Upwave: city dynamics and the coming economic revival
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Transcript of Upwave: city dynamics and the coming economic revival
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John Montgomery 2011
The Upwave: Growth, Prosperity and Economic
Development
by John Montgomery, Urban Cultures Ltd.
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John Montgomery 2011
The Argument
• The Banking Panic of 2008-2009
• The Problem with Economics
• How Economies Work
• Growth and Decline
• Long Waves of Economic Development
• City Dynamics
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John Montgomery 2011
The Banking Panic of 2008-09
• The slowdown of 2008
• Monetary policy from 1999
• Debt – private
• Debt – government
• Lehman Brothers etc
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John Montgomery 2011
The Sub-prime Crisis
• The Resolution Trade Corporation• Mortgage-backed Securities held by US
investment banks, pension funds and asset management firms = $6 trillion
• Sub-market was about $800 billion• Bad lending and bad debts• Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac• Consolidated Securities
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John Montgomery 2011
Banking Panics
• Can happen at any time• Asset bubbles• Not necessarily linked to real economy• The South Sea Bubble, the Mississippi Bubble, the
Ayr Bank Collapse, the Commercial Crisis of 1857-58
• The real economy was growing well in 2007 and is again
• Not 1930s but the late 1950s
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John Montgomery 2011
The Problem with Economics I
• Adam Smith – supply and demand, markets and trade = classical liberal
• Mathematical Modelling and Scientific Method- the ‘Marginalists’ eg Leon Walras
• Predictability and ‘Equilibrium’.
• Economics as a seesaw: unemployment v. inflation
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John Montgomery 2011
The Problem with Economics II
• Neo-classical economics and modelling and rationality, eg Samuelson, Kenneth Arrow
• Economics as plumbing – Phillips Curves• Keynesianism – demand management• Stagflation in the 1970s• Arthur Okun’s ‘Discomfort Index’• Monetarism – Irving Fisher and Friedman• The non-accelerating inflation rate of
unemployment
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John Montgomery 2011
The Problem with Economics III
• Real life is a disappointment
• Fear of Inflation
• New Keynesianism – stimulas and debt
• Sovereign debt
• Monetary policy is a blunt instrument and is over-used
• The Austrians = minimal intervention
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John Montgomery 2011
‘The State of Macro’
• ‘For a long while after the explosion of macroeconomics in the 1970s, the field looked like a battlefield. Over time however, largely because facts do not go away, a largely shared vision both of fluctuations and of methodology has emerged…The state of macro is good’. Blanchard, O. The State of Macro, Cambridge Mass, MIT Working Paper 2008.
• Much of the elegant theoretical structure that has been constructed in the last one hundred years in economics will be seen over the next decade to have provided a wrong focus and a misleading and ephemeral idea of what constitutes equilibrium. If we consider two standard criteria for a scientific theory – prediction and explanation – economic theory has proved to say the least, inadequate. Alan Kirman (1999).
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John Montgomery 2011
Economic Development (Smith, Jacobs, Porter)
• Location and Specialisation
• Firm Formation
• Exports and Trade
• Imports and Import Substitution
• Division of Labour
• Imitation and Innovation
• Local ConsumptionEx P C
I IS
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John Montgomery 2011
Real Economic Development
• Markets and Prices and Trade
• Economic development is a natural characteristic of human societies
• Non-linear = no equilibrium!
• Adaptation and ‘Drift’
• ‘Complex adaptive systems
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John Montgomery 2011
Real Places
• Growth occurs in real places• Self-generating development• Original use of local resources and materials• Traditions of work and skills• Adaptation and Improvisation• Dynamic and Creative• Cities and City Regions
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John Montgomery 2011
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John Montgomery 2011
Clusters, Networks and Milieux
• Industry clusters: Michael Porter• Networked economies: Manuel Castells• Creative Milieux: Tornquist,
Andersson, Hall
• Cities and city regions: Jane Jacobs
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John Montgomery 2011
Theories of Creative Milieux
Gunnar Tornquist, 1978– Information (and exchange);– Knowledge (bodies of work and data-bases);– Competence in certain activities;– Creativity, combines these to create new
products, ideas and processes.
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John Montgomery 2011
Theories of Creative Milieux II
• Ake Andersson, 1983– cities that have developed ‘almost subliminal abilities’ to produce new
work in art, technology and science. – Such places tend to be
• culturally diverse (in terms of tastes and preferences, rather necessarily than ethnic variety)
• rich in knowledge
• have a store of skills and competencies
• well-connected through communications infrastructure
• relatively compact places, so that
• variations and innovations coming from diverse small-scale elements in close proximity.
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John Montgomery 2011
Transactions of Decline
• Collapse of staple industries
• Failure to adapt
• Loss of entrepreneurship
• Loss of skills and competences
• Low levels of investment, work and business formation
• Laggard regions and subsidy transactions
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John Montgomery 2011
What Causes Growth?Schumpeter, Hall, Carlota Perez
• Technological revolutions
• New industries
• Investment surge and bubble
• New demands and new markets
• Inflection Point – where new technologies become part of the mainstream economy
• Followed by an Upwave or golden age
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John Montgomery 2011
The Long-wave Business Cycle
• TOP OF THE BOOM• Going Up• Rising interest rates• Rising real estate prices• Rising share prices• Increasing demand• New products and
services• New inventions
• Falling demand• Falling rates of profit• Falling share prices• Falling interest rates• Rising real estate
prices• Coming Down • DEPTH OF
DEPRESSION
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John Montgomery 2011
The Long waves of Economic Development
Wave Dates Industries Mode of Production
Leading Cities
I. 1789-1849 Cotton, Clothing, Mercantile to Industrial Capitalism
Manchester
New York
II. 1847-1896 Steel, rail, ship-building
Industrial capitalism
Glasgow, Pittsburgh, Chicago
III. 1896-1945 Automobiles, electrical eng.
Fordism Detroit,
Stuttgart
IV 1944-2004 Computers, aerospace,
pharmaceuticals
Post-fordism
(consumer and retail led)
Los Angeles
Seattle
V 2002-2060 Digital media, bio-technology, environmental science
Arbiters of Taste
West Coast Philadelphia, London
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John Montgomery 2011
The Long WavesDiagrammed
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John Montgomery 2011
Leading Industries of the Fifth Wave
• Digital revolution, communications, internet
• Software design
• Bio-technology
• Environmental Technology
• The ‘Cultural Industries’– Digital media
– Contemporary crafts and visual arts
– performance
• Tourism
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John Montgomery 2011
The Role of Governments?
• Support – Organizational innovation– Technological innovation– Institutional innovation
• Ensure– Presence of a strong banking system– Availability of skills and educated people– Availability of energy and strategic infrastructure
• Simplified Taxation System and Low Taxes• Reduce red tape and ‘compliance’.
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John Montgomery 2011
Leading Cities of the Fifth WaveHigh Growth-Modern
• Shenzhen• Los Angeles• Austin, Texas• Seattle • Tokyo• Milan• Shanghai
Low Growth-Modern• Detroit• Birmingham• Pittsburgh
High Growth-Traditional• London• Dublin• Helsinki• Portland• Mumbai• Melbourne• New York
Low Growth-Traditional• Edinburgh• Athens• Adelaide
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John Montgomery 2011
City Dynamics
Technology
Commerce
Form
Culture
Local Environment
Infrastructure
Local Consumption
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John Montgomery 2011
• SPATIAL PLANNING
– Metro-plans
– Areas, Precincts and Districts
– Growth Borders
• PLACE TYPOLOGIES– City Centres– Zones of Transition– Older residential areas– Older inner industrial and commercial
areas– Largely residential suburbs– Suburban commercial and industrial areas– Market and country towns– Coastal areas– Rural areas and villages– Sensitive landscapes– New settlements
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John Montgomery 2011
Rules of Economic Development I
• In the absence of wealth-creating trading sectors of the economy, economies stagnate and die.
• Successful economies are adaptive and open-ended
• Technological advances lead to new products and services and markets
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John Montgomery 2011
Rules of Economic Development II
• Dynamic economies depend on innovation and creativity
• Dynamic economies are based in real places
• Economies cannot be planned
• Growth occurs over short, medium and long business cycles or waves
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John Montgomery 2011
Rules of Economic Development III
• Governments should keep taxes as low as possible• Governments should keep spending and borrowing
under control• Governments cannot spend their way out of
recessions• Governments should not print money• Moving interest rates up and down is largely
counter-productive• Trade does in fact bring peoples and countries,
cities and regions together.
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John Montgomery 2011
Ends – thank you
• www.urbancultures.com.au
• John Montgomery’s book The New Wealth of Cities was published in 2007 by Ashgate.
• His latest book – The Upwave – will be published in 2011. Also by Ashgate.