Urban and Rural Health Care

8/6/2019 Urban and Rural Health Care

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On Wednesday, May 23, 2007, For the first time

earths population would be more urban than

rural. On that day, a predicted global urban population

of 3,303,992,253 would exceed that of

3,303,866,404 rural people.

The world would be 51.3 percent urban by 2010

As long as cities exist, they will need rural

resources


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RURALITY

In general rural is defined in terms of

the geographic location and populationdensity, or it may be described in terms of

the distance (eg. 20 miles) or the time

(eg. 30 minutes) needed to commute to

an urban centre.


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RURAL:- communities having less than20,000 residents or fewer than 99

persons per square mile. URBAN:- geographic areas described as

non-rural and having a higher

population density; more than 99persons per square miles; cities with apopulation of at least 20,000 but less

than 50,000.


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There are five levels of urbanization raging

from the most urban to the most rural:Large central metropolitan 1 million or more population

Large fringe metropolitan 1 million population

Small metropolitan less than 1 million population

Areas with a city 10,000 and more population

Areas without a city less than 10,000 population


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WORLD: URBAN AND

RURAL POPULATION

%

Total 6, 906, 558,000

Urban 3, 494, 607,000 50.6

Rural 3, 411, 951,000 49.4


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Males Female %

Total 1,027,015,247 531,277,078 495,738,169

Rural 741,660,293 381,141,184 360,519,109 72.22

Urban 285,354,954 150,135,894 135,219,060 27.78

INDIA: URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION


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Rural communities are demographically bipolar.

There are higher than average numbers of younger andolder residents in rural settings.

Persons 18 years and older living in rural areas aremore likely married than are adults in urban.

As a group rural people are more likely to be widowed.

As for level of education, adults in rural areas havefewer years of formal schooling than do urban adults.

Rural families tend to be poorer

The rural population is less likely to have healthinsurance.


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Ecological disruption

Biodiversity loss

Water loss

Soil erosion Deforestation

Habitat Loss

Indoor Pollution

Air pollution Congestion on the road

Sewage


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Pollution

Public Hygiene

Non availability of clean drinking water

Improper disposal of sewage

Dust and Particulate matter

Poor ventilated buildings

Lack of Education

Blind faiths and Superstitions

Excessive use of Fertilizers and Pesticides


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Perceived health status

Chronic illness

Pattern of health service use Availability and assess of health care

Maternal-infant health

Health of children

Mental health

Environmental and occupational health


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Urban Context

The social environment

The physical environment Access to health and social service

Rural Context

The social environment

The physical environment

Access to health and social service


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Characteristics of rural life:--

More space; greater distance between

houses and services. Seasonal works and leisure activities.

Informal social and professional

interactions.

Access to extended kinship system.

Lack of anonymity.


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Small enterprises.

Economic orientation to land and nature.

Higher prevalence of high risk occupations. Town as centre of trade.

Churches and schools as socialization

centres. Preference for interacting with locals.

Mistrust of newcomers to the community.


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Great distance to obtain services.

Lack of personal transportation.

Unavailable public transportation.

Inadequate reimbursement policies for providers.

Unpredictable weather and travel conditions.

Inability to pay for care.

Inadequate provider attitudes and understanding aboutthe rural populations.

Language barriers.

Care and services not culturally and linguistically

appropriate.


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Characteristics of nursing care in rural

environment:-

Variety or diversity in clinical experience

Broader scope of practice

Generalist skills

Flexibility/ creativity in providing care. Sparse resources

Professional or personal isolation.

Greater independence and autonomy


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Role overlap with other disciplines.

Slower space.

Lack of anonymity.

Increased opportunity for informal communication

with the clients.

Opportunity for follow up care after discharge.

Care of client across life span.

Status in the community.

Viewed as a professional role model.

Community participation.


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Population centered nursing:

Rural health care and nursing applicable tocommunity health nursing.

Because of personal familiarity with localresidents, nurses often possess in-depthknowledge about clients and their families.

Rural community nursing takes place invariety of locations, including homes, clinics,schools, occupational settings andcommunity events such as fairs and

festivals.


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M. Stanhope and J. Lancaster. Public Health Nursing population centered health care in the community. 7th

edition. Mosby Elsevier; Missouri: 2008

Unite for sight. Urban Versus Rural Health Retrieved on

January 14, 2010 from http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/urban-rural-health

Jakarta globe. Wide Disparity Seen In Urban and RuralHealth Care Services. Retrieved on January 14, 2010 fromhttp://www.thejakartaglobe.com/health/wide-disparity-

seen-in-urban-and-rural-health-care-services/355003

Wikipedia. Urbanization. Retrieved on January 30, 2010from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization


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Urban and Rural Health Care

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