Upper Mississippi River Water Quality Monitoring Network (April … · 2016. 2. 20. · Early...
Transcript of Upper Mississippi River Water Quality Monitoring Network (April … · 2016. 2. 20. · Early...
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Joel Allen1, William Franz1, David Hokanson2, Sri Panguluri3, John Carson3
1. USEPA2. Upper Mississippi River Basin Association
3. Shaw E&IFreshwater Spills Symposium
St. Louis, MO2009-04-29
Upper Mississippi River Water Quality Monitoring Network
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On-Line Toxicity Monitors and Watershed Early Warning Systems
• EWS conceptual framework• Water Quality Monitoring Tools• Implementation• Questions
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Brown’s Island, Wierton, WV
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Why Early Warning Systems?
• Source Waters and Distribution Systems are vulnerable to unreported contamination events
River Meuse Hydraulic fluid leak 2004 (de Hoogh et al., 2006. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40 (8), 2678 -2685)
• Utility closed intakeLake Constance, Germany - intentional Atrazine contamination, 2005
• Utility added a biomonitoring systemOhio River Methylene Chloride contamination, July 2007
• Utility added activated carbon filtration• Early detection of episodic contamination
early responses by water utilities and regulatory/response agencies minimize potential impacts and associated costs to the water supply, citizens, and industry that utilize the river
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Early Warning System Paradigm
• This EWS paradigm serves as a model for the site specific implementation of EWSs in source waters and distribution systems
– Water quality monitoring tools– Data telemetry– Data analysis– Information distribution to
decision makers– Response framework
• Multiple Benefits– Source Water
• Quality• Ecological Status• TMDL• Drinking Water Process
Control
– Distribution System• Water Quality Monitoring• Water Security
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Centralized DataAnalysis/DistributionWQMS
Wireless Data Telemetry
Internet
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Upper Mississippi RiverEarly Warning Network
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ImplementationCollaboration!!!
• Upper Mississippi River Early Warning Network
– Federal• U.S. EPA ORD & Region 5
– State• MN Pollution Control Agency• MN Dept. of Nat. Res.• Iowa Dept. of Nat. Res.
– Regional• Upper Miss. River Basin Assoc
– Utilities• Minneapolis Water Works• St. Cloud, MN Water Works• Moline, Il Water Works• American Water• Xcel Energy
– Universities• St. Cloud State University• University of MN• University of Iowa
• East Fork of the Little Miami River
– Federal• U.S. EPA ORD
– Local• Clermont County
– Utilities• Morehead, KY Water Utility
– Universities• Thomas More College• Morehead University
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Water Quality Monitoring Tools
• On-line Toxicity Monitors– Bivalve Gape– Bacteria Luminescence– Fish Behavior/Mortality
• Physical/Chemical Sensors– Multiparameter Sonde– UV/Vis Spectrometer
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Water Quality Monitoring Tools
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Field Sites
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S-CAN Spectrolyzer
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On-line Toxicity Monitor (OTM) Research
• “Canary in the Coal mine”• There is no machine or
analytical approach to measure toxicity
• Only an organism in its own environment can integrate all factors that contribute to stress
• Continuous, Time-Relevant monitoring
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Time
Mea
n G
ape
020
6010
0-1 7 14 21
Control
Mean Gape
Time
Mea
n G
ape
020
6010
0
-1 7 14 21
6.25ppb
Mean Gape
Time
Mea
n G
ape
020
6010
0
-1 7 14 21
12.5ppb
Mean Gape
Time
Mea
n G
ape
020
6010
0
-1 7 14 21
25ppb
Mean Gape
Time
Mea
n G
ape
020
6010
0
-1 7 14 21
50ppb
Mean Gape
TimeM
ean
Gap
e
020
6010
0
-1 7 14 21
100ppb
Mean Gape
• Based on bivalve gape behavior
• Continuous flow-through design
• Long-Term deployments of up to 1 year or longer
• Minimal maintenance requirements
• Not species specific
Bivalve On-line Toxicity Monitor
Experimental Corbicula fluminea Copper Exposures
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Data Telemetry
• Data communication must be time-relevant
• Bidirectional– Data from remote
system to server– Trigger from server to
remote system• Internet, SCADA, or
satellite Minneapolis Water Works Installation
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Data Analysis
• Analysis of trends must be appropriate to the nature of the data.
– Time Series Analysis accounts for temporal dependence
– Each site should act as its own control using a time-series approach to examine changes in the observed data
• The spatial component of data collected throughout a network is critical
• Seasonal trends can present difficulties in data interpretation
• Alarm criteria should include changes in individual water quality parameters as well as more complex correlated changes in multiple parameters
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Information Distribution
• System managers and decision makers need quality information as it is collected to make informed decisions
• Information must be packaged in a manner to concisely convey observed conditions requiring minimal interpretation
Web based data exploration toolsEmail alerts
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Example Data Overview
• Raw clam gape data is read and stored• Seven day rolling min and max are used to
normalize raw data to the interval [0,1]• EWMA/EWMV are calculated to detect
gape closing events (GCE)• Large fraction of clams simultaneously in
GCE state and length of time in state indicate possible ongoing toxic exposure
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Example: MWW Clam 6
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Example: MWW Clam 6
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
EWMV vs. EWMA for MWW Data
Upper bound for variance is a function of mean.EWMA of normalized gape
EW
MV
of n
orm
aliz
ed g
ape
V = m*(1-m)
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ESF-6 Clam1 EWMA/EWMV Plot by Exposure Status
EWMA of normalized gape
EW
MV
of n
orm
aliz
ed g
ape
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Pre-exposure
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Exposure @ 100 ppb Cu
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Histograms of Run Lengths for Values of Fraction in GCC Event
Histograms Conditioned on Fraction of Active Clams in GCC Event
Run Lengths for GCC Event Ratios (Minutes)
Cou
nts 0
50
100
150
(0,0.2]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
(0.2,0.3] (0.3,0.4]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
(0.4,0.5] (0.5,0.6]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
50
100
150
(0.6,0.7]
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Tiered Response
Model
Observed WaterQuality Change
Automated Sample Collection
Confirmation Bioassay
Positive
Negative
WQMS Reset
Biologically DirectedChemical Analysis
Public Health, Regulatory, or Remedial Action
Increasing Certainty/R
esponse/Cost
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Future Work
• Deployment of Algorithm• Data sharing agreement• Database replication• Site upstream of Quad Cities at Mid
American Energy Plant• Site at National Great Rivers Research
and Education Center, Alton IL • Rapid TIE Methodology