Upstream and downstream influences on system architecture

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4th July, 2016 / Jinwon Park ([email protected]) System Architecture Chapter 10. Upstream and Downstream In๏ฌ‚uences on System Architecture

Transcript of Upstream and downstream influences on system architecture

Page 1: Upstream and downstream influences on system architecture

4th July, 2016 / Jinwon Park ([email protected])

System ArchitectureChapter 10. Upstream and Downstream Influences on System Architecture

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MV Blue Marlin: Float-On / Float-Off (FLO-FLO) ship

* 270m x 42mx13.3m, 56000tons, 14.5kts(cruise) / 25000nm, 1999 - 4

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Eliโ€™s Goliat Platform: The Largest Oil Rig in the World

* Diameter abt. 107m, a staff of 120, 14 anchor lines and 22 wells including 11 producers, builder: HHI(2015), owner: Eni (Norway) 5

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Norwayโ€™s Dragon Oil Platform

* A depth of 250m, owner: AS Norke Shell 6

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Contents

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Terms

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System

์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ์ „์ฒด(Organized Whole)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด(Systema)์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜(1603~)* Merriam-Webster Dictionary, ISO/IEC 15288, MIL-STD-499B, etc.

๋ชฉ์  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ(์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ œํ’ˆ, ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค)์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด* Von Bertalanffy (1901-1972), Biologist, one of the pioneers of the โ€˜general systems theoryโ€™

โ€œWhole compounded of several parts or members, systemโ€

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Big picture of System: โ€˜๊ตฌ์กฐโ€™๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ โ€˜๊ตฌ์กฐโ€™๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.

* ๊น€๋™ํ™˜, โ€˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™, pp. 64-, ์„ ํ•™์‚ฌ, 2004

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ(Property)์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(Function)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ(Component)๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ(Behavior)๋‚˜ ์†์„ฑ(Property)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.

๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(Interactive)ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด(Interdependent) ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.* ์ด์ค€ํ˜•, โ€˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ดํ•ดโ€™, ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ถœํŒ๋ถ€, 2000) 10

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Architecture

๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ โ€œ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผโ€๋กœ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด โ€˜Architecturaโ€™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด โ€˜Arkhitektonโ€™์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋จ* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture

๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด

๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™

๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ

์˜ˆ์ˆ , ๊ณผํ•™, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹

๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ „๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด

๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ™œ๋™

A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures

The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures

The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures

Knowledge of art, science, technology and humanity

The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings, or built environments

The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture) 12

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์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์—ด๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ๋‚ด์— ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„

์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ /์ •๋ณด์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ• ๋‹น

์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณตํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ โ€˜์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜(Architecture)โ€™ ์ •์˜

The Structure, Arrangements or configuration of system elements and their internal relationships necessary to satisfy constraints and requirement (Alfred Frey, 1903-1998, American Architect)

The Arrangement of the functional elements into physical blocks (Ulrich, Eppinger, Professor at UPenn, 1961-, American engineer and professor at MIT)

An abstract description of the entities of a system and the relationship between those entities (Crawley et al.)

The embodiment of concept, and the allocation of physical/informational function to elements of form to elements of form, and definition of interfaces among the elements and with the surrounding context. (Crawley)

์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…(Related by concept)์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(Function)์„ ํ˜•์‹(To form)์— ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

Concept vs. Architectureโœค Concept์€ ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ, ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ๋งคํ•‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋น„์ ผ, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(Mental image)

โœค Architecture๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์˜ ํ• ๋‹น, ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ •์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ

* MIT โ€˜System Architectureโ€™ ESD.34 Lecture 1/2, Ed Crawley January 11, 2007 Rev 2.0 13

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Front Elevation View

Plan View

Perspective View

Building CodesTechnical Standards View

Front Elevation View

Plan View

Perspective View

Building CodesTechnical Standards View

Physical view to an Architecture

* Boeing, System Architecting - An Introduction, October 18, 2005 14

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Functional view to an Architecture

* Boeing, System Architecting - An Introduction, October 18, 2005

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1.0

Provide Space

2.0

Provide Nourishment

3.0

Provide Protection

4.0

Provide Comfort

5.0

Provide Communication &

Entertainment

Provide Human Habitat

1.1

Provide Access & Mobility

1.2

Provide Storage

1.3

Provide Living Space

1.2.1

Provide Vehicle Storage

1.2.2

Provide Object Storage

2.1

Provide Food and Drink

2.2

Provide Waste Disposal

3.1

Provide Physical Security

3.2

Provide Physical

Protection

4.1

Provide Sleeping

4.2

Provide Climate

4.3

Provide Personal Cleaning

4.4

Provide Seating

5.1

Provide Video Entertainment

5.2

Provide Audio Entertainment

5.3

Provide Computing

Entertainment

5.4

Provide Telephony

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Architect

๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํš, ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด โ€˜Architectusโ€™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด โ€˜Arkhi-tekton (Cheif-builder)โ€™์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋จ* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect

๊ฑด์ถ•์™ธ์—๋„ Landscape architecture, naval architecture, software architecture์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ

The Architect is not a generalist, but a specialist in sampling complexity, resolving ambiguity and focusing creativity

* MIT โ€˜System Architectureโ€™ ESD.34 Lecture 6, Ed Crawley January 11, 2007 Rev 2.0

Define the boundaries and function, create the concept, define the elements, interfaces and abstractions16

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Architecting

Architecting: word or not?

http://www.cardinalsolutions.com/blog/2014/08/architecting_iot

By Architect, derive architecture ? Being architect?

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Function and Form

โ€œFunction is โ€˜what the system doesโ€™, Form is what the system isโ€

Function์€ Performance๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™, ์šด์˜๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ Solution-neural language๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด์ง(i.e., Function = Process + Operand)

Form์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ /์ •๋ณด์  ๊ตฌํ˜„์ฒด๋กœ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ, ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ฆ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด์ง(i.e., Form = Element + Structure, Form in the instrument of function)The physical/informational embodiment which exist, or has the potential to exist.

The activities, operations and transformations that cause, create or contribute to performance (i.e. meeting goals)

* MIT โ€˜System Architectureโ€™ ESD.34 Lecture 1/2, Ed Crawley January 11, 2007 Rev 2.0 18

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System Architecture

โ€œA system architecture or systems architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a systemโ€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ* Annu Jaakkola and Bernhard Thalheim. (2011) "Architecture-driven modelling methodologies." In: Proceedings of the 2011 conference on Information

Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXII. Anneli Heimbรผrger et al. (eds). IOS Press. p. 98

์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จโ€œArchitectural design descriptions must cover the areas of structure, behavior, and layoutโ€

* Richard Stevens, et. al., โ€œSystems engineering coping with complexityโ€, p. 92, Prentice Hall Europe 1998

System structure: ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  (e.g., diagrams, hierarchies)

System behavior: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ Event์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋™์ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„(e.g., Functional block diagrams)

System layout: ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•, ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ (e.g., reports, drawings, etc.)

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Naval Architecture

Naval architecture also known as naval engineering, is an engineering discipline dealing with the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures

์กฐ์„ ๊ณตํ•™์€ ๊ณตํ•™์„ค๊ณ„, ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ฑด์กฐ, ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ํ•ด์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ(Engineering discipline) * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture

Naval Engineering can be said an activity of โ€˜Naval Architectingโ€™? Why not?

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Boundaries, values, functions, forms

Product/supporting systems, use context, boundaries, interfaces

Principal internal functions, form decomposition, functions to forms, etc.

Process sequence, operation modes, etc.

Architecting Framework

* MIT โ€˜System Architectureโ€™ ESD.34 Lecture 6, Ed Crawley January 11, 2007 Rev 2.0 21

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The Role of the Architect

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๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ(Reduce ambiguity): Define the boundaries, goals, and functions of the systemโœค Interpreting corporate and functional strategiesโœค Interpreting competitive marketing analysisโœค Listening to users, beneficiaries, customers, or their representativesโœค Considering the competence of the enterprise and its extended supply chainโœค Considering the operations and operational environment of the systemโœค Infusing technology where appropriateโœค Interpreting regulatory and pre-regulatory influencesโœค Recommending standards, frameworks, and best practicesโœค Developing goals for the system based on the upstream influences์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ ๋„์ž…(Employ creativity): Create the conceptโœค Proposing and developing concept optionsโœค Identifying key metrics and driversโœค Conducting highest-level trades and optimizationโœค Selecting a concept to carry forwards, and perhaps a backupโœค Thinking holistically about the entire product life cycleโœค Anticipating failure modes and plans for mitigation and recovery๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(Manage complexity): Choose a decomposition of the systemโœค Decomposing form and functionโœค Clarifying the allocation of functionality to elements of formโœค Defining interfaces between subsystems and the surrounding contextโœค Configuring the subsystemsโœค Managing flexibility vs. optimality, Defining the degree of modularityโœค Articulating vertical vs. horizontal strategiesโœค Balancing in-house vs. outsourcing design and manufacturing, Controlling product evolution

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• (The role of the architect)

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, Chapter 9, PEARSON, 201623

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Objectives of Chapter 10.Upstream and Downstream Influences on System Architecture

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Which influences will meaning fully reduce ambiguity?

Which influences will help us select among candidate architectures?

To answer questions about the magnitude of the impact of each of the influences (e.g., will marketing affect whether the car is two-wheel or four-wheel drive?)

What upstream influences impact architectural decisions?Figures/Tables, Design Structure Matrix, Decision Tree, Trade-off study, Cost, etc.

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016 25

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Brief view of Upstream/downstream influences

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Corporate Strategy Marketing Regulation Technology Infusion

Upstream Influences

Downstream Influences

Implementation Operations Design for X Product Evolution

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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Upstream influences

Upstream Influences

Corporate Strategy Marketing Regulation Technology Infusion

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Corporate Strategy

์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ „๋žต(Strategy of Enterprise)๊ธฐ์—…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ: ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ ์ฆ๋Œ€, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋ชฉํ‘œ์ •๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ: ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜

์ „๋žต์€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ™œ๋™(Specific activities)์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด, ํ™œ๋™๋ฒ”์œ„, ์žฅ๊ธฐ/์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ์ž์›ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ

ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์ „๋žต์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž/ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น„์ ผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ์ „์ž์‚ฐ(Scarce resources) ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ

๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ „๋žต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จIBM: 25๋…„๊ฐ„ OS(์šด์˜์ฒด๊ณ„)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šคํ”„ํŠธ(MS)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘PC ์‹œ์žฅ ํ˜•์„ฑAirbus: ์ž์‚ฌ A319~321 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๊ณตํ†ต์กฐ์ข…์‹ค(Common glass cockpit) ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณตํ†ตํ™”(Commonality)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 212-214, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016 29

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Upstream Influences

Corporate Strategy Marketing Regulation Technology Infusion

Shareholder annual report corporate strategy

Executive corporate strategy

Business unit strategy

Functional strategies

๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ์‹คํ–‰ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์ž์›ํ™œ๋™ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋“ฑ.์‹ค์ œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ œ๊ณต

ํ•ต์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์—…์˜์—ญ ์ •์˜, ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์ˆ˜๋‹จ ๋ช…์‹œ ๋“ฑ.๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ •์˜, ์‚ฌ์—…์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”, ์‚ฌ์—…์ถ”์„ธ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ ํฌํ•จ์˜ˆ) BMW to exit F1 in 2009

์‚ฌ์—…๋ถ€, ์‹œ์žฅ, ์ง€์—ญ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋จ.์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„, ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด BUS์— ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์˜ˆ) BMW i sub-brand

๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…, R&D, ์ œ์กฐ/์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑ ๋“ฑ. ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์—…๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•จ.

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 212-214, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016 30

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Impactful relationships between aspects of strategy and architecture

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 214-215, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

1. Mission and Scopes์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด์™€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์•ผํ•จ. ๊ธฐ์—…์ „๋žต์— ์ •์˜๋œ ์˜์—ญ(Scope)์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด์งˆ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ

2. Enterprise Goals์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต, ๋งˆ์ง„๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž์ˆ˜์ต์œจ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ณ„๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผํ•จ. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์› ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

3. Resource Allocation Decisions์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์ž์›ํ• ๋‹น์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์™€ ์ž์›ํ• ๋‹น ๋ฐฉ์–ด(Defend) ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ

4. Initiatives and Action Plans์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ „๋žต๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•จ.์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

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Marketing

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ“ํŒ…๊ณผ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์กฐ์ง๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 215-216, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

๋งˆ์ผ“ํŒ…์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ •์˜โ€œCreating, communicating and delivering value to customers, and โ€ฆ managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholdersโ€

* Upstream function by the creation of value, and Downstream delivery => Inbound/outbound marketing

Inbound/outbound marketing as seen by the architectureInbound marketing์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ(User needs)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํŒ…์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” Product development๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆผ.์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜์—ญ

Outbound marketing๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ(Consumer needs)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํŒ…์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ

Downstream ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ Upstream ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์—†๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•จ

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Interaction between marketing and system architecture is critical, especially for inbound marketing

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 217, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

1. Stakeholders and Their needs์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถค.

2. Segmentation of Markets, Market sizing, Penetration์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ. ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ด์œค ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คŒ์‹œ์žฅ์ง„์ž… ์‹œ์ ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ(Market)์—์„œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(How stable)์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

3. Competitors and Competing Products์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์น˜(Best possible estimate)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

4. Outbound Marketing์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ด์œค์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ฑ„๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆ์ •์˜ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš ์ดํ•ด

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Regulation

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 218-219, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ (Competitive advantages)๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํžˆ ์ž‘์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์™€ ์ œํ’ˆ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์ž„

2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ๋ฐฑ์—…์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์  ์„ค์น˜, ์˜๋ฃŒ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์งˆ(Material) ๊ทœ์ œ

๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ/์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€/์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์ž‘์—…์žฅ๋‚ด ์ธ๋ ฅ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์‚ฐ์—…์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํ–‰, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์ง€(ITAR) ๋“ฑ

Regulation

Compliance(์ค€์ˆ˜)

Anticipated regulation

Awareness(์ธ์‹)

Standards

Alignment(์ถ”์ข…)

Liability

Compliance with Enterprise procedure

The level of engagement with the Architecture by regulation and pseudo-regul.

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ.์ ์šฉ์‹œ์˜ ์ด์ต๊ณผ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๊ทœ์ œ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์—…์ „๋žต์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„ ํŒ๋‹จ, ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ์ œ๊ณต ๋“ฑ

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Technology Infusion

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 220-221, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญํ•  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„

๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ:Will the technology be ready for infusion? ์˜ˆ) Technology Readiness Level (TRL)Will this technology actually create additional value from the perspective of the customer and other stakeholders?โœค Comparative analysis: New technology versus those without the technology

Will this technology be effectively transferred into the product or system?

๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์ „๋‹ฌ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

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Downstream influences

Downstream Influences

Implementation Operations Design for X Product Evolution

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Implementation

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 223-224, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Coding, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain Management

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ์ •(Implementation process)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ด ํ•„์š”Design for Implementation Work with implementers from early

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ† ๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹คํ–‰์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ

์‹คํ–‰์€ ์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑ, ์‹คํ–‰์ž๊ธˆ๊ณ„ํš, ๊ณ„ํš/์ฐฉ์ˆ˜, S/W ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜, H/W ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง

๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œํ†ตํ•ฉ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์‹œํ—˜, ์ธ์ฆ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•จ

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์‹คํ–‰๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์€ โ€œ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ž์ฒด ์ œ์ž‘ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?โ€์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ

์ž์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?

์ž์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์‹คํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ž์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์‹คํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„

๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋“ฑ

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 223-224, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

๋งŒ์ผ ์ฃผ์š”๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋จ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋ฅผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?

Key supplier

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์‹คํ–‰ํŒ€์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์ž‘/๊ตฌ๋งค(make/buy) ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํŒ… ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ฃผ์˜๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์‹คํ–‰์ด์Šˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง(Supply chain)์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ(dynamics)์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผํ•จ์‹คํ–‰์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์กฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ(์ข…์ข… ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜)์ด ์žˆ์Œ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ถœ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ์ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ(Timing decision)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€๋ จ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„๋˜์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ

38

๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์žฅ์  : ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์‹คํ–‰๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œ๊ณต๋‹จ์  : ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์— ์ž์‚ฌ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ(hard boundary

and influence on decomposition)

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Operations

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 224, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ จ ํญ ๋„“์€ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ

์˜ˆ) Commissioning์€ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์ž…/์š”๋ฆฌ/ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์„ธํŒ…, Primary value๋Š” ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ ์ž์ฒด, Decommissioning์€ ์„ค๊ฑฐ์ง€/ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ •๋ฆฌ, ์‹๊ธฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 225-226, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Operation frameworkGet Ready: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค์น˜Transporting, connecting, powering up, initializing, etc.

Fueling, starting, loading, adjusting, etc.Get Set: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ค€๋น„(Every time)

Primary value, Secondary value, contingent, emergency, stand-alone, etc.

Go: ์ž‘๋™

Unloading, regular inspection, etc.Get Unset: ์ž‘๋™์™„๋ฃŒ(post-operation)

Terminating, disconnection, depowring, storing, etc.

Get Unready: ์ž‘๋™์ •์ง€(long storage)

Inspecting, calibrating, repairing, overhauling, updating, etc.

Fix: ์ •๋น„(regular or event-driven maintenance)

โœค Contingent: ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์†์‹ค, ์ธ๋ช…/์žฅ๋น„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์—†๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์šด์˜ ์ƒํƒœ

โœค Emergecy: Contingent์™ธ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์šด์˜ ์ƒํƒœโœค Stand-alone: ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹œํ—˜, ๋ง๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ

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Design for X

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 226-228, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

A Series of Design Guidelines

Safety, Quality, Reliability, Flexibility๋Š” 1880๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€

1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฆˆ์Œ ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ Modularity, Maintainability๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์„ธ

1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ Testability, Scalability, Interoperability, Sustainability๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์„ธ

* ์ €๋„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ 41

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Product and System Evolution, and Product Families

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 228-231, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

๋งŽ์€ ๋ณต์žก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์ œํ’ˆ๋ผ์ธ, ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋ฐ, ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™” ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—†์–ด ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋จ

Reuse, Legacy, product extensionsProduct lines, preplanned product improvementsProduct platforms, modularity, commonality, standardization

Reuse and Legacy ElementsProduct LinesPlatforming and Architecture

42

์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฑ์ง€์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ์ •์˜์— ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐฑ์ง€์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํŒ…์€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ž„

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 229, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Reuse and Legacy Elements (์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์š”์†Œ)

๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์š”์†Œ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ(Reuse)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•จ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž„ ์˜ˆ) ๋ถ€์†ํ’ˆ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ฝ”๋“œ, ์šฐ์ฃผ์™•๋ณต์„ ์˜ ๋กœ์ผ“๋ชจํ„ฐ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋“ฑ ๋“ฑ

์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Œโœค ๋น„๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Œโœค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„๊ตฌ/๊ณต๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Œโœค ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Œโœค ๋‹จ์ : ๊ธฐ์กด์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ œํ•œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ”ผํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ

(์˜ˆ. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์œจ ์ œํ•œ)

์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„(Original design)์—์„œ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‚˜, Platforming(after 2 slides)๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 229, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Product Lines (์ œํ’ˆ ๋ผ์ธ)์ œํ’ˆ๋ผ์ธ(Product lines) ๋˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ(Product families)์€ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋จโœค ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Œโœค ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํŒ… ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”(stratify) ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ (์˜ˆ. ์ฒ ๋กœ(์•ˆ์ •), ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผํฐ(๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค))

์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ฑ(Modularity) ๋ณด์žฅ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จโœค Best Practice๋Š” High-clockspeed ์ชฝ์— ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์— Slow์™€

Fast ๋ณ€ํ™”์š”์†Œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„

Slow-clockspeed evolution

High-clockspeed evolution

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 229, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Platforming and Architectureํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋ฐ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํš์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„โœค ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŒŒํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์งˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ†ตํŒŒํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ํ•„์š”โœค ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์งˆ ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์„ ํƒํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ

ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋ฐ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์žฅ์ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ณต์œ (Cost sharing)์ž„ * Volkswagensโ€™ A Platform (VW Jetta, Audi TT, Seat Toledo), Joint Strike Fighter (F-35A/B/C)

โœค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋น„์šฉ(Development cost) ์ ˆ๊ฐ, ์ œ์กฐ์›๊ฐ€(Labor hours) ๊ฐ์†Œ, ์žฌ๊ณ ์œจ(Safety stock level) ์ €ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ

http://www.f1technical.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12881

http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/lightning-rod-f-35-fighter-family-capabilities-and-controversies-021922/45

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 229, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋ฐ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ „๋žต์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œโœค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œโœค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ž… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅโœค ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ƒ์‚ฐ(mass customization) ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋ฐ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ(๋ถ€๋ถ„ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋“ฑ)์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œโœค ์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์„ค๊ณ„๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

์˜ˆ) Axles + Transmission

์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์ค‘ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คŒโœค ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ํ•˜๋ถ€์„ฑ๋Šฅ(Downstream performance)๊ณผ ์ตœ์ข…๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ(cost

consequence)์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ด(lock in)

http://www.carbodydesign.com/2012/02/volkswagen-modular-transverse-matrix-mqb/

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Architecture Business Case Decision

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 234, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

Simple Iternative Model combining up/downstream influences explicitly

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* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 234, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016

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CASE Study: B-52 and B-2

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Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1952-โœค ๊ธธ์ด/ํญ/๋†’์ด: 48.5m/56.4m/12.4mโœค ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰(๊ฒฝํ•˜/๋งŒ์žฌ/์ตœ๋Œ€์ด๋ฅ™): 83.2ํ†ค / 120ํ†ค /220ํ†คโœค ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋ ฅ/ํ•ญ์†๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: 560kts/4,480๋งˆ์ผ

Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, 1989-โœค ๊ธธ์ด/ํญ/๋†’์ด: 21.0m/52.4m/5.18mโœค ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰(๊ฒฝํ•˜/์ตœ๋Œ€์ด๋ฅ™): 152ํ†ค / 170ํ†คโœค ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋ ฅ/ํ•ญ์†๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: 550kts/6,000๋งˆ์ผ

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟhttps://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/๋ณด์ž‰_B-52_์ŠคํŠธ๋ž˜ํ† ํฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค51

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B-52/A350 Family : โ€œTube-and-Wingโ€ Architectureโœค More modularity, received several engine upgrade, a variety of seating capacity with the

longest wing, Fuselage(the โ€œtubeโ€) is lengthen or shortened as needed => oversized wing so more lift than aircraft needs

B-2: โ€œFlying Wingโ€ Architectureโœค Much more integral, less RCS, Flying wing spliced in half along with centerline with middle

section, more closely optimized the wing to the desired performance

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, p. 237, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016 52

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Summary

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์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ Up/Downstream influence๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ

๊ธฐ์—…์ „๋žต์˜ ์ดํ•ด (An understanding of corporate strategy)โœค ์ž์›ํˆฌ์ž (Investment of resources) ์ง€์นจ ์ „๋‹ฌ(->์•„ํ‚คํ…ํ„ฐ), ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ถ”์ข…

๋งˆ์ผ“ํŒ…๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ (Close cooperation with marketing)โœค ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ดํ•ด ๋„๋ชจ

ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ, ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค€๋ฒ•๊ทœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด

๊ฐ€์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ๊ฐ€์น˜

์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋‚ด ์‹คํ–‰์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‰ฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ โ€˜make/buyโ€™ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋„์šธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

์ •์ƒ/๋น„์ •์ƒ, ํˆฌ์ž…(Commissioning), ์ฒ ์ˆ˜(Decommissioning)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์šด์˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ดํ•ด

์ œํ’ˆ์ง„ํ™”, ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ด€์  ๋ณด์œ 

์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ œํ’ˆ์ผ€์ด์Šค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” Upstream ์ •๋ณดํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ Iterative ABCD ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ์ ์šฉ

* Edward Crawley et al., โ€˜System Architectureโ€™, pp. 235-236, Chapter 10, PEARSON, 2016 54