.
Energy cost: 5-10 $¢/kWh
Advantages of geothermal deep well energy co-generation
Produces electricity and heat (suitable also for AC)Much lower net cost than any other energy sourceCan be built near agglomerations and substationsLess energy transmission line cost – hence alsoless transmission losses than other power plantsInvisible, no air or water pollution and no noiseIdeal power source for clean electric vehiclesNo radiation risks or other health hazardsCreates new clean sustainable jobsNo waste disposal problems !Lasts forever !
Typical locationsExample NRW Subsitution of Nuclear & Coal
Finite Nuclear Power (to be replaced)
Sucess Story: Barcelona Solar Ordinance
One of the first cities to oblige owners to equip roofs with solar collectors ! To heat all the domestic sanitary water by solar energy it is necessary to cover
1.62 % of municipal surface or 2.82 % of built surface, representing1.07 m2/capita > 2.4 m2/appartment > 20.15 m2/residential building
Evolution of solar collector surface since ordinance enforcement:
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
m2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Conclusions of the ISEO Energy Study1. There is more affordable renewable energy available on Earth than
humankind ever needs at the foreseeable population growth rate.
2. Most renewable energy systems like GEOCOGEN are competitive with the depleting non-renewable sources - even more so, if the full costing “polluters-pay” principle and smart grids are applied.
3. All nations and cities are able to become energy self-sufficient with renewables and thus can drastically reduce pollution by cleaner, more efficient power plants and transport modes.
4. The remaining finite mineral energy resources can and must be conserved for higher added value purposes in the chemical and metallurgical industries.
Transportation absorbs over 1/3 of World Energy Production
i.e. over 50 % of World Oil Production
European Shares of Energy for Transportation
The bulk of energy is usedfor inefficient road transportationtoo many trucks and underutilzedcars with low-efficiency engines
SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORTATION
OF THE FUTURE
Clean Rapid Mass Transit and inter-modal freight systems are indispensable for the efficient flow of people and goods in highly populated regions, but also clean and safe individual transport is required to satisfy the needs of humans living or working in remote, scattered locations and for their leisure time.
Solutions are electric trains for goods and people, clean fuel trucks and ships for inter- modal transportation, cleaner aero-planes and efficient 2, 3 & 4-wheelers driven by clean fuels or electricity from RE sources.
Rapid Mass Transit Systems
People Transportation
must evolve towards combined Road-Rail Mass Transit Systems. Excellent example:
the saving unproductive time of travellers, traffic fines,
parking and fuel cost, pollution, reducing traffic congestion and improving social life
among the passengers in transit
Electric Swiss Rail Network
Example: Electric Schoolbus with Supercaps
Inductive Re-Charging
Individual Transportis, however, one of the basic human urges.
It must be satisfied for professional and leisure purposes. I characterized the car of
the future 1992 in Rio as follows:
Comfortable, Light, Zero-Pollution,Quite, Safe, Long-Life, Recyclable,
Low Maintenance Cost& Modern Navigation System
Battery Charging
Solar CarEV Concept
420
330
214
150
75
0
100
200
300
400
500
Weight(kg)
Pb-battery
Ni-Cd-battery
Ni-MH-battery
Li-Ion-battery
NOVELbatteries
Comparison of 15 kWh Batteries by Weight
Future Electric Cars - Long Range & Long Life
50
COMPARISON OF VEHICLE DRIVE TRAIN COST (40 kW; 240’000 km over 6 years) Drive Options Battery Hydrogen Hydrogen * Gasoline Remarks Criteria NOVEL Fuel Cell Combustion Combust. * a standard 4-cylinder combustion engine is used ** gasoline version: 1$/Liter, 10 Liters per 100 km
Li-ion or Amb. Temp. Cryogenic Gasoline *** AC/DC charger on board the electric car for easier battery charging ZEBRA Storage Storage ** Tank **** cryogenic H2 storage boil off loss depending on parking duration Relative Drive the same gear box assumed for all options Investment $/W 0,75 2,35 1,35 < 0.20 including energy management, storage and power train Energy Cost $/km 0,03 0,07 0,16 0,15 > energy supply at 0,1 $/kWh or H2 at 1 $ per Litre gasoline equivalent Relative Weight kg 350 250 250 200 > average weight of energy management, storage and power train Average Range km 300 400 200 400 > with one tank filling or one full charge (plus extra charges at stops) Energy Efficiency % 0,75 0,32 0,13 0,13 > total efficiency over whole energy chain to gear box E + Cap. Cost $/km < 0,20 0,56 0,46 0,28 > at 6 % interest over 3 years and 240’000 km usage incl. service & spares (Total Vehicle Cost) E-Vehicle maintenance cost are the lowest BATTERY η 0.9 0.1 $/W BATTERY CHARGER ON BOARD *** η 0.9 0.5 $/W 400 kg PRESSURE CONTROL AC POWER SUPPLY AC η 0.9 0.1 $/W 50 kg DC DC η 0.95 0.05 $/W 50 kg FUEL CELL AC M HYDRIDE ELECTROLYZER η 0.9 0.1 $/W 200 kg η 0.6 1 $/W 100 kg SUPPLY AND η 0.92 50 kg ELECTROLIZER ELECTROLYZER NANOTUBE 0.1 $/W AC M (STATIONARY) η 0.9 0.1 $/W 100 kg η 0.75 1 $/W
?? CRYOGENIC COMBUSTION DIRECT RENEWABLE η 0.6 0.2 $/W 100 kg ENGINE GEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION η 0,3 0.1 $/W 150 kg WHEELS
The Merits of Bicycles & Electric 2 & 3 Wheelersfor Good Health and Congested Areas
Taiwan Mail Service
Netherlands ChinaHealthy Sisters
The link between electric vehicles and power The Smart Grid
The elements of Smart Grids
Smart Power Grid Practicalities
Benefits of Rapid Transition to Electric Vehicles Swiss Example
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
PHEV +15 %PHEV +20 %City EV +10 % City EV +20 % Full EV +10 %Full EV +20 %Fuel EnginesFuel Engines
Massive Cost Reductions
Intelligent Mix of Clean Vehicles
Million Vehicles
Annual EV Fleet Growth
Rates 10 – 20 %
Expected Vehicle Growth Rate 2 % p.a.
Towards ZERO City Pollution
Visionary clean MASDAR CITY with absolutely clean traffic
Freight Transportation
must undergo drastic change towards inter-modal road-rail-barge-freighter transportation by means of standard
ISO containers in line with the improvement of the railway network and
modern container handling systems
Ship-Road-Rail Freight Container Transloading Facility
Air Transport> a tough environmental problem <
It is responsible for excessive pollution in very sensitive atmospheric layers. It may be resolved by hydrogen jet engines, as
demonstrated already in the Eighties, or by air ships lifted by inert gases and propelled
by clean fuels
Clean Airships
Hydrogen Aeroplanes
Space Shuttle
CONCLUSIONS
Clean vehicles, fed by clean renewable energyare needed to satisfy individual mobility
Clean Mass transport for people has to take the pressure off urban traffic congestions
Clean inter-modal freight transport between cities must be developed much faster
Air transport must become cleaner, quieter
Innovation coupled with huge investments in clean cities and smart grids fulfil these tasks
RECOMMENDATIONS
Accelerate the development of efficient, quiet and non-polluting drive systems
Implement more electric rapid transit & inter-modal freight transport systems
Design and manufacture clean, lighter, quieter, safer, recyclable vehicles
Implement clean, renewable energy supply systems at a much faster pace !
www.uniseo.org