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³UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY´
The Project is submitted to J.N.T.U through M.V.S.R Engineering College in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
³B.Tech in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING´
Submitted By,
D. YAMINI KEERTI RAJ
Roll No: 07063A4278
Under the Esteemed guidance of
E.Shanker Rao (B.Tech)
Naga Lakshmi(Lecturer)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
2008 ± 2011
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CONCEPT OF PROJECT WORK
Before starting every project, planning in the project is very important
task and should taken up with great care as the efficiency of the whole project
largely depends up on its planning
While planning project each and every stage should be worked out in
anticipation and should be carefully considered all the relevant position that is
advance. Now a day¶s more stress is being given to bring an engineer forward
to establish their own industries and engineering students after completing
their course are also being encouraged to establish their own industries. Hence
the study on the project planning has become more important. For this reason
most of the universities and boards have introduced the project work in the
syllabus of final year. Those who want start industry should be project
planning.
In olden days to avoid the surges and spokes in A.C voltage, we use the
automatic voltage regulator circuits. But if the power is failure we have to wait
up to the power resumed. Inverter provides the supply even if the power is
failure. The switching time between the A.C supply and the inverted supply is
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large. So, the information which was stored will be lost. To provide supply
immediately without leaving the information, we use uninterrupted power
supplies. It uses the fast acting switch less than 5 nano seconds. So, the
information will not lose. Using the advantage of UPS we preferred in for our
Project work.
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C C oonnt t eennt t s s
1. I NTRODUCT I ON
2. PR I NC I PLE OF WORK I NG
3. VA R I OUS TYPES OF UPS
4. B LOCK D IAGR AM
5. DESCR I PT I ON OF B LOCKS
6. M ODES OF OPER AT I ON
7. C I RCU I T A N A LYS I S
8. FRONT P A NEL CONTROLS
9. A SSE M B L I NG
10. TROU B LESHOOT I NG
11. SPEC I F I C AT I ONS
12. S A FETY
13. REFERENCES
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I NTRODUCT I ON
GENERAL OVERVIEW:
The UPS is a high performance standby uninterruptible power source
designed to protect computers and peripheral devices such as monitors,
modems, tape drives, etc. from utility line failures which could result in the
loss or corruption of valuable data. In the event of a utility failure such as a
blackout, brownout or sag, the UPS rapidly transfers loads (computer
equipment) to an alternative power source. This alternative power is derived
from a battery within the UPS and provides the user with ample time to save
files and properly close operation, show much time your equipment can remain
operating during a utility failure before the UPS¶s batteries are drained depends
on the capacity. Under normal conditions when the utility voltage is within
proper limits, the UPS maintains the battery in a charged condition and serves
to isolate your equipment from surges and high frequency electrical noise
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PR I NC I PLE OF WORK I NG
An uninterruptible power supply/ uninterruptible power source, UPS or
battery/flywheel backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency
power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A
UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby
generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection
from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and
associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel
generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most
uninterruptible power sources depends on capacity ± but sufficient to allow
time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the
protected equipment.
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VA R I OUS TYPES OF UPS
A variety of design approaches are used to implement UPS systems,
each with distinct performance characteristics. The most common design
approaches are as follows
1. Standby UPS
2. Line Interactive UPS
3. Standby-Ferro UPS
4. On-Line UPS
y Double Conversion On-Line UPS
y Delta Conversion On-Line UPS
Standby UPS:
The Standby UPS is the most common type used for Personal
Computers. In the block diagram illustrated in Figure 1, the transfer switch is
set to choose the filtered AC input as the primary power source (solid line
path), and switches to the battery / inverter as the backup source should the
primary source fail. When that happens, the transfer switch must operate to
switch the load over to the battery / inverter backup power source . The
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inverter only starts when the power fails, hence the name "Standby." High
efficiency, small size, and low cost are the main benefits of this design. With
proper filter and surge circuitry, these systems can also provide adequate noise
filtration and surge suppression
Line Interactive UPS:
The Line Interactive UPS, illustrated in Figure 2, is the most common
design used for small business, Web, and departmental servers. In this design,
the battery-to-AC power converter (inverter) is always connected to the output
of the UPS. Operating the inverter in reverse during times when the input AC
power is normal provides battery charging. When the input power fails, the
transfer switch opens and power flows from the battery to the UPS. With the
inverter always on and connected to the output, this design provides additional
filtering and yields reduced switching transients when compared with the
Standby UPS topology. In addition, the Line Interactive design usually
incorporates a tap-changing transformer. This adds voltage regulation by
adjusting transformer taps as the input voltage varies. Voltage regulation is an
important feature when low voltage conditions exist, otherwise the UPS would
transfer to battery and then eventually down the load. This more frequent
battery usage can cause premature battery failure. However, the inverter can
also be designed such that its failure will still permit power flow from the AC
input to the output, which eliminates the potential of single point failure and
effectively provides for two independent power paths. High efficiency, small
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size, low cost and high reliability coupled with the ability to correct low or
high line voltage conditions make this the dominant type of UPS in the 0.5-
5kVA power range
Standby-Ferro UPS:
The Standby-Ferro UPS was once the dominant form of UPS in the 3-
15kVA range. This design depends on a special saturating transformer that has
three windings. The primary power path is from AC input, through a transfer
switch, through the transformer, and to the output. In the case of a power
failure, the transfer switch is opened, and the inverter picks up the output load.
In the Standby-Ferro design, the inverter is in the standby mode, and is
energized when the input power fails and the transfer switch is opened. The
transformer has a special "Ferro-resonant" capability, which provides limited
voltage regulation and output waveform "shaping". The isolation from AC
power transients provided by the Ferro transformer is as good as or better than
any filter available. But the Ferro transformer itself creates severe output
voltage distortion and transients, which can be worse than a poor AC
connection. Even though it is a standby UPS by design, the Standby-Ferro
generates a great deal of heat because the Ferro-resonant transformer is
inherently inefficient. These transformers are also relative to regular isolation
transformers; so standby-Ferro UPS are generally quite large and heavy.
Standby-Ferro UPS systems are frequently represented as On-Line units,
even though they have a transfer switch, the inverter operates in the standby
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mode, and they exhibit a transfer characteristic during an AC power failure.
Figure 3 illustrates this Standby-Ferro topology
High reliability and excellent line filtering are this design¶s strengths.
However, the design has very low efficiency combined with instability when
used with some generators and newer power-factor corrected computers,
causing the popularity of this design to decrease significantly.
The principal reason why Standby-Ferro UPS systems are no longer
commonly used is that they can be fundamentally unstable when operating a
modern computer power supply load. All large servers and routers use ³Power
Factor Corrected´ power supplies which draw only sinusoidal current from the
utility, much like an incandescent bulb. This smooth current draw is achieved
using capacitors, devices which µlead' the applied voltage, Ferro resonant UPS
system utilize heavy core transformers which have an inductive characteristic,
meaning that the current 'lags' the voltage. The combination of these two items
forms what is referred to as a 'tank' circuit? Resonance or 'ringing' in a tank
circuit can cause high currents, which jeopardize the connected load
Double Conversion On-Line UPS:
This is the most common type of UPS above 10kVA. The block diagram
of the Double Conversion On-Line UPS, illustrated in Figure 4, is the same as
the Standby, except that the primary power path is the inverter instead of the
AC main In the Double Conversion On-Line design, failure of the input AC
does not cause activation of the transfer switch, because the input AC is
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charging the backup battery source which provides power to the output
inverter. Therefore, during an input AC power failure, on-line operation results
in no transfer time
Both the battery charger and the inverter convert the entire load power
flow in this design, resulting in reduced efficiency with its associated increased
heat generation.
This UPS provides nearly ideal electrical output performance. But the
constant wear on the power components reduces reliability over other designs
and the energy consumed by the electrical power inefficiency is a significant
part of the life-cycle cost of the UPS. Also, the input power drawn by the large
battery charger is often non-linear and can interfere with building power wiring
or cause problems with standby generators
Delta Conversion On-Line UPS:
This UPS design, illustrated in Figure 5, is a newer, 10 year old
technology introduced to eliminate the drawbacks of the Double Conversion
On-Line design and is available in sizes ranging from 5kVA to 1.6MW.
Similar to the Double Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Conversion On-
Line UPS always has the inverter supplying the load voltage. However, the
additional Delta Converter also contributes power to the inverter output. Under
conditions of AC failure or disturbances, this design exhibits behavior identical
to the Double Conversion On-Line
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A simple way to understand the energy efficiency of the delta
conversion topology is to consider the energy required to deliver a package
from the 4th floor to the 5th floor of a building as shown in Figure 6. Delta
Conversion technology saves energy by carrying the package only the
difference (delta) between the starting and ending points. The Double
Conversion On-Line UPS converts the power to the battery and back again
Whereas the Delta Converter moves components of the power from input to
the output
In the Delta Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Converter acts with
dual purposes. The first is to control the input power characteristics. This
active front end draws power in a sinusoidal manner, minimizing harmonics
reflected onto the utility. This ensures optimal utility and generator system
compatibility, reducing heating and system wear in the power distribution
system. The second function of the Delta Converter is to control input current
in order to regulate charging of the battery system.
The Delta Conversion On-Line UPS provides the same output
characteristics as the Double Conversion on- Line design. However, the input
characteristics are often different. Delta conversion on-line designs provide
Dynamically-controlled, power factor corrected input, without the inefficient
use of filter banks associated with traditional solutions. The most important
benefit is a significant reduction in energy losses. The input power control also
makes the UPS compatible with all generator sets and reduces the need for
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wiring and generator over sizing. Delta Conversion On-Line technology is the
only core UPS technology today protected by patents and is therefore not
likely to be available from a broad range of UPS suppliers.
During steady state conditions the Delta Converter allows the UPS to
deliver power to the load with much greater efficiency than the Double
Conversion design.
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COMPARISON SHEET
Type of UPS RangeVoltage
ConditioningBenefits Limitations
Standby UPS 0 ± 0.5 LowLow cost, high
efficiency, compact
Uses battery during brownouts, Impractica
over 2kVA
Line Interactive UPS 0.5 ± 5Design
Dependant
High reliability, High
efficiency, Goodvoltage conditioning
Impractical over 5kVA
Standby Ferro UPS 3 ± 15 HighExcellent voltage
Conditioning, High
reliability
Low efficiency,unstable in combinatio
with some loads andgenerators
Double ConversionOn-Line UPS
5 ± 5000 High
Excellent voltage
conditioning, ease of paralleling
Low efficiency,Expensive under 5kVA
Delta ConversionOn-Line UPS 5 ± 5000 High
Excellent voltage
conditioning, Highefficiency
Impractical under 5kV
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DESCR I PT I ON OF B LOCKS
UPS Commonly consists of several blocks like
1. Noise and surge suppression
2. Load transfer switch
3. Inverter
4. Transformer
5. Rectifier
6. Battery
7. Battery charger
8. Static switch
Noise and surge suppression:
The UPS contains high performance EMI/RFI (Electro-Magnetic and
Radio Frequency Interference) noise and surge suppression circuitry to protect
your equipment. The UPS provides this suppression continuously. UPS doesn¶t
transfer your load to its internal power source. Instead, the suppression
circuitry reduces the amplitude of noise and surges to a level well below that
which can be tolerated by your computing equipment.
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Load transfer switch:
The load transfer switch is actually an electro-dynamic relay which
serves to rapidly transfer your computer equipment (load) from the utility to
the UPS¶s alternate power source in the event of a utility failure. When the
utility is restored within safe limits, the switch acts to re-transfer the load to the
utility. The transfer switch is the only moving part in the UPS. The time
required for the relay to transfer your load to either power source is much,
much faster than it is required by any modern equipment
Inverter:
The inverter is a Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC)
device. It consists of two semiconductor devices
a. Transistor
b. SCR
a) Transistor: Transistors are typically used on UPSs rated 150 KVA and
below. The transistorized UPSs are smaller in size since they use fewer
components. The limiting factor for not using transistors on higher rated
UPSs is the current rating of the transistor itself; for that reason, a
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) inverter is used
b) SCR: SCR-based inverter designs are used on UPSs in the 200 KVA
power rating and above. But the determining factor of the inverter
performance is the switching method of the semiconductor (transistor on
SCR) in order to produce AC output power
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Transformer:
The UPS¶s transformer is an electrical component which ³steps
up´ the output voltage of the inverter to the utility line voltage (115 VAC or
230 VAC). It serves to isolate the UPS from equipment failures
Rectifier:
Rectifier is a rectifier device, simply means that the exchange of
Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC) devices. It has two main
functions: First, the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC),
through the supply of filtered load, or the supply inverter; second, to provide
battery charging voltage. Therefore, it is also play a role in charger
Battery:
UPS battery is used as a storage energy device, which consists of several
cells in series, with a capacity to maintain its size determines the discharge
(supply) time. When the electricity is normal, the energy converted into
chemical energy stored in the battery internal; when the electricity fails, the
chemical energy into electrical energy provided to the inverter or the load.
Battery charger:
The Battery charger converts the Alternating Current (AC) to a
Direct Current (DC) which is compatible with battery. The charger maintains
the battery at a constant voltage to ensure that the battery will have the capacity
to support the load. This method is known as ³float´ charging, provides
maximum battery service life and minimal internal heating.
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Static Switch:
Static switch is a non-contact switch positioned in Figure 6, which is to
use two SCR reverse parallel composition of a communication switch, its
closed and disconnected from the logic controller control. Conversion and the
model is divided into two kinds of type and. Conversion-type switch is mainly
used for two-way power supply system, its role is to achieve all the way to
another road from the automatic switching; and model switch is mainly used
for parallel inverters with electricity or more inverter
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M ODES OF OPER AT I ON
1. Normal Mode
2. Emergency Mode
3. Recharge Mode
4. Bypass Mode
5. Maintenance Bypass Mode
Normal Mode:
The critical AC load is supplied continuously by the inverter. The
rectifier/charger derives power from a utility AC source and supplies DC
power to the inverter while simultaneously charging a battery system. The
inverter converts the DC power into clean and regulated AC power that is then
supplied to the critical load through the static transfer switch.
Emergency Mode:
Upon failure of the utility AC power, the AC load supplied by the
inverter will draw its power from the batteries. There shall be no interruption
of power switching from AC power to batteries or switching from batteries to
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AC power upon its restoration. While the battery powers the UPS, indication
for actual battery backup time shall be provided
Recharge Mode:
Upon restoration of AC power, even if the batteries are
completely discharged, the UPS will restart. The rectifier/charger shall assume
the inverter and battery recharge loads. If the bypass source is within
acceptable limits, the UPS will retransfer the critical load back to the inverter.
Bypass Mode:
When the inverter overload capacity is exceeded, the static transfer
switch shall perform a transfer of the load from the inverter to the bypass
source with no interruption in power to the critical load.
Maintenance Bypass Mode:
If for some reason the UPS has to be taken out of service for
maintenance or repair, the UPS shall be provided with an optional, external
maintenance bypass switch to enable a load transfer from the inverter to the
bypass source with no interruption of power to the critical load
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FRONT P A NEL CONTROLS
Test / Alarm Disable switch:
A dual function Test / Alarm Disable switch (400VA, 450VA, 600VA,
900VA and1250VA models) allows you to check for proper operation by
initiating a transfer to on-battery operation. This test ensures that the UPS is
not overloaded and will support the system load during an actual power
disturbance. By using the Test function throughout the life of the UPS, you can
estimate when the UPS's battery should be replaced. During a utility failure,
the Alarm Disable portion of the switch can be pressed to silence the alarm.
Option switches:
Option switches (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and 1250VA models)
allow you to adjust the UPS for applications where frequent or rapid utility
voltage fluctuations cause the UPS to transfer to on-battery operation too often.
Audible alarm functions can be altered so that warning of utility failure or low
battery conditions are given when desired
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Site wiring fault indicator:
A site wiring fault indicator warns you of hot-neutral reversal, open
ground and overloaded neutral faults. Faulty wiring prevents the safety features
and surge protection circuits built into this UPS from operating properly.
Check this indicator during installation or whenever your building's wiring has
been serviced - call a qualified electrician if the indicator is illuminated.
Surge suppression and EMI/RFI filtering:
The UPS provides high performance surge suppression and EMI/RFI
(electromagnetic and radio frequency interference) filtering. The UPS
suppresses surges defined by the ANSI C 62.41 (formerly IEEE 587) Category
A and B standard to levels well below that which is compatible with your
computer
Remote interface:
A remote computer interface port (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and
1250VA models) capable of signaling utility failure and low battery conditions
is provided for unattended shutdown of computer operations. When teamed
with Power Chute UPS monitoring software, you may select operation of
power event logging, power event notification, automatic restart upon power
restoration, and battery conservation features
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A SSE M B L I NG
The Cabinet is made up of Soft iron Metal. The Holes on the front side
are made to the cabinet upon the requirement of no of switches and options
available for that device. On the back side of the cabin a socket is fixed to take
the output from the UPS.
The two way transformer is fixed at the base of the lower part of the
cabin. The full wave rectifier is fitted beside the transformer. The Isolating and
the relay transformers are based on the upper side of the cabin. The Relays and
the circuit boards for the AVR and the oscillator are fixed at the upper base of
the cabin.
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TROU B LESHOOT I NG
PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE
UPS will not turn on(lamp within power I/0
switch is not
illu mina ted), but beep s
when po wer I/0 swit ch
is on.
Line cord plug is loose. Che ck fit of line cord plug.
R ear panel circuit breaker is
tripped.
Circuit breaker is tripped when
button is extended. Unp lug
excessive loads and reset
breaker (press button).
Dead wall socket.Check wall socket with a t able
lamp.
UPS operates normally,
but SITE WIRINGFAULT indica tor is
illuminated.
Building wiring error such a s
missing ground, hot and
n eutra l polarity reversal, or
overloa ded n eut ral wiring.
A qualified electrician should be
summoned to correct the building
wiring. The UPS will not provide
rated noise and surge
suppr ession with incorrect buildin g wiring.
"Ch eat er" plugs or adapt er
installed ont o line cord plug
(ground not conn ected).
Plug the UPS into 2 poles, 3 wire
grounding outlet only.
UPS occasionally emits
beep, c omputer
equipment operat es
normally.
The U PS is briefly t r ansferr ing
your equipment to its alternat e
power source due to utility
voltage sags or spike s.
This operation is normal. The
UPS is protecting your comput er
equipment from abnormal ut ility
voltages. If the audible alar m
becomes annoying, set option
sw itc h to the up position.
UP S emits beep very
often, more than once or
twice an hour .
Computer equipment
operates normally.
Utility voltage is distorted or
branch circuits are heavily
loaded.
Have your line voltage check ed by
an electrician. Operating your
UPS from an outlet which is
wired to a differ ent b ranc h fuse or
circuit break er may help. Adjust
transfer voltage via option;
equipment will operate normally at
the ut ility voltages
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PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE
UPS emits loud tone.
Power I/0 switch is on
but computer
equi pment is not
powered. UPS¶s rear pan el circ uit breaker is
tripped. Normal
voltages ar e k nown to
be present.
UPS has shut down due to
severe overloa d.
Tur n off UPS and unplug
excessive loads. Laser
printe rs will over load the UPS
and shou ld be plugged int o a
quality surge suppressor. Seet he section covering
Over loa ds. Once overload is
removed, reset the circuit
breaker (press but t on).
UPS emit loud during
utility failure. Power
I/O switch is on but
computer equipment
is not powered. Rear
panel circuit breaker is not tripped.
UPS has shut down due to
overload.
Turn off UPS and unplug
excessive loads. Recheck
computer system power
requirements as described in
installation instructions. UPS
may be turned on when utilityhas been restored.
UPS does not provide
expected run time.
Low battery warning
is sounded
prematurely.
Excessive loads connectedat UPS¶s output
receptacles.
Unplug excessive loads from
UPS. Recheck computer
system power requirements as
described in installation
instructions.
Battery is weak due to
wear or recent operation
during utility power
outage.
The battery should be
recharged by leaving the UPS
plugged i n for 12 hours - do
not operate Test controlduring recharge. If UPS
sounds low battery warning
prematurely when retested,
battery should be replaced.
UPS beeps
continuously. Lamp
within I/0 power
switch is illuminated.
Utility is not failed.
Line cord plug is loose. Check fit of line cord plug.
Circuit breaker is tripped. Unplug excessive loads and
reset circuit breaker.
UPS does not shut
down when RS-232
HI level is applied to
computer interface
Signal not applied during
utility failure.
The UPS responds to this
signal only during utility
failures (load is operating
from the UPS¶s internal
power source).
Signal is not referenced toUPS common.
Signal must be referenced tothe UPS¶s common
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SPEC I F I C AT I ONS
GENERAL PARAMETERS:
1. Input Voltage: Single Phase ± 120 Vac /230 Vac
Three Phase ± 415 Vac
2. Input frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz (User configurable)
3. Rectifier frequency: 40-65 (Hz)
4. Sync frequency: 50 +/- 8% (Hz)
GENERAL OPERATING CONDITIONS:
1. Operation temperature: 0ºC to +40ºC (+32ºF to +104ºF)
2. Storage temperature: -15ºC to +50ºC (+5ºF to +122ºF)
3. Relative humidity: 0% to 95% (non-condensing)
4. Audible noise (at 1 meter): < 60 dB
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S A FETY
Precautions:
1. To reduce the risk of electric shock, disconnect the Uninterruptible
Power Source from the mains before installing a computer interface
signal cable
2. De-energize the Uninterruptible Power Source in an emergency, move
the I/O switch to the O (off) position and disconnect the power cord
from the mains
3. Avoid installing the Uninterruptible Power Source in locations where
there is water or excessive humidity
4. Do not allow water or any foreign object to get inside the
Uninterruptible Power Source
5. Make sure that the AC Utility outlet is correctly grounded.
6. Do not try to repair the unit yourself, contact your local supplier or your
warranty will be void.
7. Use a certified input power cable with the correct plugs and sockets for
the appropriate voltage system.
8. Make sure the battery bank is installed within the proper environment
9. Do not install the battery bank under direct sunlight. Your warranty will
be void if the batteries fail due to overheating.
10. This battery bank is designed for indoor use only.
11. This battery bank is not designed for use in dusty, corrosive and salty
environment.
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12. The battery will discharge naturally if the system is unused for a period
of time.
13. It should be recharged every 2-3 months if unused. If this is not done,
then the warranty will be null and void.
14. Servicing of Batteries Should be Performed or Supervised by Trained
Personnel with Knowledge of Batteries and the Required Precautions
15. When Replacing Batteries, Replace With the Same Quantity, Type &
Capacity.
16. Do Not Dispose of Battery or Batteries in an open fire. The Battery May
Explode.
17. Do not open or mutilate the batteries. The electrolyte from the batteries
is toxic and harmful to the skin and eyes.
18. Risk of Electric Shock ± Battery Circuit is not isolated from AC,
hazardous Voltage may exist between battery terminals and ground. Test
before touching with bare hands.
19. A Battery can present a Electrical Shock and High Short Circuit Current.
The Following Precaution to be taken When Working on Batteries:
A) Remove watches, rings, or other metal objects.B) Use tools with insulated handles.
C) Wear rubber gloves and boots.
D) Do not lay tools or metal parts on top of batteries.
E) Disconnect charging source prior to connecting or disconnecting
battery terminals
8/3/2019 UPS Project New
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REFERENCES
BOOKS REFERENCE:
1. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY ± B.L.THERAJA & A.K.THERAJA
2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS ± V.K.MEHTA
3. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ± B.K.VISWANATH
WEB REFERENCE:
1. www.mgepowerlearning.com
2. www.apc.com
3. www.stacoenergy.com