High Precision Urban and Indoor Positioning for Public Safety
Urban and Indoor Air Quality - Vancouver Island University 302 Urban and Indoor Air Q… ·...
Transcript of Urban and Indoor Air Quality - Vancouver Island University 302 Urban and Indoor Air Q… ·...
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Urban and Indoor Air Quality
1. Urban Air QualityPollutants & Indices
2. Indoor Air QualityRadon, VOCs, SVOCs, combustion, PM
3. Air Exchange Rates
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China’s pollution puts a dent in its economy
Bejing airport at noon800 flights cancelled
http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/01/chinas-toxic-sky/100449/
"You literally can see the smog inside a large enough building. The airport terminal, the hotel lobby are large enough that you can no longer see clearly across the room.” John Williamson
NO2O3PMSO2CO
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US EPA Air Quality Index
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=resources.conc_aqi_calc
O3
PM
CO SO2
NO2
I = Air Quality IndexC = pollutant concentrationClow = conc breakpoint < CChigh = conc breakpoint > CIlow = index breakpoint for Clow
Ihigh = index breakpoint for Chigh
Category PM2.5 (ug/m3) Index Value
Good 0 – 12.0 0 - 50
Moderate 12.1-35.4 51-100
Unhealthy* 35.5-55.4 101-150
Unhealthy 55.5-150.4 151-200
Very unhealthy 150.5-250.4 201-300
Hazardous 250.5-350.4 301-400
Hazardous 350.5-500.4 401-500
EPA’s breakpoint table for PM2.5
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Real-time AQI – China Air
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AQI New Delhi
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http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/bcairquality/readings/map/station.html#E229797
What is the AQI for NO2, O3 and PM2.5 in Nanaimo right now?
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Multi-Pollution Index (MPI)
MPI = (1/n) [ S {(ACi – GCi)/GCi}]
where
ACi is actual concentration for pollutant i
and
GCi is guideline value for pollutant i
and
n is number of pollutants used in the index
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AQHI - Canada
O3 (ppmv)
NO2 (ppmv)
PM2.5 (ug/m3)
(3 hr average concentrations)
CO and SO2 dropped
http://www.ec.gc.ca/cas-aqhi/default.asp?Lang=En&n=065BE995-1
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AQHI
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/bcairquality/readings/map/station.html#E229797
What is the AQHI for NO2, O3 and PM2.5 in Nanaimo right now?
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Percent of days AQHI exceedances2000 - 2006
P. Hasselback, E. Taylor, Air Quality Health Index Variation Across BC, 2010
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Percent of days AQHI exceedances2000 - 2006
P. Hasselback, E. Taylor, Air Quality Health Index Variation Across BC, 2010
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Pollutant Contributions to Health Risk
P. Hasselback, E. Taylor, Air Quality Health Index Variation Across BC, 2010
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2. Indoor Air
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Sources
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Indoor air quality
• Composition and exchange of outdoor air
• Indoor materials (construction, consumer goods)
• Indoor activities (cooking, heating, smoking)
CO, CO2, NOx, VOCs, PM, Rn
Specific S/VOCs of concern: H2CO, BTEX, halocarbons, PAHs, PBDEs, PCBs, phthalates
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3. Air Changes per Hour (ach)
Older homes and buildings ach ~ 1 hr-1
Newer homes and buildings ach ~ 0.1-0.5 hr-1
(i.e., one air exchange every 10 – 2 hrs)
‘ach’ is a first order rate constant (time-1) ke
Residence time of indoor air (te = 1/ke)
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On box models
• If there are processes, then te = [X]i/rate of indoor prodn
• At steady state, rate in = rate outke[X]o = ke[X]i and therefore [X]i = [X]o
if there is no indoor source or indoor chemical or physical loss of X
If there is an indoor source, then rate of X increasing indoors = ke[X]o + Ri, where Ri is the rate of release of X from indoor source/s.
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One box models (cont)
If there is an indoor chemical and/or physical loss process, then at steady state we have
Ri + ke[X]o = ke[X]i + kd[X]i
and
[X]i = (Ri + ke[X]o)/(ke + kd)
where kd is rate constant for any indoor decay process.
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Indoor Particulate Concentration
Increased ventilation
Smokers in indoor space
PM (mg/m3)
ke = 0.1
Fig 7.3Van Loon