URBAN CONSOLIDATION

&SUSTAINABLE CITY

&COMPACT CITY

FACTS:1995: 45% of world population -> urban area

1996: 1 billion of 2.6 billions -> metropolitan area

2000: 2 billion @ developing country (40% @ urban area)

2015: 22 of 26 mega cities (<10m) -> developing country

2025: increased by 50%

2050: increased by 60% (or 4.8 billion)Source: UNDP, 2000

MetroTrends:1.Pertumbuhan kota tanpa batas2.Munculnya kota-kota yang tersebar ke pinggir

AKIBAT:1.Peningkatan biaya infrastruktur2.Pelayanan publik tidak merata3.Peningkatan volume lalu lintas4.Hilangnya lahan pertanian5.Penurunan tingkat kenyamanan hidup di kota dan pinggiran6.Terancamnya stabilitas pedesaan7.Peningkatan konsumsi energi8.…….

CITY+

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

=SUSTAINABLE CITY

ENVIRONMENT:Ecosystem Integrity

Carrying CapacityBiodiversity

ECONOMY:Growth

DevelopmentProductivityTrickle-down

SOCIETY:Cultural IdentityEmpowerment

AccessibilityStabilityEquity

-Is a garden city that integrates town and country (Howard, 1992)

-Possesses the vital form of medieval city (Geddes, 1915)

-Has a form nearest as organic as possible (Wright, 1935)

-Is designed with nature (McHarg, 1969)

-Does not exceed nature’s carrying capacity (Canfield, 1993)

-Features solar design, natural drainage, edible landscape (Corbett and Corbett, 1984)

-Is a permaculture (Mollison, 1978)

-Uses transit oriented development to control growth (Calthorpe, 1993)

-Is compact and regenerative of damaged or derelict urban land (CEC, 1990)

-Is made compact to allow surrounding wilderness to flourish (Nash, 1991)

-Has a circular metabolism (Girardet, 1992)

-Makes no waste, seeks biodiversity, relies on the sun (McDonough, 1992)

-Is holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary (McDonald, 1994)

-Is comprised of Green Infrastructures (Lyle, 1994)

SUSTAINABLE CITY …..

LANDFORM SITE DESIGN INFRASTRUCTURE

-Topography-Light-colored surfacing-Vegetative cooling-Wind buffering/channeling-Evaporative Cooling

-Solar Orientation-Pedestrian Orientation-Transit Orientation-Micro climatic building/sitting

-Water supply and use-Wastewater collection-Storm Drainage-Street Lighting-Traffic signalization-Recycling facilities

LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION ON-SITE ENERGY

-Use Density-Use mix-Activity Concentration

-Integrated multimodal street network-Pedestrian-Bicycle-Transit-High Occupancy vehicles-Pavement minimization-Parking minimization

-Geothermal/groundwater-Surface Water-Wind-Solar-District heating/cooling-Cogeneration-Fuel Cell Power

SUTAINABLE CITY STRUCTURECENTRAL CORE CITY STRUCTURE

STAR SHAPE CITY STRUCTURE

SATELLITE CITY STRUCTURE

GALAXY STRUCTURE

LINEAR CITY STRUCTURE

MULTIPOLE STRUCTURE

COMPACT CITY

FORM OF SPACE1. High Dense settlements2. Less Dependence of automobile3. Clear boundary

SPACECHARACTERISTICS

4. Mixed Land Use5. Diversity of life6. Clear Identity

FUNCTION 7. Social Fairness8. Self sufficient of daily life9. Independency of governance

HUBUNGAN ANTARA COMPACT CITY – SUSTAINABILITY CITY1. Pengurangan ketergantungan pada kendaraan bermotor2. Penyedian infrastruktur dan servis publik yang efisien3. Komunitas yang aktif melalui hunian kepadatan tinggi4. Revitalisasi pusat kota

COMPACT CITYDAMPAK COMPACT CITY

BENEFIT LOSS

-Penghematan Energi

-Pengurangan Emisi

-Peningkatan taraf hidup akibat kepadatan tinggi dan daerah peruntukan campuran

-Kejenuhan kota

-Polusi

-Menurunnya keramahan penduduk

-Pencegahan bencana

COMPACT CITY

SCENARIO1. Meningkatkan biaya transportasi pribadi2. Mengembangkan hunian berkepadatan tinggi dan pembauran

sosial3. Menggabungkan fungsi-fungsi komersial4. Mengembangkan tata guna lahan campuran antara hunian

dan komersial5. Pemisahan yang tegas antara daerah hunian dan pertanian

COMPACT CITYPopulation Growth

(1975-2025)CONDITIONS GOALS

DDC Urban Population Ratio69.8% -> 84%

Urban Population730mil -> 1 bill

-Increase in amount of land area per capita <- decrease in population density-Increase in energy use <- increase in average travel distance, electrification of life-Increase of waste and pollution <- 53.6% of CO2 are discharged by 16.7% population

Advance in quality of life

DNC Urban Population Ratio626.7% -> 57.1%

Urban Population2mil -> 4 bill

-Efficient infrastructure supply <- To catch up with rapid population growth To keep close urban rural linkage-Poverty -> deteriorating urban environment-Security of social equity

Social services and poverty alleviation

DDC: Developed Country, DNC: Developing Country

EC’S COMPACT CITY-Urban sustainability as urban compactness and regeneration

Principal approaches in contemporary urban sustainability:

-Revitalizing cities by making them more compact

-Regenerating existing urban land

RECOMMENDATIONS:

-Heterogeneity, physical beauty, compactness of historic cities

COMPACT CITY @ developing countries

TANTANGAN:1. Kurangnya infrastruktur sosial yang disebabkan oleh

pertumbuhan penduduk melebihi pertumbuhan ekonomi2. Meningkatnya hunian liar3. Spekulasi tanah4. Sulitnya urban re development melalui demolisi pemukiman

kumuh5. Lemahnya sistem transportasi publik6. Kurangnya kapasitas perencanaan kota

COMPACT CITY @ INDONESIA

KEBIJAKAN COMPACT CITY@INDONESIA PENEKANAN PADA KONDISI KONDISI

BERKELANJUTAN:1. Penyediaan infrastruktur yang efisien2. Keseimbangan aktivitas perkotaan yang mempertimbangkan

kolaborasi dengan daerah rural sekitar3. Pertalian antara daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan4. Pencapaian kesetaraan/keadilan sosial

COMPACT CITY @ INDONESIA

PROPOSAL COMPACT CITY@INDONESIA1. Perkembangan Kota Vertikal2. Sistem Transportasi Massal yang terintegrasi3. Kota Berinti Ganda4. Tata bangunan dan lingkungan hemat energi5. Ruang Pejalan Kaki

URBAN CONSOLIDATION

A planning policy directed to bringing about the more efficient use of a finite resource namely existing or likely

future urban land and involves increase density

… is a process of increasing and/or maintaining the density of housing in established residential areas in order to

increase or maintain population densities of those areas

URBAN CONSOLIDATION

Environmentally responsible

Focused upon building economic development

Socially responsive

SMART GROWTHPLANNINGNSW

1. Converse Open Space2. Provide boundaries limiting the outward extension of growth3. Provide compact, mixed use developments amenable to

walking and transit4. Revitalize older downtown areas, inner-ring suburbs and

rundown commercial areas5. Provide reliable public transport to reduce car dependence

and support alternative development patterns6. Coordinate regional planning7. Equitable share resources and burdens (including affordable

housing) across metropolitan area

Example: Boston, Barcelona, Dublin, Vancouver

SMART GROWTHPLANNINGNSW

CHALLENGES:1. Lack of adoption across government2. Ongoing market support for urban sprawl3. Car dominance4. The need for better implementation techniques

GREEN SQUARELANDCOM

•Traditional owners: Cadigal (Carrahdigang) clan

•Suburbs in the Green Square area: Zetland and Beaconsfield, and parts of the suburbs of Alexandria, Rosebery and Waterloo

•Area: 278 hectares

•LGA: City of Sydney

•Projected resident population at 2021: 33, 148

•Projected workforce population at 2021: 28, 392

•Total No. of projected dwellings: 13,076

•Total projected residential floorspace: 1,310,000 square metres

•Total projected commercial and other non-residential floorspace: 854,000 square metre

•Total projected retail floorspace: 46,000 square metres

The vision for the Town Centre is that of a new and vibrant centre, a place where people will live and work, a place to shop, for entertainment, restaurants and cultural and community activities.

It will be home to approximately 5,500 residents and about 7,000 people are expected to work in the Town Centre. The strategic positioning of parks and public plazas will provide areas for recreation and relaxation.

The total gross floor space proposed for the Green Square Town Centre is 410,000m2, comprising 286,700m2 of residential, 106,800m2 of commercial and 16,500m2 retail.

GREEN SQUARETurner-Arets

DOCKLANDS@Melbourne

Initial Development:

This enabled consideration of several different approaches to such aspects as physical and visual connections with the city, the use of water as a thematic element, and the proportion and allocation of public open space.

The resulting open space network integrates green space with local bodies of water, and connects the Docklands with the central city and neighboring communities.