Urban-Rural Development and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Services in Japan ICSS-Asia 2009,...
-
Upload
jaden-cossey -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
2
Transcript of Urban-Rural Development and Associated Changes in Ecosystem Services in Japan ICSS-Asia 2009,...
Urban-Rural Development and Associated Changes in Ecosystem
Services in Japan
ICSS-Asia 2009, Session 3 “Urban-Rural” (16:30-18:30, Nov.23, 2009)
Osamu SaitoWaseda Institute for Advanced Study
Waseda University
Outline
I. Satoyama and its Ecosystem Services
II. How Satoyama has changed?
III.Urban-Rural Linkage: Risks, Opportunities, and Trade-offs
IV. Some Leading Actions:1. Furano, Hokkaido
2. Nasu, Tochigi
3. Motegi, Tochigi
V. Implications for Urban-Rural Sustainability
2
I. Satoyama and its Ecosystem Services Satoyama can be defined as dynamic social-ecological coupled
landscapes comprising of a mosaic of different ecosystem types producing synergy of a bundle of ecosystem services for human wellbeing.
Characteristics of Satoyama are followings:- Satoyama is a mosaic composed of various types of ecosystems
including farmlands, forests, irrigation ponds and ditches, grasslands and pasture.
- From Satoyama, local dwellers have traditionally harvested various resources (ecosystem services) in a sustainable way.
- Biodiversity in Satoyama is key elements to provide a bundle of ecosystem services.
- The spatial structure and patterns in the mosaics are diverse with each social, economic, and ecological contexts.
3
4
Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems (MA, 2003)
Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being
MA Framework
Direct Drivers
Indirect Drivers
EcosystemServices
Human Well-being
Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or
removal Technology adaptation and
use External inputs (e.g.,
irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and
biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)
Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization,
trade, market and policy framework)
Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework)
Science and Technology Cultural and Religious
Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction
Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and
action
Sub-Global Assessments (SGA)•Multi-scale assessment
– Includes information from 33 sub-global assessments
Japan(2007-10)
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services Supporting Services Cultural Services
- Rice- Sake- Fish- Wild edible plants- Charcoal- Bamboo shoots
(takenoko)- Mushrooms (e.g.
Matsutake, Shitake)- Genetic resources- Medicinal plants- Berries- Bush meat- Timber- Water, etc.
- Climate control (in Japan)
- Local air quality control
- Flood control- Erosion control- Landslide control- Water quality control- Water filtration- Control of wild
animals Population- Pest control- Habitat for migrating
birds- Pollination control- Buffering against
acid rain and dust, etc.
- Nutrient cycling- Groundwater
supporting- Carbon storage, etc.
- Eco-tourism- Traditional
knowledge- Symbols and heritage
of Japanese culture- Spiritual monuments
and objects (e.g. temples, mountains)
- Folklore- Festivals
Based on the PPT slide prepared for Sub-global Assessment of Satoyama and Satoumi in Japan by UNU-IAS (18 November 2008)
Ecosystem Services from Satoyama
II. How Satoyama has changed?
10
Primary Industry
Secondary Industry
Tertiary Industry
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
1920
1930
1940
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Th
e n
um
ber
of
emp
loye
d p
erso
ns
(1,0
00 p
erso
ns)
Trend of employed persons by industry (1920-2005)
People
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Popu
lati
on (
1,00
0 pe
ople
)
Population change and projection of Japan
Projection
TotalPopulation
Over 65 yeas old34%
20%
10%5%
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2005/kihon1/00/02.htm
Population Ratio of Over 65 Yeas Old(2005)
11
Globalization
41
62
24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Japa
nese
self-
suffi
cien
cy ra
tio (%
)Trend of Japanese self-sufficiency ratio
Fishery products
Food(calorie basis)
Timber
日本の農地面積の推移
Trend of Farmland in Japan(農林水産省, 2009 )
12
Land
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200 19
56
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
耕地
面積
計T
otal
farm
land
(1,0
00ha
)
農地
の拡
張・か
い廃
面積
(1,0
00ha
/yea
r) ・
耕地
利用
率A
nnua
l ex
pans
ion
and
conv
ersi
on o
f fra
mla
nd-U
tili
zati
on r
atio
農地の拡張面積
農地のかい廃面積
耕地利用率
耕地面積計
Annualexpansion of farmland
Annualconversion of farmland
Total farmlandFarmland utilizaiton ratio
1. 耕地利用率は、耕地面積に対する作付け延べ面積の割合である。2. 拡張・かい廃面積は、各年次とも、前年の調査日から当年の調査日の前日までの間に生じたものである。
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,00019
6519
6619
6719
6819
6919
7019
7119
7219
7319
7419
7519
7619
7719
7819
7919
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
06
農地
面積
Ara
ble
land
(1,
000h
a)
牧草地
樹園地
普通畑
特殊田
普通田
Rice paddy
Field
Orchard
Pasture
45%
55%
日本の耕地種類別の面積推移
Trend of arable land by type of field(農林水産省, 2009 )
特殊田:水稲以外のたん水を必要とする作目(レンコン等)の栽培を状態とする田 13
Land
耕作放棄地面積の推移Trend of abandoned former arable land(農林水産省・農林業センサス)
14
Unit:10,000ha
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
10% of the total arable
land
Region TypeTotal arable
land (ha)Abandoned arable land (ha)
Ratio(%)
農業地域類型 経営耕地総面積 (ha)
耕作放棄地面積計 耕作放棄率
(ha) (%) (%)
全国 (National total) 3,693,026 385 791 100.0 10.4
Urban area都市的地域 525,695 79 975 20.7 15.2
Flat rural area平地農業地域 1,771,409 98 272 25.5 5.5
Intermediate rural area中間農業地域
1,027,105 146 798 38.1 14.3
Mountainous rural area 山間農業地域
368,817 60 747 15.7 16.5
Abandoned arable land by region type農業地域類型別の耕作放棄地面積
(農林水産省, 2008 )( 注) 耕作放棄率=耕作放棄地面積/経営耕地総面積
15
要因・負荷指標に関する有識者アンケー
ト
(
環境省・自然研、
一五〇人分、
5択
)
4744
82
67
6
26
18
6
3741
28
10
28
22
107
25
49
3229
4
18
34
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
森林
伐採
人工
林へ
の転
換
湖沼
・河
川・
湿原
の開
発
沿岸
の開
発
草地
の開
発
都市
開発
ゴル
フ場
・ス
キー
場の
造成
観光
開発
道路
建設
ダム
建設
園芸
・観
賞・
薬用
の捕
獲採
取
狩猟
・漁
獲
森林
の管
理放
棄
草地
の管
理放
棄
耕作
放棄
狩猟
圧の
低下
動物
によ
る食
害
外来
生物
の影
響
農薬
・化
学物
質に
よる
汚染
水質
汚濁
窒素
の蓄
積
地球
温暖
化
その
他
16
Dominant causes for biodiversity loss in JapanDevelopment of lake, river and pond
Coastal and marine development
Alien species
Dam construction
Road construction
Woodland and grassland abandonment
Coniferous plantation
Clearing forest
Expansion of golf course construction in the Tokyo MA
17
n
n
n
nn
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nn
nn
n
n
n
n
nn
nn
n
n
n
0 25 50 75 10012.5km
. Highway
Shinkansen
Prefectures1950
Golf courses
ShinkansenPrefectures
Highway
2008:Over 800 courses in Tokyo MA
III. Urban-Rural Linkage: Risks, Opportunities, and Trade-offs
18
Risks:• Losing vitality of rural communities• Expanding abandoned arable land and
woodland• Degradation of ecosystem services and
biodiversity loss• Expanding damage son agriculture and
forestry by wild animals (deer, wild boar, etc)
• Maintaining rural infrastructures including road, dam, tunnels, bridges, sewage, school, hospital, etc.
Opportunities:• Revitalizing rural communities through
urban-rural interaction• Transforming to compact city• Nature restoration• Creating new industries for elderly
(retired) population • Utilize abandoned farmland and forest
stock for energy, material use and carbon stock
• Sustainable tourism• Grass roots conservation activities
Trade-offs:• Urban-rural: Realize development of compact city at the expense of further depopulation of
rural areas • Within region: Over exploitation and destruction of rural ecosystem by promoting green
tourism, expanding renewable energy• Inter-regional: Widening regional differences. Only limited number of leading regions can
maintain their vitality while the rest are losing it in the long run• International: Keep on depending on imported resources while there are abundant forest stock
and arable land • Lags between social and ecological responses
19
Trade-offs of urban-rural interaction and development (U-WILL)
Urban Area (Downstream)
Rural Area (Upstream)
Other Regions
1. Urban-rural: Realize development of compact city at the expense of further depopulation of rural areas
2. Within region: Over exploitation and destruction of rural ecosystem by promoting green tourism, expanding renewable energy
3. Inter-regional: Widening regional discrepancy. Only limited number of leading regions can improve and maintain their vitality while the rest are losing it in the long run
4. International: Keep on depending on imported resources while there are abundant forest stock and arable land
5. Lags between social and ecological responses
1 2
3
Other countries
Other countries
4
Lags between social and ecological responsesLags between social and ecological responses5
Regional (basin) scale
Inter-regional to country scale
Examples of tradeoff within region
20
(a) Lose-Lose: Unrestrained ecotourism can lead to infrastructure and human traffic that degrades many ecosystem services, and ecotourism itself collapses.
(b) Win-Win: Ecotourism develops with good management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, so that income flows from tourism, biodiversity is enhanced, and ecosystem services are not lost.
(c) Win-Lose (tradeoff): Ecotourism develops and biodiversity is protected in nature reserves, but the increase in roads and hotels undermines water quality and fisheries, causing tradeoffs among ecosystem services and development.
(Source) Tallis et al. (2008)
2
Within region
IV. Some Leading Actions
21
4-1 Furano, Hokkaido lead by NPOForest restoration ×Green tourism × Environmental education and training
4-2 Nasu, Tochigi lead by Private companyPasturing in abandoned woodland × Valued-added dairy products × Forest products including non-timber forest products × Green tourism × Education and training
4-3 Motegi, Tochigi lead by TownComposting of food waste, wood residues and leaves ×Local resource circulation × Farmers market × Community revitalization
4-1. Environmental Program NPO C.C.C. Furano Field
• In 2005 when Furano Prince Hotel golf course was closing down, Soh Kuramoto, the chair man of C.C.C. (Creative Conservation Club), proposed to return it to the former forest it once was.
• Now, the club uses the site for two purposes - firstly, restoring the forest and secondly, promoting environmental education within the project site.
22
2005 May 6 First tree planted in closed golf courseOct 15 Publicly announced to the Press and the Media
Trees planted:1,0872006 Apr 3 NPO establishment registered
Jun 1 Beginning of Environmental programVisitors:1,056Trees planted:10,226
2007 Visitors:3,205Trees planted:10,399
2008 Visitors:2,800Trees planted:7,658
Total number of trees planted thus far:29,370(Source) http://furano-shizenjuku.yosanet.com/english.html
23(Source) http://furano-shizenjuku.yosanet.com/english.html
4-2. Creating “Natural Industry” in Nasu by Amita Corp.
24(Source) http://www.shinrinno.jp/contents/farm/nasu.html
Abandoned woodland
Consumers/ Supporters
Farmland
Crops
Milk
Milk Ice cream
Cafe
Millet
Woodland pasture
4-3. Midori Compost Center in Motegi
25
To Midori Compost Center
Household food waste
Leaves of deciduous woodland
Animal waste
Sell compost to local farmers
Sell agri-products to
local market
(Source) 栃木県茂木町 (2006) 美しい土の里から .
Wood residues
VI. Implications (ABCDE) for Urban-Rural Sustainability
26
Avoid uniform and ad hoc management → Diverse, dynamic, and long-term commitment
Balance between over-use (development) and under-use (abandonment)
→ Determine the appropriate management level through collaborative discourse-based planning in each rural area
Create a new commons and players to take care of it
Discover local resources and connect different sectors and various players
Doing by leaning: Realize scientific assessment and monitoring and provide feedback to planning and management → Adaptive management
Establish a standard set of measures and approaches for quantifying and monitoring ecosystem service levels and values (Tallis et al. 2008)
Woodland pasture in Nasu
27
The End