Upsc Portal - History

8/11/2019 Upsc Portal - History

1/212

INDIAN HISTORY

Proto Historic Period : Harappan Script was ideographic, but has not deciphered.

On the fortification wall of the recently excavated city Dholavira depiction of Harappan pictographs

have been found which the oldest sinage of the world is.

Vedic iterature:

Veda !eans "nowledge

Vedic literature includes all the four Vedas, #rah!nas, $ryan"as and %panishadas.

&igveda is the earliest Veda

&ig !eans hy!ns.

&igveda is divided into '( !andalas.

)andalas are further divided in to $sta"as and Su"tas.

&igvedas co!prises '(*+ hy!ns.

otal hy!ns is all vedas are *(,(((.

he last '' hy!ns are "nown #ala"hilya -second to seventh !andala are "nown as a!ilyext/ which are considered as the oldest part of &igveda.

hird !andala of &igveda co!prises 0aytri )antra, co!posed by Viswa!itra.

0aytri )antra is dedicated to savitur who was deity of Sun fa!ily.

ourth )andala consists of references of agricultural wor".

Sixth !andala depicts the word Haryupia which has been related with Harappa.

1inth !andala is dedicated to so!a.

irst type 2rishna3s description has been found in 4handogya %pnishad.

enth !andala -Purusha Su"ta/ describes

$bout the four varnas "nown as #rah!an, 2shatriya, Vaishya and sudra.

Sa!anean 5to Sing6.

7xcept 8+ hy!ns all the other hy!ns of this Veda have been ta"en fro! &igveda.

9aurveda is an elaborate elucidation of rituals.

2rishan;yaurveda co!prises description in prose.

$tharvveda is related with so!e non;$ryan traditions li"e !agical char! and spell.

#rah!an literature is descriptive detail about Sacra!ent, sacrifices and different rites and

rituals.

$itreya and 2ausita"i #rah!an are related with &igveda.

Satpath #rah!n related with 9aurveda describes about $ryans extention in the 0anget c

valley. &ituals related with agriculture have; been also described in it.

$ryan"as are philosophical in content.

Philosophy about the unity of $t!a and Parniat!a has been described in %panishadas.

%panishadas are called Vedanta.

otal nu!ber of %panishadas is '(+. #ut $ccording to San"aracharya nu!ber of

%panishadas is '


2/212

2atha upnishad describes the story ya!a and 1achi"eta.

%panisbadas !ainly revolves around South and #rah!a.

)andu"opanished of $tharva Veda depicts satya!ev =ayte.

&igveda, Sa!veda and 9ayurveda are collectively called rayee.

Vedang iterature:

'.

Si"ha -Phonetics/ ; 9as"a is the first "nown writer on Si"ha.

*.

2alpa ; -&ituals/ ; here are three Sutras Dhar!a, Sraut and 0rihya.

Sulva Sutra describes about geometry

Nirukta (Elymology)

!!a"da (#etre) $ %i"gal &as t!e greatest aut!or o" !!a"da S!astra'

yakara" (rammer) $ %a"i"i &rote Astad!yayi* +atyaya" artika a"d %ata",ali$

#a!ab!asya'

-yotis!a (Astrology) $ No .articular book o" eda"ga -yotit!a is available

0reat 7pics:

'. &a!ayan : 7lucidation of social ideals of ancient >ndian Society.

*?(((, Salo"as

Poet ; Val!i"i -He is called $di"avi/

Val!i"i for first ti!e used the world Sans"rit as no!enclature of the literary language

which was earlier "nown as #hasa.

*. )ababharta: Political thought of ancient >ndia can be understood on the basis of this epic.

'(,(((( slo"as ->t is called Satsahasri Sainhita and also Pancharu Veda.

0eeta is a part of #his!a Parva.

Harivanshapuran of )ahabharat co!prises genealogy of the rulers.

S!irti iterature:

'. )anu S!riti is the earliest s!riti.

>t was co!piled during the period of 2anava ruler.

>t calls foreign rulers $dha! "ula 2shatriya.

>t criticises violation of varnashar!a order.

$ccording to it 1iyog is 2alivaiya !eans strictly restricted in "ali era.

*. 9anal"ya s!riti ; first described about the origin of 2aysthas.

@. 1arad s!riti ; describes about rituals related with !anu!ission of seth.

?. Parasar s!riti ; describes about a nu!ber or classes of #rah!anas especially rich class of land

owning #rah!anas who were against accepting al!s.


3/212

Puranas:

Puranas have five i!portant features.

'.

Sarg

*.

Pratisarg

@.

Vansa

?. )anvantar

A. Varsanucharit

a"sa"uc!arit mea"s ge"eology

ayu .ura" me"tio"s about geogra.!y o/ I"dia" culture a"d about .romi"e"t I"dia"

dy"asties like Na"da* #aurya* Su"ga* Satva!a"a a"d u.ta'

Srimad b!agvat .ura"a is t!e' greatest .ura" i" res.ect to 0!akti cult'

ayu a"d is!"u %ura" me"tio" I"dia1s geogra.!y'

is!"u d!armottara .ura" de.icts about &all .ai"ti"gs a"d ico"ometry'

echnical and Scientific iterature

$vurveda:

$shwini 2u!ars. were physicians of the celestial world who got the "nowledge of $yurveda

fro! #rah!a.

Dhanvantri is considered as father of $yurveda syste!.

$thraveda gives first hand infor!ation about $yurveda.

4hara"a who belonged to "ushana period wrote chara" sa!ihta.

Shshurut wrote Shrshrut Sa!hita which also !entions about surgical operation.

Vagbhata wrote $stang thidya which !entions about eight !aor organs of hu!an body.

Veterinary Science:

Salihanna wrote on $sva 4hi"itsa.

Pal"appya wrote on 0aa chi"itsa

#otany:

Vri"sha parasar describes about nu!erous !edicinal herbs and plants.

$strologyB$strono!y:

Vedang =yotisha is considered as the earliest text on astrology as on well as astrono!y but it

is not available.

$ryabhatta wrote Surya Sidhanti"a.

Varaha!ihir wrote Pancha Sidhanti"a, Vrihatata", .aghu =ata" and Vrihat Sa!hita on

astrology.

#rah! 0upta wrote #rah!sphuta Sidhanta.


4/212

)athe!atics:

Sulva Sutra describes about vedic alters.

his is the earliest text which co!prises infor!ation on geo!etry.

$ryabhatta wrote $rybhattiya! which describes about deci!al syste! and about Cero.

#has"aracharya wrote ilavati

$rchitecture:

)anual of $rchitecture is "nown as Silpa Sastra.

7arliest infor!ation about painting and icono!etry is given in Visnudhar!ottara Purana.

)aya!atta, >shan Visva gurudeo Padhati and $paraitpn"sha are so!e of the best "nown

texts on >ndian $rchitecture.

#iographical iterature:

#anabhatta ; 7larsha 4hant -Pushyabhuti ruler of 2anau/.

Vilhan ; Vi"ra!ana"devcharita! -4halu"yan ruler of 2alyani/

$nand bhatta ; #allal charita

Sandhya"arnandi ; &a!palcharit

=ayana" ; Prithavi &a 4hant

He! chandra ; 2u!ar Pal 4hant

Pan!al 0upta ; 1avshashsan"a 4hant

=ayagondar ; 2alingatupani

Ota"uttan ; 2ulatinga!

4lassical Sans"rit:

#hasa wrote '? plays -Swapanvasha;dutta! and Pratirna 9angandhanaiyan are his !ost fa!ous

plays/

$svaghosh

'. #uddha 4harita! -#uddha3s biography/

*.

Saudarananda -Story of SuEdani and $nand/

@.

Sutralan"ar -Philosophical text/

Sudra"a )richcha 2ati"a! -irst realistic play in Sans"rit/

Visa"hadutta

'. )udsara"shasa; ->t is related with 2autilyals diplo!atic strife with )aha!atya of

Dhanananda/

*. Devi 4handragupta! ->t is related with 4handra 0upta Vi"ra!aditya/

@. 2alidas 7pic F &aguvansha!


5/212

yrics:

)eghaduta!

2u!ar Sa!bhva!

Plays:

'.

Vi"ra!o varsiya

*. )alvi"agni !itra!

@. $bhiayana Sha"untala!

0!arvi $ +iratai,u"iyam

#ag! 2 Sisu.al ad!ar"'

2autilya ; $rthasastra

#oo" was written on polity.

his boo" was discovered by Sha! =i Sastri

>t has 'A $dhi"aranas

>t describes about Saptang theory of state and enlightened despotis! of )aurya period with

descriptive detail about ad!inistration.

2a!anda"a ; 1itisar

>t is a co!!entary on $rthasastra.

>t was written during 0upta period

Vrihaspati ; $rthasastra

Duties of an ideal rulers have been described in this text.

Histriography:

'. 2aihan ; &atarangini >

*. =on &a ; &atarangini >>

@. Srivar and Su"a ; &atarangin >>>

#uddhist iterature:

ripita"a

'. Sutta Pita" ; eachings and preaching of ord #uddha

*.

Vinay Pita" ; )onastical rules and regulationsBdiscipline and order.

@.

$bhidha!! Pita" ; )etaphysical and esoteric ideas


6/212

Sutta Pita"

'. Diggha 1i"aya

*. )ai! 1i"aya

@. Sa!yu"ta 1i"aya

?.

$nguttara 1i"ayaA. 2hudda" 1i"aya

2hudda" Path

'.

Dhani!a Pad ; -his is 2nown as #hagvat 0eeta of #uddhis!/

*. 7tivethh"a ; #uddha teachings Vi!an Vethu, Peta Vethu, herigatha and herigatha are also

part of it.

Vinay Pita"a:

Suta Vibhang

)aha Vibhang

#hi"shunivibhanga

2handa"a

)ahavagg

4hulla Vagg

Parivar

1ote ; )ilindapanho, written in Paliby 1agsena describes 1agasena6s discourses with )enader.

)ahayan

'.

)ahayan Sradhotpad Sastra

*. Su!angal vilasini.

@. Varayana

a'

#a",u Sri mul +al.a

b'

u!ya Sama,ta"tra

=ain iterature:

l* $ngas

'* %panga

'( Pra"irna"a

< 4hhedli Sutra

? )ula Sutra


7/212

$charang Sutra ; )onastical discipline

#hagvatti Suta ; ife and teaching of )ahavira

1ayadhani 2ahasutra ; 0ospel of )ahavira

attvarthadiga! sutra ; his accepted !y both Diga!bura and Sveta!bara.

4hurni"a ; co!!entary on $ngas and %pangas.

7pigraphical Sources:

'. he earliest written records have been found fro! Harappa, but the script has not been

deciphered.

*. =a!es Princep deciphered $sho"an >nscription in '+@8.

@.

$sho"an inscription6s were written in Pra"rit language and. !ainly in #rah!i script.

?.

Only two of his inscription found fro! )ansehra and Sahbaagarhi are written in 2harosthi

script.

A.

2andhar inscription of $sho"a has been written in 0ree" and $rabic a scripts.

nscription is depicted on copper plate.8. )as"i, 0urara, Odegola! and 1ittur inscriptions of $sho"a describe his na!e.

+. Only in #habru inscription $sho"a has called hi! self )agadh &a and a ruler dedicated

hi!self to #udha, Dha!!a and Sangha.

G.

Dhandeva3s inscription of Pusya!itra describe about $sva!egha 9aan perfor!ed by hi!.

'(.

Helioderus pillar inscription also called #esanagar 0arudadhwa describes about the cult of

Panchvrishtii Veera.

''.0hosuandi inscription describes about #hagvat cult.

'*.0irnar inscription was first inscription of Sans"rit language about Sa"a ruler &udrada!an >.

'@.1anaghat inscription of 1agani"a describes about Sat"ar!i >.

'?.

7ran inscription of #hanugupta provides the first evidence of Sati.'A.

$llahabad inscription of Sa!udra 0upta describes about his conEuests.

'


8/212


9/212

Origin:

'.

Origin lies in various indigenous Pre;Harappan cultures.

*.

>ndus 4ivilisation was cul!ination of a long series of cultural evolution.

@. 7!erged out of the far!ing co!!unities of Sind and #aluchistan, Haryana Ouarat and

&aasthan.?. 4ontinuous cultural evolution fro! ndia which finally

cul!inated in the rise of >ndus 4ivilisation.

Phases of Develop!ent:

'. $rchaeological excavation research have revealed phases of cultural develop!ent

bursting up in the e!ergence of a full;fledged civiliCation at 2alibangan, #anavali and

&a"higarhi.

*.

#egan in #aluchistan Sind are then extended into the plains.

@.

hese phases are Pre;Harappan, 7arly Harappan, )ature Harappan and ate Harappan?. 7xtent of Harrappa:; ro! in 1orth )anda -= 2/ to '


10/212

@. %se of standardiCed burnt bric"s on !assive scale in al!ost all types of constructions -an

extraordinary feature of the conte!porary civiliCations/, circular stones were used at Dholavira.

?. 7laborate andplanned underground drainage syste!. Houses were connected to the !ain drain

eEuipped with !anholes. )ostly !ade up of bric"s with !ud !ortar.%se of gypsu! and li!e to

!a"e it watertight. 4esspits were there inside the houses to deposit solid waste. #ric"s culverts!eant for carrying rain and stor! water have also been found. #ric"s were !ade in ratio of > * ?.

SiCe of #ric"s ; 8 4.! in hic",

; '? 4.! Jidth

; *+ 4.! ong.

A. eatures of Houses

Houses were plain and did not exhibit, any refine!ent and beauty. So far as the decorative

value of the houses was concerned, they lac"ed it. >n general they gave plain and un;

decorative loo". $n average house co!prised a courtyard and four to six roo!s, a bedroo!s, a "itchen, and a

well presence of staircase gives indication of the second storey. Houses had side;entrances

and windows were conspicuously absent. 7xcept othal, where enterance were on !ain

road and windows were found.

Houses varied fro! a single;roo!ed tene!ents to houses with a nu!ber of roo!s and

having even a second storey. loors were generally of beaten earth coated with cowdung.

ire;places were co!!on in roo!s. Jalls were thic" and sEuare holes in the! suggest of

use of wooden bea!s. 7very house was separated by another by a narrow space of 5no;

!an6s land6. Staircases were usually wooden but so!e !ade up of burnt bric"s have been

found too. &oofs were flat. Doors were set in wooden fra!es and the average width of a

door was one !etre. SEuare and rectangular pillars of burnt bric"s were used in larger

roo!s, round pillars were absent. 2itchen was s!all in siCe. $ round oven !eant for ba"ing

chappatis has been found.

$rt and 4raft:

Pottery

'. )ainly two types Plain pottery and &ed and #lac" Pottery with decoration, the !aority

being the for!er.

*.

Jidespread use of potter6s wheel !ade up of wood, use of firing techniEue, use of "iln.@.

Variety of Pleasing Design HoriContal strips, 4hec", 4hess;#oard Pattern, >nteresecting

4ircles -Pattern exclusively found/, eaves Petals, 1atural )otif #irds, ish, $ni!als,

Plants, Hu!an igure &are -$ )an $ 4hild found fro! Harappa/, riangles.

?. Pottery had plain bases. ew ring bases have been found.

A. )ainly fa!ous colour of pot was pin". 0eneral design was on the red base horiContally

blac" line on pots.


11/212

Seals

'. Seals are the greatest artistic creation of the Harappan people cutting polishing

craft!anship is excellent.

*. 1o of seals discovered is approx. *(((

@.

)ade of steatite -Soft stone/, So!eti!es of 4opper, Shell, $gate, >vory, aience, erracotta.?.

SiCe ? inch to *9* inch.

A.

Shape SEuare, &ectangular, #utton, 4ubical, 4ylinder, &ound


12/212

Harappan 4ultural Phases 2alibangan #anwali

G. Doc"yard othal

'(.7vidence of &ice &angpur othal

''.7vidence of 4offin #urial othal

'*.&e!ains of #ones of Horse Sur"otada

'@.ire altars 2alibangan, #anarvali, othal and &a"higarhi'?. erracotta )odels of shipsB boats othal

'A. e!ple li"e structure )ohanodaro

'


13/212

?!pressions of cloth on sealing othal

A(.Six types of pottery 2alibanganA'.7vidence of double burial othal

A*.7vidence of pot;burial Sur"otada

[email protected] &a"higarhi

A?. 2iln &a"higarhi

AA. #oustro phedon 2alibangan

Avory co!b, )irrors, Hair pins, &ound buttons, )inor

raCors, 2ohl pots and stic"s

Dress and Orna!ents:

'. e!ales were scantily dressed, they wore a short s"irt especially figurines of !other

0oddess.

*.

he !ale wore a robe, so!eti!es e!broidered.

@.

4otton was used, no evidence of inen and Sil".

?. 1o evidence of footwear.

A. Special care of hair, reference of pony;tail, bun and braided hair.


14/212

?. ree worship Pipal.

A.

ertility 4ult Phallus worship.


15/212

?. &ice was produced region -&ice hus" has been found fro! othal &angpur/.

$ni!als #irds:

7lephants, 4ats, Dogs, 4a!els, $sses, #uffalo, Dear, &hino, 0oat, %nicorn, Pigs, ortoise, owls, OxK

ish, Stag, $ntelope, Patridge.

)etals:

4opper, Silver, 0old, =ade, apis aCulli, ead. in, >ngot -eadLSilver/, 7lectru! -Silver 0old/

ools:

1eedles, &aCors, Sic"les, ish;hoo"s, Saws, 4happers, Spades, 2noves, 4hisels, Spoons

Professions:

Potters, 4opper and #ronCe wor"ers, Stone wor"ers, #uilders, #ric";!a"ers, Priests, aience

wor"ers, ar!ers, raders.

&arities:

&ice, Horse, &ound 4ylindrical seals, Plough, Jhetstones.

$bsence:

>ron, Jinows, p'e, or", Hair dyes, &ound colu!ns, Sil" fabrics, Swords, Sheilds, )etalic )oney,

Jater closets #ric";a!ps, ootwares, inen, Jool, 0olden finger rings, >ndigenous, 0radual

decline.

anguage Script:

9et not deciphered, pictographic or ideographic approxi!ately ?A( signs have been listed, written

fro! right fro! left and left to in alternate lines style "nown as #oustrophedan, inscriptions areshort.

rade:

7vidences

Su!erian text !a"e a !ention of )eluha which is identified with >ndus 4iviliCation and two

inter!ediate trading stations Dil!un -#ahrain/ and )a"an -)a"aran 4oast/.

$ppearance of >ndus seals in the )esopota!ian cities of %r, 2ish,Susa, ell $s!ar, agash.

4ylindrical seals of )esopota!ian type have been found in >ndus valley -)ohanodaro/.

MPersian 0ulf SealsN of inter!ediate trading stations have been discovered fro! >ndus

region -othal/.

Discovery ofN&eserved slip wareN of )esopota!ian type fro! Harappa othal.

>nternal rade: Jith Saurashtra, )aharastra, South >ndia, &aasthan, ports of western %P.

Ports: Port was found in othal. his is the first !an!ade port in the world.

7xternal rade: Jith )esopota!ia -)odern >raE/, Persian 0ulf region and probably 7gypt.

>te! of >!ports: 0old, Silver, 4opper, in, apis aCuli,;$!ethyst, $gate, =ade, Shells.


16/212

>te!s of 7xports

$gricultural products Jheat, #arley, Peas, Oil Seeds

inished Products 4otton goods, Pottery' #eads, Shells, errocotta Products, >vory

Products.

he Vedic -Part ;'/

&igvedic Period ; lA((;l(((#.4

ater Vedic Period ; '(((;4 P7&>OD ->)PO&$1 7&)S/

$"ratuh People who had no faith in rituals.

$nas People who didn6t have pro!inent nose

$pah Jater

#rah!in &ituals

Da! ; House

Dunitri daughter

0ana ; ribal !ilitia

0avisti war

0odhara guest

0odhulievening

0o!at a wealthy person

0opa -=anasya/ the ruler

0orasa;!il"

0osthi !eeting

0otra; 4ow pen 0vayuti !easure!ent of distance

)ridhva"a who were not adept in Vedic language

Panch 4har Sanyah ive wandering tribes.

Panipeople having cattle wealth -traders/

Paranya cloud

Purodasa )aterials used in 9aana

&ayi 4attle wealth

Sada! ; House

Sala House

Sardha ribal !ilitia

SisandevaJroshippers of phallus sy!bol.

Vayadh 4ostu!es of a bride.

Ves!in House

Vrata people who hadnot a well established !arriage syste! or who had incestuous

relation.

Vrata ; ribal !ilitia


17/212

Vedic 0eography:

$dhavaryn 9aurveda

$nanda"a Sadania

#rah!a $tharva Veda

4ha!paran 4ha!pararanya

4henab $s"ini

Delhi >ndraprastha

Deobanda Dritvan

0haghar Drisdvasti

Ha"ra Sarswati

Haryn Saryn

Hi!alaya Hi!vantaHota &igveda

>ndus Sindhu

=helu! Vilasta

2abul 2ubha

)agadha 2i"atvan

)ithila Videh

&avi, Parusani

&itual Priests Vedas

Saran 1airnisheranya

Sutle Satudri

5%dgata Sarnveda

Vyas Vipasa

Vedas and their branches:

Vedas #ranches

&igveda

Sa"al, Vas"al,$savala, 9an,

Sa"hayan and

!andu"eya

Sa!veda2authu! and

&anayaniaya

9aurveda )adhyandin and


18/212

2anva

$thar Veda Paiplad and Sauna"

&igveda:

)andalas PoetsBDrasta

'. )andla ; 0ritsa!ada

*. )andla Viswa!iitra -)andalas fro!, >> to V>> are called a!ily ext./

@. )andla ; Va!deo

?. )andla $tri

A.

)andla #haradva


19/212

'+ Vratyasto!a andya;)aha; #rah!ana

'G Division of >ndia into five parts $itreya #iah!ana

*( )ention of the Divine Horse 5Dadhi"ara6 &ig Veda

*' Sabha Sa!iti as the twin daughters of Praapati $tharva Veda

** #affle often "ings between Sudan and #hed for the water of Parnsni &ig Veda -V>> )andala/

*@ )ention of the easten and western seas Satpatha #rah!ana

*?Surdas as the servant of another to be expelled at will and to be slain

at will$treya #rah!ana

*A 0anga &ig Veda -, )andala/

*< Sabha as 1arishta $tharvaveda

*8 Satya )eva =ayate )unda"a %panishad

Vedic iterature:

he Vedas

'.

Veda !eans Mto "nowN.

*. 4alled MapaurusheyaN !eaning not created by hu!an beings that !eans divine.

@. 2nown as MShrutiN !eaning to hear. hese have been passed on fro! one generation to

another through verbal transission.

?. hey are four in nu!ber, -&ig, Sa! 9aur and $harva/

A.

hey are collection of hy!ns, prayers, char!s and sacrificial for!ulae.


20/212

'(.#rahrnanasof&igveda

$iterya #ralvnana

San"bayana #rah!ana

''.

%panishads of &igveda

$itareya %panishads

2aushitaa"i %panishad

Priest related to &igveda 2otri or )otri %pveda of &igveda is ; $yurveda.

9aur Veda:

'.

4ollection of rituals for perfor!ing different sacrifices.

*. &ecited by the priests "nown as $dhavar!

@. 4onsists of ?( chapters.

?. he only veda party in prose.

A. Divided into two parts 2rishnaB#lac" 9aurveda -co!!entary in prose/ and Su"lal Jhite

9aurved -sacrificial for!ulae and rituals/.


21/212

+. %panlshads

4handdogya %panishad describes about ord 2rishana

G.

2ena upanishadBalava"ara %panishad.

'(.

%pveda of Sa!veda is 0andhaveda.

he $tharva Veda:

'.

4ollection of char!s, !agic and spells.

*.

Preserves !any popular cults and superstitions, contains non;$ryan ele!ents -fol"

ele!ents/.

@. #elongs to Sauna"iya Paipalado schools.

?. 4ontains 8''B8@'B8t describes the story of videh !adhau and

agricultural rituals.

he $ranya"a

'.

iteral !eaning is forest.

*.

2nown as forest boo"s.

@. Deal with !ysticis!, !oral values and philosophical doctrines.

?. )eant for the ascetics and her!its living in the forests.

A.

0ive e!phasis on !editation.


22/212

@. 2nown as MvedantaN !eaning the end of the vedasN for they denote the last phase of the

vedic period and reveal the ulti!ate ai! of the vedas.

?.

hey are '(+ in nu!ber

A.

%panishadas !ainly describe about the $tina and Par!at!a and about Salvation.

7S D%&>10 H7 V7D>4 P7&>OD

Pancha;)ahayaanas -ive great daily sacrifices/

'.

Dev yaan -to the 0od/*.

#hut -to ani!als/

@.

1riyaan -to !en/

?.

&isi yaan -to Saifls/

A.

Pitri 9aan -ore fathers/

S$4&$)71S

$gnihotra Daily oblation in sacred fire

$gnyadheya &itual for the establish!ent of the scared fire in house

0arbhadhana 4ere!ony to cause conceptionPu!savana o secure the birth of a !ale child.

Si!antonnayana 4ere!ony to ensure the safety of the child in wo!b.

=ata"ar!an 4ere!ony for the newborn child

1is"ra!ana 4ere!ony of ta"ing the child out of the house and showing of the sun.

1a!a"arana 4ere!ony of na!ing the child

$nnaprasana 4ere!ony of the first feeding of the child with solid food in the sixth !onth

4uda"ar!a onsure of the child, saving his scalp, leaving only a top "not.

%panayana 4ere!ony of invitation, the child enters life of a student.

Di"shara!ban earning of $lphabet

2esant he second tonsuring after the age '@;'?

-2orrarn/, 2ubha -2abul/ and Suvastu -Svat/ and eastern tributaries the five rivers of Punab

besides the valleys of Saraswati and Drishadvati corresponding to 7astern $fghanistan and Jest

7ast Punab.


23/212

1o 2nowledge of sea:

2nowledge of the Hi!alayas. -Hl!vant/

1inth )andal describes about )uavant

ater Vedic Period

Satpatha #rah!n describes the story of Videh

)adhav who reached to the ban" of Sadanira -0anda"/.

7xpansion to parts of eastern &aasthan, eastern %P and #ihar

2nowledge of 0angetic Valleys

2nowledge of so!e !ore rivers li"e 1ar!ada, 0anga, 0anda", 4ha!ba.

)ention of Seas.

)ention of the Vindhyas.

SO)7 OD 1$)7S O H7 &>V7&S

$s"ini4henab

Parusani &avi

SatudnSatlu

Sindhundus

VipasaVyas

Vitasta=helu!

Six Vedangas:

he Vedangas were considered i!portant for understanding Vedas but they are not included in

vedic literature.

$. Si"sha ; PhoneticsBPronunciation, 9as"a wrote Si"sha Sastra.

#.

4hhandas ; )etre -Pingal wrote 4hhanda Sastra/

4.

Vya"arana ; 0ra!!er, Panini wrote $stadhyayi

D.

1iru"ta ; 7ty!ology -7xplanation of words/.

7. =yotisha ; $stron!y, 1o text is available on vedanga =yotisa.

. 2alpa ; Sacrificial rituals ; Dhar! Sutra, Sraut Sutra, 0rihya Sutra, -Sutra depicts about

geo!etry/.

he first two were reEuired for reading the vedas, the third and fourth for understanding the vedas

and the fifth and the sixth for the i!ple!entation of the sacrifice.

our %pavedas

a. Dhanurveda ; $rcheryBJarfare

b. 0andharvaveda ; )usic

c. Shilpaveda ; sculptureB$rchitecture

d. $yurveda ; )edicineBife


24/212

>!portant er!s >n Vedic Period

'.

$"ratuh People who had no faith in rituals.

*.

$nasPeople who didnt have pro!inent nose

@. $pah Jater

?.

$s"ini 4henabA. #rah!an &ituals,


25/212

[email protected]!in House

??.

Videh )ithila

?A.

Vipasa Vyas

?


26/212

&ibhu Dwarfs -4raftinen/

&udra Srestha #hisag Pasupa

Sarswati errestial goddess river Sarswati/

So!a Potent herb -Gth !andal/

Sradha Dedication -$bstract deity/

Surya

$ditya -7ight $ditya 0ane/

Savitur 0od of down and dus"

SuryaDaughter of surya

$shwini 2u!ar. Physicians of the heavenly world.

%sha Daughter of Surya

avastra Vedic vu"an god

Varun

&itsyagopa

$stir

&oa

Vidyadhar 4elestial dancers

Vishnu%rugairivi"ra!

0avendra

&igveda

>. )$1D$$S ; PO7SBD&$S$

>>.

)andla ; 0ritsa!ada 1ote ; * to 8th -)andalas arc called a!ily ext./

>>>.

)andla Visva!itra

>V.

)andla Va!deo

V.

)andla ; $tri

V>. )andla #haradva

V>>. )andla Vasistha


27/212


28/212

$ryan Priests

'. Hotri ; >nvo"er, priest well;versed in the &igveda.

*. %dgatri ; 4hantor, priest well;versed in the Sa!veda.

@. $dhavaryu ; Perfor!er of 9ana, priest wellversed in 9aurveda.

?. #rah!a ; $tharva Veda.

A.

&itvi" ; Supervised the whole sacrifice.

Deities belonging to various planes

'. errestrial deities ; $gni, So!a, Prithvi, Saraswati.

*. $t!ospheric deities ; >ndra, &undra, Vayu, )arut, Paranya

@. 4elestial deities ; Surya, %sha, Vishnu, Varuna, Savitr, Dyaus, $svins, )itra, Pushan.

P$>17D 0&79 J$&7 -'((( #.4. O ndia.


29/212

?. )adhyadesa 4entral >ndia.

A.

Da"shinapatha Southern >ndia.

ndia.

8.

ittarapatha -%dichya/ 1orth;Jest >ndia

+.

$paranta -Pratichya/ Jestern >ndia

G.

Purvadesa -Prachya/ 7astern >ndia'(.a!ila"a! he a!il country

welve &atnins political functionaries who for!ed a "ing of "ings council in the ater Vedic Period.

So!e of the! were recruited fro! the non;$ryans also. Out of a twelve ratnins, three happened to

be wo!en. he following is the list of ratnin:

Purohita, &anya, )ahisi, Paritya"tiri, Senani, Suta, 0ra!ini, 2shta, Sa!grahitr, #hagadugha,

$"savapa, 0ovi"arta.

he Vedic -Part ;*/

&7>0>O1 $1D PH>OSOPH9

Philosophical schools1asti" ; $thestic

$sti" hestic

1asti" ; -a/ 4arva" ;

-b/ =ainis! ;

-c/ #uddhis! ;

S4HOOS O PH>OSOPH9 4H>7 7PO%1D7&

$sti" ;

-a/ San"hya ; 2apil

-b/ 9oga ; Patanali

-c/ 1yayay ; 0auta!

-d/ Vaisesi"a ; 2annad

-e/ )i!ansa ; =ai!ini

-f/ Vedant ; #hadrayan and Shan"aracharya

%1O&HODO &7>0>O%S )OV7)71S

7arly #uddhist texts spea" of six fore!ost opponents of ord #uddha who were

-'/ $it 2esh 2a!blin ; -#elieved in )aterials!/

-*/ )as"ari 0osal ; -ounder of $iva"a sect/

-@/ Puran 2asyap ; $to!ist/

-?/ Pa"udh 2atyaya! ; -#elieved in fatalis!/-A/ Sanay Vethaliputta ; -#elieved in !aterialis!synicis!/

-t also pro!ulgated that death is the

only end.


30/212


31/212

&ight $ction -Sa!ya" $ction/

&ight iving -Sa!ya" $iv/

&ight 7ffort -Sa!ya" Vyaya!/

&ight hought -Sa!ya" S!riti/

&ight 4oncentration -Sa!ya" 4oncentration/

#uddhis! believes in aw of 2ar!an operating in this life and next. >n this regard #uddha alsotal"ed about twelve;lin"ed chain of causation. -Dvadas 1idan/.

Other schools of #uddhist hought

'. Vaibhasi" of Vianvada 7ntire world is !ental in structure. >deas of the !ind are the stuff of

the world and the entire world originates fro! $lyaviana -4os!ic;consciousness/ $svaghosh was

the !ost renowned leader of this school.

*. )adhya!i"a -Sunyavad/ here is nothing real in this world 1gaup was the chief exponent of

this school.

$sti"a

'. San"hya: >t is a "ind of dualistic ontology. >t believes in two ulti!ate realities Pra"rit and Purusa.

Pra"rit is !ade of a triad of funda!ental attributes -0unas/ called Sattva, &ayas and a!as. Purusa

is pure consciousness.

*. 9oga Syste! : >t is applied Sa!"hya. >t has devised a syste!atic !ethod of bringing about the

release of Purusa fro! Pra"riti through !ental !echanis!.

@. 1yaya : >t considers 0od as the creator who is free fro! aw of 2ar!an. 0od is a soul and his

wisdo!, desire and effort are unbounded. 1yaya !a"es a detailed study of the sources of

"nowledge -Pra!an/

?. Valsesi"a : Jhen the ato!s of five basic ele!ents begin to co!bine the creation of the world

begins. 4reation and dissolution of the world go on in cycles.

A. )i!ansa : >t is a philosophy of interpretation, application, and use of truths of Sa!hita and

#rah!anas portions of the vedas. >t has devised certain principles according to which the vedic!antras and their application in the field of sacrifies could be understood.


32/212

$nath Pinda" donated hi! etvan at Sravasti.

0auta!i was the first wo!an who oined the Sangha.

$nand and %pali were his two!ost e!inent disciples.

#uddha got his )ahaparinirvan at 2usinara.

>!portant Seats of #uddhis!

'.

Sthavirvadi Only ten people can get #uddhahood.

*.

)ahasanghi"a 7very one can get #uddhahood.

@. Sautantri" hey wrote their texts in Sans"rit language.

?. Sa!!itiyas hey believed in $t!a -Soul/

A. Hinyana #uddha was only a great saint.

t was also "nown as )adhya!i"a sect.

G.

Varayan >t believed in antra.

S74SO%1D7&S

'.

heravada ; )aha"atyaya!

*.

)ahasanghi"a ; )aha"ashyapa

@. Sarvastivadin ; &ahul bhadra

?. )ahayan ; Vasu!itra

A. 9ogachar ; $sang B Varusandhu

S 7S

Pita";

-'/ Sut eachings of #uddha

-*/ Vinay Discipline and order

-@/ $bhidha!!a 7soteric Philosophy

-'/ 2hudda" 1i"aya of Sut Pi"a" has 'A tents.

a.

Dha!!apad >t is "nown as #hagvatgita of #uddhis!.

b.

=ata" his is collection of AA( stories of the previous births of #uddha.

-*/ Vinay Pita" has three parts "nown as Parivar, 2handa" and Vibhanga.-@/ )ahavibhasa sutra was written by Va!!itra.

-?/ 0uhya Sa!a antra and )anu Sn )iii 2alpa are the texts of Varayan.

=ainis!

$ccording to =ainis! there were *? rithan"aras -7nlightened )on"s/.


33/212

*@ rithan"ar was Parsavanath. He was the son of the "ing of 2asi. He was a historical

figure.

)ahavira was born in the fa!ily of =antri"a.

9asodawas his wife and Priyadarsa was his daughter.

Herennounced the fa!ily life when he was @( years old.

He got 2aivalya at =ri!bha"gra!. His disciples were called 0anadhara.

Sudhar!an beca!e the head of the =a! sangha after hi!.

=$>1 7S

'* $ngas

'* %panga

'( Pra"rina"a

< #hedsutra

?Sutra 4hurni"a was co!!entary

Jay to 1irvana -hree &atna/

&ight faith -Sa!ya" Vishwas/

&ight "nowledge -Sa!ya" 0yan/

&ight conduct -Sa!ya" 2ar!a/ Various Heterodox Philosophies

1>9$>V$D$

hird religious chief was )a"h"hali Putta 0osal -supposed to be the real founder who

popularised it/.

ollowers are "nown as $ivi"as. )ain profession was fortune telling and $strology.

Philosophy is based on 1iyati -Destiny/ which !eans everything in the world is

predeter!ined.

)a"h"hali 0osala was a co!panion of )ahavira and this sect had a lot in co!!on with

=ainis!.

#indusar was disciple of $ivi"as.

Practised co!plete nudity and rigorous practices.

$sho"a donated #arabar cvend "ing Dhasarath donated 1agaruni cave to $ivi"as.

)aterialis!

Developed by#rihpor 4harva"a.

ollowers are "nown as 4harva"as or o"yatas.

#elieved that nothing existed which could not be understood by five senses.

#elieved that earth, water, fire and air are the only ele!ents.

#elieved that death was ulti!ate and everything ended after death.

#elieved that there was no soul, no god, no rebirth, no "ar!6


34/212

$"riyavadB$ntino!is!

ounder was Purana 2asyapa -a brah!in of 2asyapa gotra/.

#elieved in the doctrine or non;action.

#elieved that action did not lead to either !erit or de!erit.

$"rittavada B$agasvatavadB$nunada

ounder was Pa"uda 2atyayana.

%nhchedavada B=arvada B$nnihilationis!

ounder $ita 2esha"a!blin -!eaning with the hair blan"et/

#elieved in !aterialistic philosophy.

$ita was the earliest propounder of !aterialis!

#hagvatis!

acts about #hagvatis!

'. &eligion based on the idea of a supre!e 0od Han or 1arayan or Vishnu -later "nown as

Vaishvanis!/.

*. )ain philosophy is #ha"ti, co!plete surrender of self to 0od and salvation through his

prasada.

@.

Did not believe in sacrifice and slaughter of ani!als.

?.

&ise in west a!ong the tribe satvatas -a branch of yadavas/ in )athura region.

A.

Vasudeva;2rishna of Vrishni race was the chief 0od who discussed its philosophy in

#hagvad 0ita


35/212

'(. he earliest reference to 2rishna is found in 4hhandogya %panishad. Here he is represented as

pupil of 0hora $ngirasa and son of Devi"i.

''. he reference of Vasu?eva is found in Panini6s $styaohyagi and Patanali6s )ahabhashya.

'*. he #esnagar Pillar inscription is associated with Heliodorus son of Dion and a native of axila,

and a!bassador fro! the court of the >ndo;0ree" "ing $ntial"idas to 2ing #hagabhadra -Sungas/

who erected a garduadhwa at #esnagar and clai!ed hi!self a Para!;#hagvata.

'@. Pancharatra -of five nights/, a vaishnavite school gave the doctrine of Vyuha -e!anations/

according to which San"arsana -aftother na!e of #ulra!a/ Pradyu!na -2rishna6s Son/ and

$niruddha -2rishna6s grand son/ e!erged out of Vasudeva.

'?. Developed and popularised in South by twelve saints "nown as $lvars.

'A. otal 1o. of 1ayanar saints was


36/212

Various sects of Salvis!

Pasupatas B 1a"u'isapasupatas

ounded by a"ulisa B 1a"ulisa > a"ulin Ba"utin

2al!u"has B2apali"as

7xtre!e for!s of Saivis! )atta!ayuras

)oderate for! of Saivis!

Developed in central >ndia.

Virasaivas Bingayats

ounded by #asava, the pri!e !inister of

#iala, the 2alachuri "ing.

Popular in 2a!ata"a region.

2ash!ir Saivis!

Pratyabhina

ounder is Vasugupta -+((;G(( $D/

)oderate for! of Saivis!.

Spanda sastra

ounders are 2allata and So!ananda the two desciples of Vasugupta

)oderate for! of Saivis!

#elieves in spitirual develop!ent

$g!antas

0reatest exponent was $ghora Sivacharya -'*(( $D/.

acts about #uddhis!

ife of Siddhartha -0auta! #uddha/

'. itle#uddha, Sa"yarnuni,

athagata

*. #irth Place

u!bini -)odern &u!indel

B&upanDelhi/ in 2apilvastu

-Piparwaha/


37/212

@. #irth 9ear A


38/212

7ight old Paths B$shtangi"a )arg

'.

&ight beliefBobservation Bviews -Sa!nia Ditthi/ %nderstanding that desire is the

cause of sorrow and the ending of it will lead to the liberation of the soul.

*. &ight thought B deter!ination B resolve -Sa!!a San"appa/ $voiding the enoy!ent

of the senses and luxury to love hu!anity increase the happiness of others.@. &ight speech -Sa!!a Va"a/ $lways tell truth.

?. &ight actionBeffort -Sa!!a 2a!!anta/ %nselfish action.

A. &ight !eans of livelihood -Sa!!a $iva/ )an should live by honest !eans.


39/212

our 0reat 7vents in the life of #uddha

i.

)ahabhinis"ar!an ; &enunciation

ii.

1irvana ; 7nlight!ent

iii. Dha!!acha"aparivartan ; irst ser!on

iv.

)ahaparinirvana or Parinirvana ; Death

1a!e of a!ous #uddhist Scholars

%pali, $nanda, Vasu!itra, $svaghosha, Saba"a!i", )oggaliputta issa, 1agaruna, #uddhaghosha,

$sanga, #uddhapalita, #havavive"a, Dinnaga, 4handra"irti, Sthri!ati, Dha!!apala, $ryadeva,

Santideva, Santara"sita, 2a!alasila. Dhar!a"irti.

ive #uddhas in #uddhist radition

2ra"ucchnada, 2ana"a!uni, 2asyapa, Sa"ya!uni $nd )altreya -9et to 4o!e/ our Signs in

#uddhis!

'.

Old!an

*. Sic" !an

@. 4orpse

?. Saint

Various #oddhistavas >n #uddhist radition


40/212

#uddhist 4ouncils

>. irst 4ouncil

'.

9ear?+@#.4.

*.

Place Saptparni 4ave -1ear &aagriha/

@.

Over #y ; )aha"assapa %pali

?. %nder ; $atsatru

A. Purpose o co!pile the #uddhist scriptures

>>. hird 4ouncil

'. 9ear*@8 #c

*. Place Patliputra

@.

Presided Over #y ; )ogali Putta issa

?.

%nder $sho"a

A.

Purpose o &evise the Scriptures


41/212

*. Place 2undalavana >n 2ash!ir

@.

Presided over by Vasu!itra

?.

%nder 2anishica.

A.

Purpose o settle the disputed doctrines

became t!e la"guage o/ .reac!i"g a"d teac!i"g'

It !ad t&o c!ie/ .!iloso.!ical sc!ools* t!e #ad!yamika a"d t!e Yogac!ara'%romi"e"t .lace give" to t!e 0od!istavas 2 &!o &ere bei"g o/ great ki"d"ess a"d !el.ed t!e

!uma"ity t!roug! t!eir o&" su//eri"g'

Teac!es t!e salvatio" /or all'

0elieved i" t!e origi"al teac!i"gs o/ t!e 0udd!a'

%o.ular i" eylo"* 0u""a* T!aila"d* ombodia* 5oas etc' but lost its .o.ularity i" I"dia'

Teac!es t!e attai"me"t o/ salvatio" /or o"esel/ alo"e'

Salvatio" t!roug! sel/$desci.li"e a"d meditatio"'

No belie/ i" idol$&ors!i.'


42/212

8. 9ogacharaBVinanayadin

ounded by )iitreyanath around ?(( $D.

he only reality is tahatataBsuchnessB thusness or Dhara!adhatu which is eEuivalent to

Sunyata of )adhya!i"a school.

+. )adhya!i"a

ounded by 1agaruna B 1agasena around 'A( $D.

Philosophy of SunyavadaBSunyataBVoidB 7!ptiness according to which everything around

us is e!ptiness and whatever we perceive is only illusion.

$ssociated with theory of relativity.

Other >!portant seats of #uddhis!

G. Sautranti"as

'(. Sa!itlyas''.o"ottaravadin

'*.Pudgalavadin

'@.Shahanyana

'?. antrayana

#uddhist Scriptures

'. #uddshist Scriptures are Pita"as, which are written in Pall language.

*. >t consists of three sections called ripita"as.

>. Sutta Pita"a

'. argest !ost i!portant of the ripila"as. contains the teachings of #uddha.

*.

>t is divided into five M0roupsN -1i"ayas/

Dig!a (lo"g) Nikaya 2 ollectio" o/ lo"g sermo"s ascribed to t!e 0udd!a* &it! accou"ts o/

t!e circumsta"ces i" &!ic! !e .eac!ed t!em'

#a,,!ima (medium) Nikaya 2 S!orter sermo"s

Samyutta (co""ected) Nikaya2ollectio"s o/ brie/ .ro"ou"ceme"ts'

A"guttara (raduated) Nikaya2ollectio" o/ over ?*777 brie/ stateme"ts* arra"ged i" eleve"

sectio"s'

+!uddaka (#i"or) Nikaya

@. 4ontains !iscellaneous wor"s in prose and verse.

?. $!ong the contents of 2hudda"a are Dha!!apada -versus on virtue/ is containing a su!!ary of

#uddha6s universal teachings. haragatha -Hy!ns of the elder !on"s/ herigatha -Hy!ns of the

elder nuns/ =ata"as -a collection of over A(( poe!s which describe the previous birth of #uddha,

!any of the! being in the ani!al for!s/.


43/212

>>. Vinava Pita"a

4ontains !oral code of conduct

>>>. $bhidha!!a Pita"a

4onsists of philosophy of #uddhis! especially!ela physics.

#uddhist Jor"s

'. )ilinda;Panho -Iuestions of )enander/ $n account of the discussion between #acterian "ing

)enandar or )ilinda and the #uddhist !on" 1agasena.

*. 4eylonese chronicles he history of #uddhis! in 4eylon and give valuable infor!ation on

political and social history

he )auryan

4handragupta founded it in @** #.4. with the help of his #rah!in )inister 4hana"ya.

&eferences and Sources:

he !ost i!portant source in $rtha Sastra which has 'A chapters called $dhi"aranas. Other

Sans"rit sources are 2au!udi )ahotsava of Vai"a and )udrara"sha of Visa"hadutta. Sanga! poets

na!ed )a!ulnar and Pa!ar described about #i!ba )auryas attac" on South >ndia.

'. Division of >ndian Society into seven castes )egasthenes

*. $bsence of slavery )egasthenes

@. 4hronology and list of )auryan 2ings Puranas

?. 7cono!ic and Political 4onditions $rthashastra

A. Social and 7cono!ic 4onditions =ata"as


44/212

'?. he )auryan ar!y is band of dacoits =ustin

'A. =alu"a was the successor of $sho"a in 2ash!ir &aataringini

'


45/212

)auryan


46/212

>!portant )aharnattas

$r!y

Plutarch and =ustin have described about 4handraguptas ar!y.

SiCe and organisation of ar!y was fairly large.

$ccording to Pliny it co!prised


47/212

4ity $d!inistration

)egasthanese has given prohific infor!ation on )unicipal ad!inistration of pataliputra

wh>ch was devided in to @( words.

&un by a city council "nown as $styano!i

4ity council consist of six sub;councilsB co!!ittees 7ach co!!ittee had five !e!bers.

7ach co!!ittee was entrusted with a particular wor" na!ely:

3irst ommittee $ I"dustry : cra/ts

Seco"d ommittee $ 3oreig"ers

T!ird ommittee $ Registratio" o/ birt!s : deat!s

3ourt! ommittee $ Trade : commerce* &eig!ts : measures

3i/t! ommittee $ #a"u/actured goods

Si4t! ommittee $ ollectio" o" t!e goods sold

Head o/ t!e city admi"istratio" &as Nagraka'Nagrika &a assisted by t&o subordi"ate o//icials "amely@ St!a"ika : o.a'

Raks!i &as t!e .olice &!o looked a/ter t!e .eo.le1s security

axes

Sita;4rowniand

#hag;and tax 'Bnscription

'(.Priyadarsi &aa ; #arabar hill cave >nscription

O&7>01 7)>SS$&9B$)#$SS$DO& >1 H7 )%&9$1 4O%&

'.

)egasthenes by ; to the court of Seleucus 4handragupta )auryas*. Dei!achos

@. $ntiochus >, 2ing of Syria by ; to the court of #indusar

?. @. Dionysios by Ptole!y >> ; to the court of #indusar


51/212

)$%&9$1 4O>1S

'.

Punch;!ar"ed coins !ainly of silver and so!e of copper found fro! eastern %.P. and #ihar.

*.

he !ost co!!on sy!bols are the elephant, the !ountain and the tree

@. Pana ', 'B*, >B?, 'B+ Silver

)asi"al, 'B*, 'B?, lB+ 4opper

2a"ini 'B? of )asi"a

?. Sy!bols on Punched;!ar"ed coins;)ountain, Stupa, $ni!al, ree #ranches. Jeapons

ools, Hu!an igures, Dog SeiCing Hare, &abbit, ish, Scorpian, Sna"e, Sun Sadaracha"ra.

$4S $#O% $&HS>>$S&$

'. 4a!e to light in ; 'G(A by Sha!i Sastri

*.

Jritten by ; 4hana"yaB 2autilya

@.

Subect )atter ; State craft.

?. 1o. of adhi"a!as -boo"s/ ; ifteen


52/212

A. 1o. of verses ; Six thousand


53/212

+. his inscription !a"es a !ention of pair of Sudarshan a" of Saurastra by &udrada!an6s

governor in Saurastra Suvisa"ha, the expense was borne by "ing6s excheEuer.

he PahalavasBParthians

'.

he only i!portant "ing was 0ondophernes.*.

St. ho!as reached >ndia during his ti!e.

he 2ushavas

'. hey belonged to 9uechi tribe.

*. irst "ing was 2uula 2adiphises

@. Ji!a 2adiphises

He adopted the title Devaputra which was inspired by the title Swargputra of the 4hinese

e!peror.

His capital was Purushpur -Peshawar/.

He introduced Sa"a era, 8+ $D.

His rule extended fro! $fghanistan to )athura and #anaras.

#eing inspired by his teacher Parva he convened a #uddhist council at 2undalvana in

2ash!ir whose President was Vasu!itra and Vice;President was $swaghoasa. >n the

4ouncil )ahavibhashsustra was co!piled.

He patronised )athura $rt and built a stupa at Purushpur. $ headless statue of 2anish"a

has been discovered fro! village )at in )athura.

His coins bear the i!ages of Heracles, Sun, )oon, Shiva, $gni and Serapis.

1agaruna, 4hara" and )athur -a great diplo!at/ were associated with his court.

S$10$) $07

Sources of Sanga! $ge

'. >n $sho"as inscription 1o. * '@ there is description of 4hera, 4hola, Pandayas and Sri

an"a.

*.

Hatigu!fa inscription of 2harvela of 2alinga.

@. Sanga! exts.

hree Sanga!s

>&S S$10$)

'. Venue en!adurai

*.

Presided over by $ugust

@.

V Sanga! continued for ??(( years.

?.

1o wor" of the first Sanga! is available


54/212

S74O1D S$10$)

'. Venue 2avatuparaniB$lvai -Sub!erged in sea/

Presided over by $ugust ol"appiyar

*. >n this sanga! the boo" ol"aplyarn was written by ol"appiyar. his boo" is written on

a!il 0ra!!ar

V>&DS$10$)

'.

Venue )adurai

*.

Presided over by 1a""irar

@. So!any wor"s has been found of this Sanga!.

Sanga! literature has two subect !atters $ha! -love/ and Pura! -war/.

'. $stha Sangrah ; + #oo"s were written. Out of light two boo"s were very i!portant.

Padittruptu his boo" provides the History of 4hera.

Pu!a 1uru; #oth of the boo"s are based on war.

*. $stadasha Short wor"; 7ighteen boo"s has been written.

iru"ural Jritten by iruvallur. iru"ural is considered as #ible of Southern >ndia. $uthor

iruvallur considered as the incarnation of R#rah!aR 2ural is also called Pancha! Veda.

@. Pattu;Pattu; $nother na!e of this boo" is en >dyls. his boo" provides the description of nature.

$4S $#O% S$10$) $07

Sanga! $ collegeBasse!bly of literacy figures

Devalaya! e!ple

2o 2ing

9upas Sacrificial ports

$vai >!perial 4ourt

Variyar ax collector

)aharu! Supre!e 4ourt

Puhar Harbour area

2orai and tax

S$10$) $07;PO>>4$ S9S7)

'. 2ing was "nown as 2o, )ohna!, >raivan, 2orravan, Vendan etc.

*. )onarchy was a regular pattern of the govern!ent.

@. &oyal e!ble!s

Pandayas 4rap -$ type of fish/

4holas iger

4heras #ow


55/212

?. and tax was "nown as 2aroi. >t was the !ain source of revenue and ''A of the total produce.

ax 4ollector was "nown as Variyar

ax was "nown as Vari

Offerings to the 2ing >rabu

A. Depart!ents

Panchvara! )inistrial 4ouncil$!aichar )inister

Orar Spies

Duttar )essenger

7nadi Senapati

Padai $r!y

S$10$) $07;SO4>79

'.

4aste division was prevalent.

*. #rah!ins were a part of society. hey were a!bassadors, priests, ascetics, !erchants,

udicial advisors. -1orth >ndian #rah!ins were "nown a. Vadanar/@. 2shatriya Vaishya were not regular.

?. 4hild )arriage was not "nown in this period.

A. Sati was co!!on, especially a!ong the higher classes.


56/212

ood Habit:; #oth vegetarian and 1onvegetarian type of food habit were prevailing in the

society.

rade 4o!!erce

rade and co!!erce increased very !uch in this period. &o!ans started their trade first with a!il.

7xport >te!s:;

Pepper

>vory

4otton textile

Precious ge!s.

>!port >te!s:;

Jine

0old and Silver which were in for! of coins.

S$10$) $07;&7>0>O1

'. >nfluence of #rah!anis! !anifested in perfor!ance of Vedic sacrifices and adoption o.

vedic gods by higher classes, Sraddha Pinda to dead

Various deities

'. )urugan he god per excellence. $lso "nown as Subra!anya. He is god of hilloc"

worshipped by hunters

*. irunal he god considered to be co!petitor of )urgan

@.

2annagi 0oddess of chastity

?.

iru!al 0od of cowherd

Ports of Sanga! $ge

'.

Puhar -2averi Pattanarn/ 4hola

*.

4oichi Pandya

@.

$ri"a!edu &o!an 4olony

?.

a!ralipti -Periplus of 0anga/ #usiest port on the eastern coast

Political Syste!

2ing post was hereditary and )onarchy was prevailing in the society. #ut "ing not autocrate. ive

person 4ontrols the "ing. hose were


57/212

'. $niaichchar )inister

*.

Purohittar Purohit

@.

Senapati $r!y chief

?.

Orrar Spy

H&77 2>10DO)S O S$10$) $07

he Pandayas

'.

$rea Southern a!ilnadu

*.

4apital )adurai -earlier en!adurai and 2avatapura!/ on the #an" of river

Vaigai

@. Seaport 2or"ai at the !outh of the river a!braparni. Second part was Saliyur

?. >!portant 2ings

>. 1eduneliyan

he greatest of the Pandaya "ings

)entioned in Silappadi"aran

7xecuted 2ovalan, the hero of the bold 5Silappadi"aran6 leading to 2annagi3s proving her

husbands innuecence and death of the "ing of shoc".

Defeated the cholas the cheras in the battle of aiaiyalangana!.

>>. 1ediyun

Started sea worship.

'.

Do!inion "nown as ondal!andala! B 4hola!andala!

*.

$rea ; 1orthern a!ilnadu and Southern $ndhra Pradesh

@. 4apital ; %raiyur

?. Sea Port Puhar B Poo!puhar B 2averi Pattanarn -2haberis of Ptole!y/ at the !outh of

the river 2averi

A. itles Sennis, Se!biyas, Valavan, 2illi

ons/ on the river 2averi.

4onEuered Sri an"a.

ought the battle of Venni and defeated eleven "ings.

Defeated the chera "ing Peruneral


58/212

Deposed and i!prisoned in his early life

>n Sans"rit the literal !eaning of his na!e: 3Death of 2ali or Death o 7ne!y 7lephants3.

7stablished supre!acy over the Pandayas other 4heras.

Prevented the !igration of people fro! his land to other regions, a His victories are

described in the boo" Pattinapallai.

>>. 1edunellan

2illed in a battle against the Pandayas and the 4heras.

he last 4hola "ing.

>>>. Senganan

a!ous in legend for his devotion to 3Siva3.

4onstructed seven te!ples.

he 4heras

'. $rea;2erala.

*. 4apital ; Vani B 2arur B 2aruvur at the !onth or on the river P7&>9$&.

@. Seaport ; )usiriB)uCiris, second i!portant port was tondi.

?. itles : Vanavar, Villavar, 2udavar, 2uttuvar, Poraiyar, )alaiyar.

A. >!portant 2ings.

-a/ %divaneral

'.

itles applied to hi! ; Vanavara )ban and Perunoran %diyan*. )aintained a huge "itchen for free distribution of food to the people.

@. $dopted the little >!ayavara!aban in co!!e!oration of bringing Hi!alayan stones,

?. Provided food to warriors in 2uru"shetra.

A. 4onte!porary of poet Paranar.

-b/ 1endun =eral $da!

-c/ 2uttunbah ; His title was lord of 7lephants.

-d/ Pira"ottiva Senaguttuvan

'.

he greatest of the chera "ings

*.

2nown as &ed 4hera

@. #uilt a te!ple of 2annagi

?. 4a!paigned;to 1orth >ndia to get a Hi!alayan stone to !a"e an idol of 2annagi

A. ounder of the 2annagiBPattini 4ult -&eference fro! Silappadi"aran/

ndia.

S$10$) $07;)>S47$17O%S $4S


59/212

'. $ccording to tradition, the father of a!il literature is $gastya.

*.

Sanga! $ge corresponds to the Post;)aurya and Pre;0upta period of ancient >ndia.

@.

iru""ural is considered to be the Ath veda.

?.

&o!ans trading with Sanga! 2ingdo! built a te!ple of $ugustus at )uCiris.

A.

he first literary evidence about the South >ndian 2ings is found in )egasthenes >ndi"a.

ndia.8. 3%raiyur3 was fa!ous for Pearls and !uslin.

+. 7nadi was the highest title given to !ilitary officers.

G. 39avanapriya3 a Sans"rit ter! which ca!e to be used for >ndian pepper.

'(.

2ardhsiyar was the title for low caste wo!en.

''.

he coins of $ugustus and iberius predo!inate the &o!an coins found in >ndia.

'*.

%r was another na!e for honey.

'@.

)uslin, 0e!s Pearls and Spices were the !ost i!portant ite!s of export to &o!an

7!pire.

'?.he earliest script that the a!ils used was #rah!i fro! late ancient period they began to

use a new angular script "nown as 0rantha.'A.&eferences about the Sanga! $ge are found fro! the 0ree" and &o!an writers of '((;*((

$D. hey are Ptole!y, Pliny, Strabo and anony!ous writer of the Periplus of the 7rythrean

Sea.

Perur ; #ig village

Sirur ; S!all village

)urdur ; Old village

Salai ; Highway

)uhir ; 4oc"tail -Jine/

&o!an factory was found in $ri"a!edu.

>n )uris &o!an !ade the e!ple of $ugustus.

'>nd and >>>th &oc" 7dicts of $sho"a give reference to this period.

Sanga! iterature

Sanga! literature !ainly revolves around the two points

i.

$aba! ove or internal.

ii.

Pura!Jar or external.

$. 7P>4S

'. )aninie"hailai

Jritten by poet Settalai Sattanar of)adurai

#oo" was influenced by #udhis!.

*. Silappadiagra!


60/212

Oldest and greatest of Sanga! epics.

rader6s na!e ; 2ovalan and 2annigi was his wife.

over3s na!e ; )adhavi.

Jritten by >llango $nadigal -grandson of the 4hola "ing 2ari"ala/.

#oo"s was influenced by Hindu religion.

@. Sivaga Sinda!ani B =iva" 4hinta!ani

Jritten by initta""adevar -a ain by religion/ Vaisya fro! )uth.

#oo" was influenced by =ainis!.

?. Valayapati

A. 2undal"esi

JO&2S O 7$&>7S P7&>OD

'. ol"appiya!

Jritten by ola"apiyar, one of the '* deciples of saint $gastya and who played dyna!ic

role in $ryanisation of South >ndia.

Jor" on a!il gra!!er.

*. $gattiya!

Jritten by Saint $gattiyar

Jor" on gra!!ar of letters life Sanga! literature divides a!il region in five parts:

-$/ Palai

his is called Pridal in a!il.

his was dry land.

)ayon was the 4od.

-#/ )ullai

his is called >rratual is a!il

his was forest $rea.

Scyon was the 0od.

-4/ 2urun

his is called Punardal in a!il.

his was )ountainous $rea.

)urugan was the 0od.


61/212

-D/ )aruda!

his is called %dai in a!il.

his was $gricultural and.

>ndra was 0od. >n a!il >ndra was called Vendan.

-7/ 1eydal

his was called >rrangal in a!il.

his was 4oastal $rea.

Varun was 0od.

H7 S$$V$H$1$S >)PO&$1 2>10S

Si!u"a

'.

ounder of the Satavahana dynasty.

Sata"arni >

'.

$dopted the title of 3Da"ashinapathapati3

Hala

Jrote 0athasaptashati B Sagtsati B Satsal in Paisachi Pra"rit.

0unadhya the writer of #rihat 2atha in his court.

0auta!iputra Sata"arni

'. 4alled hi!self destroyer of Shalvas -Scythians/, 9avanas -0ree"/ and Pahalavas -Parthians/

*. 4alled hi!self R7"brah!inR.

9ana shri Shata"arni

'.

His coins bear i!pression of 3ship3, fish and shell.

)>S47$17O%S $4S

'.

Satavahanas tried to establish rule according to the Dhar!ashastra

*.

>!portant officials were called )aha!atras and $!atyas

@. District was called $hara

?. 2ata"a and S"andhavaras are ter!s used in the inscription for !ilitary settle!ents and

ca!ps. hese also acted as centre of ad!inistration as long as the "ing stayed here.

A. Satavahanas exploited iron !ines of Jarangal and 2ari!nagar.


62/212

8. >ssued coins !ostly of lead also potin, copper and bronCe.

+.

Did not issue gold coins.

G.

$ndhra region beca!e fa!ous for cotton products -foreign accounts/.

'(.

1agarun"onda and $!ravati e!erged as centres of #uddhist culture and learning.

''.

Official language Pra"rit and script ; #rah!i.

H7 P$$V$S

So!e fact

'.

4apital was 2anchipura!

*.

Dynasty founded by Vishnugopa who was captured and then liberated by Sa!udragupta

@. However definite history of the dynasty begins with the accession of Si!havishnu in second

half of !portant 2ings.

)$H71D&$V$&)$1

'. Hi!self a dra!atist and poet, wrote a play )attavilasa Prahasan -the Delight of the

drun"ard/, $ burlesEue

*. $dopted litter Vichitrachitta -4urious )inded/

@.

inest roc" cut te!ples were built during his reign -e.g. te!ples at )ahabalipura!/

?.

2nown as 4aitya;"ari -#uilder of 4aityas te!ples/.

A.

$dopted the little )atta;Vilas.

1$&S>)H$V$&)$1

'.

>n


63/212

4holas History was based on following Sources

'. 2aiayana6s Description.

*. Peripus of 7rythrian Sea.

@. 0eographia by Ptole!y.

?.

%ttar!erur inscription of Pranta" >.

Viayalaya

'.

ounder of 4hola Dynasty.

*.

7arlier a feudatory of Pallavas.

@. )ade hanavurB anapuri B anore the capital built the te!ple of Durga which is

"nown as 1isu!bhasudin.

?. He was follower of Shaiv sect.

$ditya 4hola, He!urdered last Pallava ruler and !erged Pallav dynasty in 4hola Dynasty.

Pranta" > -G(8;GAA $.D/:; He defeated Pandya ruler and ta"en the tile of )adurai"ond

&aarai > -G+A;'('? $.D/

4onEuered northern Srilan"a -"nown as $nuradhpura/

His real na!e was $run!oliver!an.

4aptured achichapa and )aldive islands nu!bering '*(((.

His first expedition was against 4hera last expedition was against )aidwipa.

a. #uilt &aaraeshwara B #rihadeshwara te!ple at anore.

b. Splendid 0opura! is its special feature.

a. His exploits are inscribed on its walls. He also expedited on Sri an"a and 4onEuered so!e part and established his capital called

)u!adi 4ho'a )andla!.

He also established new capital in Sri an"a called Ponnalruha.

He Surveyed land and land revenue was

He was first 4hola ruler and established story 1aval ar!y.

0ave per!ission to Shailendra ruler Sri )adviayotunga Var!an to build 4hudarani Vihar at

1egapattana!.

&aendra 4hola > -'('* ;'(?? $.D./

itle ; %tta! 4hola, Panditya 0angai"ond 4hola.

'. 4hola expansionist policies continued

*. >n '('8 annexed whole of 4eylon and i!prisoned its "ing )ahendra

@.

>n '(*A ca!paigned against Shri Viaya 2ingdo! is south east $sia for their freEuent

interference in trade with 4hina

?.

4aptured a nu!ber of strategic places along the straits of )olucca.


64/212

A. #y '(** turned his attention towards the north and defeated)ahipala, the Pala ruler of

#engal.

nfantry.

ii. 4avalary

iii. 7lephant

4hola $r!y was distributed in ? parts

'.

2ai""olas Per!anent $r!y.

*. Surungander ; hrowing #halla.

@. Velai""aras ; #odyguard of "ing.

?. 1avy

2adga! was !ilitary 4antt.

he Viayanagara 7!pire 7st. '@@< $. D.

our dynasty in Viayanagn 7!pire;

'.

Sanga!dynasty

*.

Suluvi Dynasty

@. ulubh

?. $rvidu


65/212

'. ive sons of Sanga!a i!portant position under the 2a"atiya of Jarangal.

*.

4apital;Ha!pi

@.

&uler of 2a"atiya, Prataprudra >> defeated by )uha!ad ughlaE in '@*@.

?.

wo sons of Sanga!a Harihara and #u""a was converted to >sla! and given charge of the

conEuered territory by )uha!!ad #in ughlaE in the south

A.

$t the opportune ti!e the two brothers were reconverted to Hindu fold by Vaisnavite saintcalled )adhava Vidyaranya of Shringeri.

-'?(nduction of )usli!s into the ar!y provided freedo! of religion to )usli!s placed a

copy of Iuran before the throne

*. itle ; 0abet"ara -Jho have the power li"e elephant./

@.

#uilt a !osEue in Viyanagara

?.

$bdur &aCCa", a!bassador of Shah &u"h of Persia, son of i!ur reached in '??@.

A.

He is considered as incarnation of >ndra.

2rishna Den &ai -'A(A;*G/

'.

0reatest ruler of Viayanagar

*.

>n 'A'@ defeated 0aapati ruler of Orissa and too" possession of fort of %daigiri "andividuand "ondapalli

@. Do!ingo Paes a portuguese traveller visited.

?. He says about the "ing He is a great ruler arid !an of !uch ustice but subect to certain

fits of rage

A.

#arbossa a foreign traveller says about the tolerant attitude Mthe "ing allows such freedo!

that every than !ay co!e .., whether he is christian or !oor or HinduN


66/212

Jorshipper of Virupa"sha -shiva/.

2rishna Deva was considered as the incarnation of 2rishna.

4onstructed HaCara Swa!i and Virup"sha te!ple at Viayanagara

He surveyed 4hi land.

a. 7stablished friendly relations with Portuguese

2rishna Den &oy established the city 1agalpur own in !e!ory of his !other.b. $ppointed portuguese soldiers

c. 0ot support of Portuguese governor $lbuEuerEue against #ah!anis.

d. 0ave per!ission to $lbuEuerEue to construct a fort at #hat"al.

)iscellaneous acts

)ain estival ; )ahanav!i

a 1ational 0a!e ; 4hess

9a"shya Dance originated in Viaynagar Dynasty.

#ab!ani 2ingdo!

7stablished in '@?8 $.D.

ounder ; $llaudin Hussain #aha!ansah -Hasan 0angu/.

4apital 0ulbarga.

)oha!ad >; He built a !osEue in 0ulbarga, his was the first !osEue in >ndia in which there was

no open court yard.

irosah #ahinani:; He defeated Viaynagar ruler. Devraa > and !arried with his daughter.

$ccording to arista he "new %rdu, 2annada, )arathi and Persian. He has great interest in $strono!y and he built a Vedshala in Daulatabad.

$h!ad Sah:;

He shifted capital fro! 0ulbarga to #ihar.

He patronised $dd, who wrote #ahinannaina.

2ali!ulah:; was the last ruler of #ah!ani "ingdo!.

Post )auryan Period -*((. #4;@(( $D/ -Part ;*/

he Viaynagar 7!pire

'. $!ara! and with a fixed revenue given to 1aya"s.

*. )anya! ax free land

@. Sist and tax ; 'Bdangais 5eft handers6 a group of industrial class


68/212

@. 2inchipulo 2anchipura!, referred to by Hieun sang

?. alopicha he Dravida region -country/, referred to by Hieun sang

he 4holas

'. Vellala $griculturists*. Variya! 4o!!ittee

@. $lun0ana! 7xecutive 4o!!ittee

?. Salabhoga ennures !eant for educational purpose

A. )anigra!a! 0reat 1agara!


69/212

-4/ >nscriptions

-a/ $llahabad >nscription:; his was incription of Sa!udragupta. he writer were Harisena, who

was the !inister of war and peace called Sandhi;vigrahi.

-b/ >ron pillar inscription of )ehraulli:; his was considered as inscription of 4handragupta

Vi"ra!aditya

-c/ %dalyagiri 4ave inscription:;

his was inscription of 4handragupta Vi"ra!aditya.

his was written by Virsen Saba, who was also !inister of war and peace.

-d/ #hitary >nscription:;

his was inscription of S"andagupta.

his gives as the details of Huna attac".

-e/ >ndore pillar >nscription:

>t was inscription of S"andagupta.

-f/ 7ran >nscription:; A'( $d.

his was inscription of #hanugupta. irst epigraphica' record of Sati syste! was found in

this inscription.

-D/ 4oins

0uptas issued hightest nu!ber of gold coin in >ndia.

4handragupta Vi"ra!aditya issued first silver coin a!ong all 0upta ruler.

his coin was based on Sa"a6s coin.

irstly this type of coin were in use in Saurastra state. 2u!ar 0upta distributed in who

0upta Dynasty.

Sa!udra 0upta issued + types of coins.

On Su!udra 0upta6s coin lion was shown.

On Surnudra 0upta6s coin picture of $shwa!egh 9agya was shown:

On Su!udra 0upta6s coin the picture of playing violin was shown because he hi!self played

violin very well.

On 4handragupta Vi"ra!aditya6s coin tiger were shown. Ox were shown on S"andhgupta6s coin.

4oin of 0upta periods

0old coin ; 1ish"a, Pala

Silver coin ; &upa", Sat!ana, Panna

4opper ; 2a"ini, 2asharpan.


70/212

Highest nu!ber of re!nant coins of 0upta a e was found in #ayana -&aasthan/.

Political History

ounder ; Srigupta -*8A$.D/

4apital ; Prayaga State language ; Sans"rit

&eligion ; 1eo vaishnavis!.

4handra 0upta > -@'G;@@A $.D/

irst >ndian ruler who has ta"en title of )aharaadhira.

He issued 0upta Sa!vat. -@'G;*($.D/.

He was !arried with 2u!aridevi Princess of ichehavi ruler.

On the coin of 4handragupta '. One side had the picture of 2u!aridevi and 4hatidra 0upta >

and on the otherside picture of a"sh!i and ichawayah were written.

Sa!udra 0upta: -@@A;@+( $.D/

V. $. S!ith called hi! 1apolian of >ndia.

itle:; 2acha, 2aviraa, 2ridant Parsu, Sarv;raa. Hero of '((. wars.

Jar Policy of Sa!udragupta

'. >n 1orthern >ndia Digviaya.

*. >n Southern >ndia Dhar!aviaya.

$llahabad >nscription of Sa!udragupta gives the details of war. $ccording to 4hinese sources Sa!udragupta was conte!porary of )eghvar!an of Sri

an"a.

He was very good violin player.

$ccording to so!e scholor he has written 2rishnacharita!.

He patrnoised two #uddhist !on" Vasubandhu and $sang.

4handragupta >> chandragupta #i"ra!aditya. -@+G;?'* $.D/

it>e; Sa"ari, Sahshan", Devra, &araarshi, Para! #hagwat.

4handragupta >> was also called the lord of %ain and Patliputra. >t see!s that his another

capital was %ain.

His Jife was Druvadevi.

Son 2u!argupta.

His daughter Prabhayati was !arried to Va"ata" ruler &udrasen >>.

During his tenure a?iien ca!e >ndia.

1ine ge!s of 4handragupta >> court.


71/212

'. 2alidasa

*.

$!ar Singh

@.

Varah!ihir

?.

Dhanvantari

A.

#etal #hatta

. -?'A;?AA. $.D/

He was follower of 2arti"eya.

He founded 1a'nda %niversity. irst Huna attac" happened in his period.

ord Shan"ar and Parvati were shown as wife husband on 2u!argupta6s coin.

S"andhgupta -?AA;?


72/212

d. 1arsingh

e.

Va!ana

f.

&a!a -Parsura!a/

g.

&a!a ; Dashrathi -&a!a/

h.

&a!a #hargava -2rishna/

i.

#uddha.. 2al"i ; yet to co!e.

-*/ 4oncept of wife of 0od.

-a/ Parvati wife of Shan"ar.

-b/ ax!i Vaishnavi wife of Vishnu. Sa"ti Pooa was evolved after evolution of concept of wife of

0od. ater on Durga, 2ali were worshiped as 0oddess. ci 7arlist structure of Hindu te!ple was first

!ade in 0upta period.

Shiva was also worshiped in 0upta period.

>n this age Shiva was also worshiped as $rdhnarishwar.

$d!inistration of 0upta

0upta ruler believes the "ing as a 0od.

Sa!udra gupta was considered as 0od, who ca!e to life on earth.

0upta ruler started appointing their successor as "ing,

During 0upta period officers post was heridatory.

$d!inistrative Setup

State -4ountry/ #hu"ti

District Vishay

Sub;District Vithi

0roup of village Petha"

Village 0ra!

Head of country called 0opa.

Head of #hu"ti called %pari"a.

Other i!portant officer


73/212


74/212

-c/ Hiranaya ; the villages pay the tax in for! of 0old,

-d/ Purastha ; tax given to the officer who were collecting land tax.

ype of land

2shetra ; ertile land

2hil ; %nfertile land

$prabata ; orested landVastu ; Habitable land.

iterature

Special features of 0upta iterature

#oo" were written !ainly secular type.

$ll !ost all the boo"s have good ending except )irch"ati"a! written by Sudra".

Higher class !ale used Sans"rit language.

#ut lower class people and generally fe!ales used Pra"rit language.

#oth epic )ahabharat and &a!ayana were written in 0upta $ge.

he collection of !any Purana had ta"en place in 0upta age.

)ain Poets

-a/ 2alidasa )alvi"a $gni!itra, &itusanghar, 2u!arsa!bhava. $bhigyan Sa"untla!,

Vi"ra!ovarshiu!, &aghuvansha

-b/ Vatsayan ; 2a!sutra, 1yaybhasya.

-c/ >shwar"rishna ; San"hya 2ari"a.

-d/ Dignaga ; Pra!an Sa!uchaya, 1yaya Pravesh.

-e/ $!ar Singh ; $!ar"osh -Dictionary of San"rit/.

Science

-a/ $ryabhatt; $ryabhattiu!, Suryasiddhanta.

He calculated the value of -n/ which was @.'?*.

He calculated peri!eter of earth. ?(,*@* "!.

He also discovered the location of status on the basis of #abilonians.

He also finded out the causes of solar and unar eclipses and said sun is fixed at point and

earth is revolving around the sun.

He also said that earth is round.

-b/ Varah!ihir:; Jritten #rihatata", aghuata" and Panchsiddhanti"a.-c/ #rah!gupta:

He discovered that due to natural reason all the goods falls, down fro! upper level to lower level.

He Jritten #rah!asphutta.

2hand 2handayan"a.


75/212

-d/ Pala"alpa:; Jritten boo" Hasti $yurveda. his was written on $ni!al Husbandary. >n field of

)athe!atics the $ncient >ndians 5have three contribution

'. %se of notation syste!.

*. %se of Deci!al syste!.

@.

%se of Cero.

$rchitecture:

Structural architecture of 0upta6s period was not in good stage.

>!portant architecture was Dashawatar e!ple of Devgarh.

Painting

Painting was highly developed in 0upta period.

Highest Euality of painting was $anta.

otal cave in $anta ; *G.

'< '8th caves are very i!portant.

$anta cave was built between > $D; 8th $D. #ut !ostly built in 0upta $ge.

1a!e of Painting in $anta resco.

4olour #lue.

Other were painting of 7llora #agh.

Society

0upta age is considered as &ennaissance of Hindu age that6s why #rah!ana were

do!inating in that age. During 0upta age !any sub;castes e!erged.

ribals were incorporated in Hindu society in 0upta age.

During 0upta age wo!en Sudra6s position were little bit uplifted.

)arriage

ove!arriage syste! had gone down in 0upta age.

Jidow re!arriage was prevalent in society.

Sati syste! was "nown in 0upta age.

Slave syste! was "nown in 0upta age.

Pushyabhuti Dynasty

Sources:; -$/ Huen;Sang -


76/212

$ccording to Hiuen;sang there were ndians were vegetarians. hey never had ta"en betal.

-#/ Vanbhatta:; Harsheharit, 2adarnbari, Parvati Parinaya, 4handi;sata".-4/ Harsha:;

Harshvardhan had written three plays. Priyadarshi"a, 1agananda, &atnavali.

He had also written two #uddhist poe!s. -a/ Suprabhat -b/ $sta!ahasree 4haitya.

Harsha6s #ans"hera >nscription:; his gives the account about Harsha that his writing was very

nice. He was 2hutswis.

$ccording to Vanbhatta:; his dynasty was established by Pushyabhati. $fter that h describes about

Prabha"ar Vardhan.

Prabha"ar Vardhan:; He has two sons; ->/ &ayavardhan -ii/ Harshvardhan, and one daughter ;

&ayasree.

itle of Prabha"av Vardhan Huna B Harin"esari.

&ayavardhana: -


77/212

Harsha describes that he organises this type of Sabha every five years and this was the sixth

Sabha.

Harsha was the first;ruler established political relationship with 4hina. He send his

anthassdor to 4hina in


78/212

Harsha received the re!nant of #udha3s teeth fro! 2ash!ir and the established that in

2annau.

>ndian History

0upta Post ; 0upta Period: Society, 7cono!y Polity

$nnada 0rain;giver, refer to Sudras

$pad Dhar!aiterally !eans MDuly when in stressN i!plies what a !an !ay legiti!ately do when

he cannot earn a living by the nor!al deeds perfor!ed by his class.

#rah!adeysand grantB a single plot of land or whole of village to an in individual #rah!in or a

group of #rah!ins.

Devdana and grants to religious establish!ent -te!ple etc./

Dvia

iterally !eans MtwicebornN. &eferred to the three upper classes vig. #rah!ans,

2shatriyas and Vaisyas who were supposed to be born twice, once at their naturalbirth and again at their initiation, when they were invested with the sacred thread

and received into the $ryan society.

0hati"as south >ndian education >nstitutions

0hatiyantra >rrigation device -&ef. fro!#anabhatta/

Hinasippas

2ulinis!

Hinasippas ow profession Hyperga!ous syste! of !arriage based on the concept

of noble;born stated by #allala sena.

2utu!bin >!portant !e!ber of village, having landed property.

)anigra!an $n i!portant guild in 2erela

1agara"a %rban people of refined culture during the 0upta $ge.

1anadeshi 0uild of teachers having !e!bership fro! different regions and castes

1iyoga

-ivirate/

he practice of allowing a widow to cohabit with her husband6s younger brother till

the birth of a !ale child prohibited by Dhar!ashastra fro! 0upta period onwards.

Shrotriyas earned #rah!ins who had the "nowledge of Vedas.

StridhanaProperty in the for! of ewelers etc. Over which the right of the wo!en was

recognised . $fter the o!en6s death it passed over to her daughter.

Varnasra!a$ general nor! of conduct appropriate to each class and to each sage in dhar!a the

life of the individual

Vidusa"a he court ester in the Sans"rit dra!a, a figure of fun, invariably a #rah!an

axes in 0upta Period

'. Sul"a ; 4usto!s tolls


79/212

*. Sadbhaga ; and revenue -&ef. 2autilya/

@.

#haga ; &oyal share of produce 'B< of the total, first reference in $rthashastra

?.

#hoga ; Periodica l supplies of fruit, flowers, firewood etc. to the "ing-in the nature of "ings

rights privileges/

A.

#ali a/ $ type of land revenue b/ $ tpetty cess besides "ings nor!al share;

$rthasastrac/ $dditional oppressive tax; &ef. =aa"as

d/ 7!ergency tax fro! which chief )iniste?s were

exe!pted Fref. )illind Panho


80/212

'. Vishwarup wrote a co!!entary "nown as #alasera on 9avnaval"ya6s S!riti.

*.

)egatithi wrote a co!!entary on )anus!riti

@.

#hattaswa!i wrote a co!!entary "nown as Pratipada Panchi"a on 2autilya6s $rth Shastra.

>t was co!pleted by Vishnugupta.

?.

Viananeshwar wrote a co!!entary "nown as )ita"shara -on civil aw/ on 9anavl"ya6s

law boo".

Various &eferences

'.

Jives. Sons and slaves have no right to property. )anu

*. Sudras and wo!en have right to study the Puranas $pastha!ba

@. Slaves can be beaten only on bac" -not on head/ )anu

?. #rah!in can lend to wic"ed people at low interests )anu

A. Jo!en has a right to inheritance 9anaval"ya

ndians are of hasty and irresolute te!pera!ent

b. >ndians are of pure !oral principles c. >ndians do not ta"e anything wrongfully

d. >ndians possess Eualities of courage love of learning

e. >ndians yield !ore than fairness reEuires Hieun sang

G. Sudras as agriculturists Hieun sang and $lberuni

'(.

here was no provision of death sentence ahiean

''.

Jives and slaves have no right to property )anu

'*.

>ndians had no sense of history writing $lberuni

'@.

irst reference of Sati 7ran -)P/, A'( $D

'?.

here was no slavery in >ndia )egasthense

'A.here was seven castes in >ndia )egasthenes

acts about ancient literature

'. Various texts were written

irst text of Sans"rit gra!!er is $shtadhyayi -A((#4/ by Panini. here are + chapters and

?(( sutras in it.

>n *(( #4 Patanali wrote the )ahabhashya on the gra!!ar of Panini.

>n 8(( $D 2ashi"a was written by ayaditya and Va!an on $ shtadhyayi.

*. Pachtantra is the earliest story collection.

>t is co!piled by Vishnu Shar!a.

his boo" is of 0upta period.

@. Hitopadesh is second fa!ous collection of >ndian stories.


81/212

>ts writer is 1arayan

?. $bhianash"untala!is the best text of 2alidas.

>t contains the description of "ing Dushyant of -Hastinapur/

A. wo fa!ous plays of Vish"hadutta are )udrara"shasa and Devichandragupta!

>n )udara"shas there is a description of 4handragupta )aurya and in Devichandragupta!

description of 0pata ruler &a!gupta.


82/212

'. Vedic people "new the !ethods of sEuare eEual in area to triangle, rectangles, circles and to

su! differences of sEuares i.e., !a"ing of sEuare eEual in area to su! and differences of

sEuare.

*.

hese references and descriptions are found !ainly in Sulvasutras but to so!e extent also

in Satpatha #reha!ana aittirya So!hita.

$rith!etic

'.

or!ulation of the theory of Cero, was the greatest contribution of the ancient >ndian

!athe!atics. Deci!al syste! of notation was also developed in >ndia.

*. heory of co!!on fraction, rule of three si!ple and co!pound interest also developed in

>ndia. irst reference of the rule of three is focused upon in the boo" of $ryabhatta.

$lgebra

'. $lgebraic !ethod was first atte!pted by $ryaEbhatta. He was the 'st >ndian $lgebric. His

wor" $ryabhattia! deals with rules for solution of a large no. of algebraic proble!s. He alsodeveloped the syste! of arith!etic progression and geo!etric progression.

*.

#rah!agupta around 8(($.D. developed the rules for operating with negative Euantities

and with Cero.

@. he great contribution in this field was by #has"ara in '*(( $.D., who developed surds.

rigno!etry his was given a new direction by $ryabhatta who introduced sines which was

"nown as =aya. Hindu !athe!aticians used McosinesN "nown as "ot aya versed sines were

also used "nown as ut"ra!aya.

$strono!y

'. $strono!y was a popular branch of science a!ong the Hindu. 7arliest reference of interest

shown in this field is found in aitterya #rah!ana. >t !a"es a !ention of sun, !oon, na"shatras

and seasons

*. he first to !a"e great contribution was $ryabhata who wrote a boo" $ryabhattia!.

he !easure!ent of the circu!ference of earth by $ryabhatta is very near to !odern

esti!ation. He Propounded the theory that the earth is round and that it rotates around its

own axis.

He gave a new theory regarding the cause of eclipse and reected the earlier concept which

was related with the !yth of &ahu as a reason for eclipses. He said eclipses are the result of

the shadow of !oon and earth: He also put forward the theory of planetary !ove!ent.

@. Varaha!ihir who was a great astrono!er of this period wrote #rhata!hitaK Pannchasiddhanti"a,

9oga!aya, aghu"atha, Vivahapatal.

He described about the !otion of 1a"shatras and its i!pact on the hu!an life.

>n his wor"s we also find descriptions of various varieties of ge!s and its characteristics

along with the description of auspicious ti!es of !arriage and o!ens.


83/212


84/212

+. $rdhnarishwar Shiva

G. Da"shin!urti Shiva

acts $bout >nscription

>nscriptions of $sho"a

'. irst discovered by =eifentheilar in '8A(

*.

Deciphered by =a!es Princep in '+@8.

@.

)ost of the >nscriptions were in #hrah!i Script -eft to &ight/

?.

)ansehra Shahbagarhi inscription is in 2harosthi Script.

A.

a"shila egh!an >nscription is in $rai!aic Script.

nscription in bilingual G0ree";$ra!aic/ Script.

8. )as"i, 0uara. 1ettur and %degola! >nscription give the na!e $sho"a.

+. hirteenth )aor &oc" 7dict is the longest.

G. he Pillar at $llahabad contains wueen6s 7dict, Harisena6s Prasasti and Ordiances of

=ehangir.

'(.

Second !aor &oc" 7dict contains the na!es of 4hols, 4heras, 2eralaputra, Satyaputra

''.

)ahasthan -#angladesh/ and suhgaura copper plates wor" during fa!ine.

#oghag 2oi >nscription

'.

'?((( #.4.

*.

0ives >nfor!ation about the oldest group of $ryans.

@.

0ives na!e of Vedic 0oods;>ndra, Varun,)itra, 1astayas.

Hathigu!pha >nscription

'.

Of 2harvela -2ings of 2alinga/

*. Situated at %dayagiri hills

#esnagar >nscription

'. Of 0ree" a!bassador Heliodorus.

*. He dedicates the pillar erected by hi! to the of gods Vasudev.

%ttar!erur >nscription

'. wo >nscriptions at %ttar!erur dated G'G G*' $.D. &espectively.

*. hrow light on the local self govern!ent during the 4hola period.

>ndian History F #o"s and $uthors

#oo" $uthors


85/212

#uddhacharita $svaghosa -'(($D/

Saptasata"s Hala -'(( $.D./

0athaasapatasat -Pr"arit/

&atnavali Hashvardhana

1agananda Hashvardhana

Priyadarshi"a Hashvardhana

)udra &a"shasa Visa"hadutta

2ada!bari #anabhatta -8(( $D/

Harsha 4harita #anab

Upsc Portal - History

Documents

Transcript of Upsc Portal - History