Urban Resource Management: We need to integrate

International Symposium on Sustainable Cities

Empowering Local Governments through Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing

26-28 September 2013, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy

Dean and Professor

Patel College of Global Sustainability

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA

Urban Sustainability

@

Patel College of Global

Sustainability

U S F

Patel College of Global Sustainability

Social Resiliency & Health

Urban Planning & Design

Urban Policy & Governance

Urban Water

Urban Transport

Energy Systems

• ~4.5 Billion with no sewerage (70%)

• ~4 Billion without continuous access to water (60%)

• ~1.5 Billion with no access to electricity (24%)

Bad News: Developing World

• ~1 Billion slum dwellers (15%)

• Entire earth system is changing!

Bad News – External Pressures make the Situation Worse

• 155,000 persons per day

• 90% in developing countries

• ~90% in urban areas

• ~850,000 per week in urban settings

The Urban Arithmetic for 2050

Growing but also ‘Growing Up’

Source: UN (2003)

Growth in emerging towns - Opportunity to do Things Differently

Rapid Urbanization in Africa and Asia

Source: World Bank (2010) World Development Report 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography , second edition, pp. 35

Source: WDR 2009.

Opportunity to do Things Differently Comes Early

• Much of urbanization happens before

countries get to $4,000 per capita

• Change become complex as urbanization

advances, than where it has just begun

Shenzhen

Fishing village of several thousand

City of 7 million – big in electronic manufacturing

1980 Today

Rapid Urbanization in Africa and Asia

Need to think differently

• View urban systems holistically: understand the potential synergies between components of urban system

• Doing more with less: maximize resource utilisation by improve efficiencies at subsystem and system level

• Security through diversity: explore diverse and flexible options for all resource flows

• Fit for purpose – match resource and service quality to its intended use

• Maximize benefits: great potential for harvesting resources from waste streams

When designing urban systems keep in mind the following

• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helping to serve more people with less

• Adaptive systems work: IURM must take into account that the future is inherently uncertain

• Need to manage resources across institutions: good governance is a critical to operationalize IURM

• Involve all the players: integration of all stakeholders in decision-making process

When designing urban systems keep in mind the following

• Innovative technologies can play a role: in helping to serve more people with less

• Adaptive systems work: IURM must take into account that the future is inherently uncertain

• Need to manage resources across institutions: good governance is a critical to operationalize IURM

• Involve all the players: integration of all stakeholders in decision-making process

When designing urban systems keep in mind the following

Need to recognize that main challenges are political and institutional in nature

Path to

Implementation

Political &

Institutional Barriers

Need collaboration, cooperation, and coordination between institutions

S W I T C H

Managing Urban Water for the Future

S W I T C H

Stakeholder engagement is key!

• Why? • Poor uptake of innovations

• Fragmented institutional arrangements

• ‘Wicked’ problems - need for ‘integrated’ solutions

• Who? • Policy makers, planners, regulators, service providers,

NGOs, researchers, developers…

• How? • Inception (training, stakeholder analysis…)

• Operational (visioning, planning processes..)

• Backstopping support (monitoring, evaluation…)

We need to break down barriers

SWITCH – A Tale of 12 Cities

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Tel Aviv, Israel

Birmingham, UK Hamburg, Germany

Lodz, Poland

Zaragoza, Spain

Accra, Ghana

Beijing, China

Alexandria, Egypt

Chong Qing, China

Cali

Lima

Bogota

Create a favorable enabling environment (institutional landscape, regulations etc.) that allows the effective and sustainable urban resource management

Take home message

Doing more with less ‘Integration the key’

Holistic systems approach

to the urban watershed

To maximize the benefits we need to understand flows, feedbacks

Energy

Transportation

SW

Energy

Transportation

We can optimize at sub-system level

Source: CSIRO

Helps you think creatively about what could be potential water sources

Conventional sources …

Surface water

Demand management

Conservation measures … Additional Sources …

Leakage management

Stormwater/ Rainwater

Wastewater recycling

Greywater reuse

Matching Quality to Use …

Cascading water use

Desalination

Groundwater

Integrated Urban Water Management: provides good framework for analysis

SURFACE WATER/GROUNDWATER/DESALINATION)

WATER SUPPLY

IRRIGATION

GREYWATER REUSE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

RECEIVING BODY (SUSRFACE/GROUNDWATER)

RAINWATER/ STORMWATER HARVESTING

POTABLE WATER

RAIN/STORMWATER

GREY WATER

BLACK WATER

KEY

RECLAIMED WATER

IUWM Approach

Unit costs US$ 0.29/m3

Conventional Approach

Unit costs US$ 0.36/m3

New Conventional Sources

Existing Water Sources

Private Boreholes

New Conventional

Sources

Existing Water Sources

Water Demand Mgt.

WW reuse/ recycling

Leakage Mgt.

Private Boreholes

Opportunities to diversify our sources Nairobi, Kenya

Maximize benefits – think about a water machine

Grey water

Brownwater

Urine

Solid waste

Surface Water

Ground Water

Rain Water

Energy

Potable

Water

Reclaimed

non-potable Quality

A,B,C

Hygienized Sludge

Nutrients Bioplastic SW

• Semi central supply and treatment as part of clustered city structure

• Customized supply and treatment for each cluster

• Minimizes movement of water

• Optimizes opportunities for reuse and recycling

• Use scalability of treatment technology (membranes)

Clusters allow maximum efficiency while giving adaptive capacity

• 10,000 inhabitants

• Decentralized wastewater recycling using MBR for toilet flushing, cooling towers, laundry, irrigation

• LEED, green roofs, rainwater harvesting

It’s already happening Battery Park City New York

Semi-centralized is cheaper? Arua & Mbale, Uganda

Average Annual Costs

3,787,000 US$

Average Annual Costs

5,148,000 US$

© 2010!No!part!of!this!presentation!may!be!reproduced!in!any!form without!prior!authorization.

Source: NRC, 2009

End"to"End!Energy!InefficiencyLosses!as!high!as!98.4% Energy

Transportation

Energy

Diversifying sources with renewables

Reduce losses - 25% Savings

We can optimize at sub-system level

It’s about having a portfolio of options

Oil Refinery,

Bio plant

Residential, commercial

and industry

Steam

Solar

Wind

Hydro Geothermal

Fossil

(coal, gas, oil)

Biomass

Network

regulation

Small scale energy

production

• Reduce resistive wire losses & transformer excitation

• Improved wind turbine efficiency

Losses

• Efficient solar panel • Improve solar

storage

Electric

Energy

House insulation and

efficient appliances

Heat

energy

Storage

Energy • CHP • Upgrading turbines • Steam management

Target 2050: reduce energy by 70%

Energy Retrofitting houses

Integration is the key

Plaster Board Plant

Electric Power

Station

Bio Plant

Road Construction Pig Farmers

Cement Factory Plant

Sulfuric Acid

Producer

Oil Refinery

Fish culture

Gas

Sulfur

Gas

Stream

Volatile

ashes

Waste

Heat

Sludge

Gypsum

Sludge

Steam

Yeast

Fermentation

sludge

Local Farmers

Municipality

Waste Heat

Maximizing the benefits: It’s already happening in Kalundborg, Denmark

Energy

Energy

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

Clusters allow maximum efficiency

Increase renewable thermal energy by 65% (TE network)

Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg Carbon neutral by 2050

Reduced thermal demand by 41%

Increase renewable electric energy by 100% (biogas, wind, solar)

Systems level integration

Energy

Transportation

More can be achieved by optimizing at System level

Energy

Transportation

More can be achieved by optimizing at System level

Energy

Transportation

Integrated Urban Resource Management

More can be achieved by optimizing at System level

SW

Water and energy networks often constraint by road layout

Water and energy networks follow road layout – constrains creativity

Working together - Form and function

Traffic Calming Stormwater Management

Domestic Water

use

Transport to

waterworks

After: Olsson 2011

Drinking water

Distribution

Waste water

treatment

Transport sewage water

0.24 kWh/m3

0.9 - 10 kWh/m3

0.16 kWh/m3

> 50 kWh/m3

0.13 kWh/m3

Drinking water

treatment

0.11 kWh/m3

Waste Water Drinking Water

Large amounts of energy used to move, treat and heat water

Biogas

Heat Recovery

Salinity gradient energy

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)

Working together User but also a supplier

Existing Sources New & Imaginative

To maximize the benefits we need to understand flows, feedbacks

Energy

Transportation

To maximize the benefits we need to understand flows, feedbacks

Real-Time Resource Dashboard Total Area: 305,751 ft2

77 74

72.3 72.3

81 83 85 88 89 90 91 88 87 84 67 65 53 57 54 53 61

72.5 72.9 73.1 72.7 72.4 71.8 72.0 72.6 72.2 72.0 72.5 72.8 73.4 73.2 73.6 73.3 72.8 72.3 71.9 72.4 72.2 72.0

Climate Conditions

Outdoor Temp: °F Humidity: % Indoor Conditions

Zone A: °F Zone B: °F

• Class room optimization – Minimize movement of

students across campus to reduce vehicle transport

• Building occupancy optimization- Maximize building

occupancy rates while drawing down empty buildings

• Intelligent tree planting - Reduce pollution from streets,

reduce urban heat island effect

• Water conservation - reduce water usage

• Low power LED lighting – Energy reduction

• Hybrid vehicles - Replace university vehicles with hybrid

electric/solar vehicles

Objectives USF ‘Smart’ campus - Efficiency gains

• Solar – solar farm, buildings and vehicles

• Rainwater - ponds and permeable pavements

• Waste - biomass waste to fertilizer, liquid waste reuse,

solid waste recycling

• Physical movement – pavements that generate energy

from people movement

• Condensate – collect condensate from HVAC units and

use as a water source.

• Biodiesel – Dining hall wastes used as a primary fuel

source in the university's public bus system

Objectives USF ‘Smartest’ campus - Harvesting

It’s already happening – integration of

water, energy and transport

Solar-City, Linz

• 4000 Inhabitants

• District heating

• Vehicle free areas

• Wastewater free

housing estate

Battery Park City NY

•10000 Inhabitants

•CHP

•Closed loop water

•Public transport

Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm

• 3500 Inhabitants

• Renewable energy, district heating,

• Recycling of water

Energy

Combined Heat and

Power Plant

Thermal Power

Station

The Sea

Lake

Drinking Water Plant

WWTP

Sedimentation

Equalizer

The Hammarby Model

Eco Friendly Electricity

Key to optimizing resource flows between sectors is Urban Form

Water, Energy and Transport all ask for similar patterns of urban form

Density

Performance

Combined

Stormwater

Management High

>400 i/ha

Low

<100 i/ha Density medium

300 i/ha

Network Structure

Performance

Short path

Land Use Performance

Commercial Residential Land Use

Mixed

Dispensation Performance

Centralisation Equal Clusters

Optimal Urban Form

• Medium Density (Cluster)

• Mixed Land Use

• Short Paths and Low Redundency

They all benefit from higher densities

Water • Reduced pipe length & costs

• Lower water demand

Pipe length per connection

Energy demand per capita

Transport fuel per capita Transport • Reduced travel distance

• Good transit services

Energy • Lower energy demand

• Potential for thermal networks

They all benefit from a more clustered approach

• Transport • Fosters transit oriented

development

• Energy • Potential for thermal

energy networks

• Fosters diversity in energy sources

• Water • Fosters Reuse & recycling

• Fosters heat recovery

New urban forms should include blue-green corridors

Water

• Drainage & flood protection

• Maintain natural water balance

Energy

• Provides some natural cooling

Transport

• Provides walk/bike pathways

• Improves aesthetics

Blue Green Corridors

Ventilation Corridors

Systems approach to the analysis of urban resource flows and their associated institutional setting - allows a more integrated approach to management. Formal integrated frameworks need to be developed to articulate the complex interactions between different urban flow streams (allowing optimization of multiple (and often conflicting) objectives).

Take home message

We need Champions of Change

Train new urban leaders!

Training program needs to be holistic and promote integration

Medium Level for Senior Managers

Expert Training for Managers & Practitioners

A strategy that cascades change

Choices Before Us

What You

Know..

What You

Don’t Know.. What You

Know..

Stay in Lane -

Business as

Usual

Try Harder,

Spend More for

Traditional Sys

Truly Different

Approach

Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy vairavk@usf.edu

Thank You

Global Challenges, Global Research, Global Solutions