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Medical imagingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about imaging techniques and

modalities for the human body. For imaging of

animals in research, see Preclinical imaging.

This article needs

additional citations for verif

ication.Please help improve this article byaddingreliable references. Unsourcedmaterial may

bechallengedandremoved.(June2009)

Medical imaging is the technique and process

used to create imagesof the human body (or parts

and function thereof) for clinical purposes (medical

procedures seeking to reveal,diagnose or

examinedisease) or medical science (including the

study of normalanatomy andphysiology). Although

imaging of removed organs andtissues can be

performed for medical reasons, such procedures

are not usually referred to as medical imaging, but

rather are a part ofpathology.

As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part

ofbiological imaging and incorporatesradiology (in

the wider sense), nuclear medicine,

investigative radiological sciences, endoscopy,

(medical) thermography, medical photography

andmicroscopy (e.g. for human pathological

investigations).

Measurement and recording techniques which arenot primarily designed to produce images, such

as electroencephalography (EEG),magnetoenceph

alography (MEG), Electrocardiography(EKG) and

others, but which produce data susceptible to be

represented as maps(i.e. containing positional

information), can be seen as forms of medical

imaging.

Contents

[hide]

1 Overview

2 Imaging technology

3 Radiography

o 3.1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

o 3.2 Nuclear medicine

3.2.1 Photoacoustic imaging

o

3.3 Breast Thermography

o 3.4 Tomography

o 3.5 Ultrasound

4 Medical imaging topics

o 4.1 Maximizing imaging procedure use

o 4.2 Creation of three-dimensional images

o 4.3 Compression of medical images

o 4.4 Non-diagnostic imaging

o

4.5 Archiving and recording

o 4.6 Open source software for medical

image analysis

o 4.7 Use in pharmaceutical clinical trials

5 See also

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

[edit]Overview

In the clinical context, "invisible light" medical

imaging is generally equated to radiology or

"clinical imaging" and the medical practitioner

responsible for interpreting (and sometimes
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Imaging_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Radiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Magnetic_resonance_imaging_.28MRI.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Nuclear_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Photoacoustic_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Breast_Thermographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Medical_imaging_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Maximizing_imaging_procedure_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Creation_of_three-dimensional_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Compression_of_medical_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Non-diagnostic_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Archiving_and_recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Open_source_software_for_medical_image_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Open_source_software_for_medical_image_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Use_in_pharmaceutical_clinical_trialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical_imaging


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acquiring) the images is a radiologist. "Visible light"

medical imaging involves digital video or still

pictures that can be seen without special

equipment. Dermatology and wound care are two

modalities that utilize visible light imagery.

Diagnostic radiographydesignates the technical

aspects of medical imaging and in particular the

acquisition of medical images.

Theradiographerorradiologic technologistis

usually responsible for acquiring medical images of

diagnostic quality, although some radiological

interventions are performed byradiologists. While

radiology is an evaluation of anatomy, nuclearmedicine provides functional assessment.

As a field of scientific investigation, medical

imaging constitutes a sub-discipline ofbiomedical

engineering, medical

physics ormedicinedepending on the context:

Research and development in the area of

instrumentation, image acquisition

(e.g. radiography), modelling and quantification are

usually the preserve ofbiomedical

engineering, medical physics and computer

science; Research into the application and

interpretation ofmedical images is usually the

preserve ofradiology and the medical sub-

discipline relevant to medical condition or area of

medical science

(neuroscience, cardiology,psychiatry,psychology,

etc.) under investigation. Many of the techniques

developed for medical imaging also

havescientific and industrial applications.

Medical imaging is often perceived to designate

the set of techniques that noninvasively produce

images of the internal aspect of the body. In this

restricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as

the solution ofmathematicalinverse problems.

This means that cause (the properties of living

tissue) is inferred from effect (the observed signal).

In the case of ultrasonography the probe consists

of ultrasonic pressure waves and echoes inside the

tissue show the internal structure. In the case of

projection radiography, the probe isX-

rayradiationwhich is absorbed at different rates in

different tissue types such as bone, muscle and

fat.

The term noninvasive is a term based on the fact

that following medical imaging modalities do not

penetrate the skin physically. But on the

electromagnetic and radiation level, they are quite

invasive. From the high energy photons in X-Ray

Computed Tomography, to the 2+ Tesla coils of an

MRI device, these modalities alter the physical and

chemical reactions of the body in order to obtain

data.

[edit]Imaging technologyThis section has no

content. You can help Wikipedia

by introducing information to

it.(October 2010)

[edit]Radiography

Main article: Medical radiography

Two forms of radiographic images are in use in

medical imaging; projection radiography andfluoroscopy, with the latter being useful for

intraoperative and catheter guidance. These 2D

techniques are still in wide use despite the

advance of 3D tomography due to the low cost,

high resolution, and depending on application,

lower radiation dosages. This imaging modality
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utilizes a wide beam ofx rays for image acquisition

and is the first imaging technique available in

modern medicine.

Fluoroscopyproduces real-time

images of internal

structures of the

body in a similar

fashion

toradiography,

but employs a

constant input of

x-rays, at a lower

dose

rate. Contrast

media, such as

barium, iodine,

and air are used

to visualize

internal organs as

they work.Fluoroscopy is

also used in

image-guided

procedures when

constant feedback

during a

procedure is

required. An

image receptor is

required to

convert the

radiation into an

image after it has

passed through

the area of

interest. Early on

this was a

fluorescing

screen, which

gave way to an

Image Amplifier

(IA) which was a

large vacuum

tube that had the

receiving end

coated

withcesiumiodide, and a

mirror at the

opposite end.

Eventually the

mirror was

replaced with a

TV camera.

Projectional

radiographs, more

commonly known

as x-rays, are

often used to

determine the

type and extent of

a fracture as well

as for detecting

pathological

changes in the

lungs. With the

use ofradio-

opaque contrast

media, such
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as barium, they

can also be used

to visualize the

structure of the

stomach and

intestines - this

can help diagnose

ulcers or certain

types ofcolon

cancer.

[edit]Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)

Main article: Magnetic resonance imaging

A brain MRI representation

A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRIscanner), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses

powerful magnets to polarise and

excitehydrogennuclei (single proton) in water

molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable

signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in

images of the body. MRI uses

threeelectromagnetic fields: a very strong (on the

order of units ofteslas) static magnetic field to

polarize the hydrogen nuclei, called the static field;

a weaker time-varying (on the order of 1 kHz)

field(s) for spatial encoding, called the gradient

field(s); and a weak radio-frequency (RF) field for

manipulation of the hydrogen nuclei to produce

measurable signals, collected through anRF

antenna.

Like CT, MRI traditionally creates a two

dimensional image of a thin "slice" of the body and

is therefore considered atomographic imaging

technique. Modern MRI instruments are capable of

producing images in the form of 3D blocks, which

may be considered a generalisation of the single-

slice, tomographic, concept. Unlike CT, MRI does

not involve the use ofionizing radiationand is

therefore not associated with the same health

hazards. For example, because MRI has only been

in use since the early 1980s, there are no known

long-term effects of exposure to strong static fields

(this is the subject of some debate; see 'Safety'

in MRI) and therefore there is no limit to the

number of scans to which an individual can be

subjected, in contrast with X-ray and CT. However,

there are well-identified health risks associated

with tissue heating from exposure to the RF field

and the presence of implanted devices in the body,

such as pace makers. These risks are strictly

controlled as part of the design of the instrument

and the scanning protocols used.

Because CT and MRI are sensitive to different

tissue properties, the appearance of the images
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obtained with the two techniques differ markedly.

In CT, X-rays must be blocked by some form of

dense tissue to create an image, so the image

quality when looking at soft tissues will be poor. In

MRI, while any nucleus with a net nuclear spin can

be used, the proton of the hydrogen atom remains

the most widely used, especially in the clinical

setting, because it is so ubiquitous and returns a

large signal. This nucleus, present in water

molecules, allows the excellent soft-tissue contrast

achievable with MRI.

[edit]Nuclear medicine

Main article: Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic

imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be

referred to as molecular medicine or molecular

imaging & therapeutics[1]. Nuclear medicine uses

certain properties of isotopes and the energetic

particles emitted from radioactive material to

diagnose or treat various pathology. Different from

the typical concept of anatomic radiology, nuclear

medicine enables assessment of physiology. This

function-based approach to medical evaluation has

useful applications in most subspecialties, notably

oncology, neurology, and cardiology.Gamma

camerasare used in e.g. scintigraphy, SPECT and

PET to detect regions of biologic activity that may

be associated with disease. Relatively short

livedisotope, such as123Iis administered to the

patient. Isotopes are often preferentially absorbed

by biologically active tissue in the body, and can be

used to identify tumors orfracture points in bone.

Images are acquired after collimated photons are

detected by a crystal that gives off a light signal,

which is in turn amplified and converted into count

data.

Scintigraphy("sc

int") is a form ofdiagnostic test

wherein radioisoto

pesare taken

internally, for

example

intravenously or

orally. Then,

gamma camera

capture and form

two-dimensional[2]

images from the

radiation emitted

by the

radiopharmaceuti

cals.

SPECTis a 3D

tomographic

technique that

uses gamma

camera data from

many projections

and can be

reconstructed in

different planes. A

dual detector

head gamma

camera combined

with a CT

scanner, which

provides

localization of
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functional SPECT

data, is termed a

SPECT/CT

camera, and has

shown utility in

advancing the

field of molecular

imaging.In most

other medical

imaging

modalities, energy

is passed through

the body and thereaction or result

is read by

detectors. In

SPECT imaging,

the patient is

injected with a

radioisotope, most

commonly

Thallium 201TI,

Technetium

99mTC, Iodine

123I, and Gallium

68Ga [3]

. The radioactive gamma rays are emitted through

the body as the natural decaying process of these

isotopes takes place. The emissions of the gamma

rays are captured by detectors that surround the

body. This essentially means that the human is

now the source of the radioactivity, rather than the

medical imaging devices such as X-Ray, CT, or

Ultrasound.

Positron

emission

tomography(PET)

uses coincidence

detection to image

functional

processes. Short-

lived positron

emitting isotope,

such as18F, is

incorporated with

an organic

substance suchas glucose,

creating F18-

fluorodeoxyglucos

e, which can be

used as a marker

of metabolic

utilization. Images

of activity

distribution

throughout the

body can show

rapidly growing

tissue, like tumor,

metastasis, or

infection. PET

images can be

viewed incomparison

tocomputed

tomographyscans

to determine an

anatomic

correlate. Modern
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scanners combine

PET with a CT, or

even MRI, to

optimize the

image

reconstruction

involved with

positron imaging.

This is performed

on the same

equipment without

physically moving

the patient off ofthe gantry. The

resultant hybrid of

functional and

anatomic imaging

information is a

useful tool in non-

invasive diagnosis

and patient

management.

[edit]Photoacoustic imaging

Main article: Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine

Photoacoustic imaging is a recently developed

hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the

photoacoustic effect. It combines the advantages

of optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial

resolution for deep imaging in (optical) diffusive or

quasi-diffusive regime. Recent studies have shown

that photoacoustic imaging can be used in vivo for

tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation

mapping, functional brain imaging, and skin

melanoma detection, etc.

[edit]Breast Thermography

It has been suggested that this

section besplitinto a new

article. (Discuss)

Digital infrared imaging thermographyis based onthe principle that metabolic activity and vascular

circulation in both pre-cancerous tissue and the

area surrounding a developing breast cancer is

almost always higher than in normal breast tissue.

Cancerous tumors require an ever-increasing

supply of nutrients and therefore increase

circulation to their cells by holding open existing

blood vessels, opening dormant vessels, and

creating new ones (neoangiogenesis). This

process frequently results in an increase in

regional surface temperatures of the breast. Digital

infrared imaging uses extremely sensitive medical

infrared cameras and sophisticated computers to

detect, analyze, and produce high-resolution

diagnostic images of these temperature variations.

Because of DII's sensitivity, these temperature

variations may be among the earliest signs ofbreast cancer and/or a pre-cancerous state of the

breast[4].

[edit]Tomography

Main article: Computed tomography

Tomographyis the method of imaging a single

plane, or slice, of an object resulting in

a tomogram. There are several forms

oftomography:

Linear

tomography: This

is the most basic

form of
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tomography. The

X-ray tube moved

from point "A" to

point "B" above

the patient, while

the cassette

holder (or

"bucky") moves

simultaneously

under the patient

from point "B" to

point "A."

The fulcrum, orpivot point, is set

to the area of

interest. In this

manner, the

points above and

below thefocal

planeare blurred

out, just as the

background is

blurred when

panning a camera

during exposure.

No longer carried

out and replaced

by computed

tomography.

Polytomography: This

was a complex

form of

tomography. With

this technique, a

number of

geometrical

movements were

programmed,

such as

hypocycloidic,

circular, figure 8,

and elliptical.

Philips Medical

Systems [1] produ

ced one such

device called the

'Polytome.' Thisunit was still in

use into the

1990s, as its

resulting images

for small or

difficult

physiology, such

as the inner ear,

was still difficult to

image with CTs at

that time. As the

resolution of CTs

got better, this

procedure was

taken over by the

CT.

Zonography:This is a variant of

linear

tomography,

where a limited

arc of movement
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is used. It is still

used in some

centres for

visualising the

kidney during an

intravenous

urogram (IVU).

Orthopantomogr

aphy (OPT or

OPG): The only

common

tomographic

examination inuse. This makes

use of a complex

movement to

allow the

radiographic

examination of the

mandible, as if it

were a flat bone.

It is often referred

to as a "Panorex",

but this is

incorrect, as it is a

trademark of a

specific company.

Computed

Tomography (CT),

or ComputedAxial Tomography

(CAT: A CT scan,

also known as

a CAT scan), is a

helical

tomography

(latest

generation), which

traditionally

produces a 2D

image of the

structures in a thin

section of the

body. It usesX-

rays. It has a

greaterionizing

radiationdose

burden thanprojection

radiography;

repeated scans

must be limited to

avoid health

effects. CT is

based on the

same principles

as X-Ray

projections but in

this case, the

patient is

enclosed in a

surrounding ring

of detectors

assigned with

500-1000scintillation

detectors[3]

. This being the fourth-generation X-Ray CT

scanner geometry. Previously in older generation
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scanners, the X-Ray beam was paired by a

translating source and detector.

[edit]Ultrasound

Main article: Medical ultrasonography

Medical ultrasonographyuses high

frequencybroadband sound waves in

the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to

varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images.

This is commonly associated with imaging

the fetusin pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound

are much broader, however. Other important uses

include imaging the abdominal organs, heart,

breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins. While

it may provide less anatomical detail than

techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several

advantages which make it ideal in numerous

situations, in particular that it studies the function of

moving structures in real-time, emits noionizing

radiation, and containsspecklethat can be used

inelastography. Ultrasound is also used as a

popular research tool for capturing raw data, that

can be made available through an Ultrasound

research interface, for the purpose of tissue

characterization and implementation of new image

processing techniques. The concepts of ultrasound

differ from other medical imaging modalities in the

fact that it is operated by the transmission and

receipt of sound waves. The high frequency sound

waves are sent into the tissue and depending on

the composition of the different tissues; the signal

will be attenuated and returned at separate

intervals. A path of reflected sound waves in a

multilayered structure can be defined by an input

acoustic impedance( Ultrasound sound wave) and

the Reflection and transmission coefficients of the

relative structures[3] . It is very safe to use and does

not appear to cause any adverse effects, although

information on this is not well documented. It is

also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform.

Ultrasound scanners can be taken to critically ill

patients in intensive care units, avoiding the

danger caused while moving the patient to the

radiology department. The real time moving image

obtained can be used to guide drainage and biopsy

procedures. Doppler capabilities on modern

scanners allow the blood flow in arteries and veins

to be assessed.

[edit]Medical imaging topics[edit]Maximizing imaging procedure

use

The amount of data obtained in a single MR or CT

scan is very extensive. Some of the data that

radiologists discard could save patients time and

money, while reducing their exposure to radiation

and risk of complications from invasive procedures.

[5]

[edit]Creation of three-dimensional

images

Recently, techniques have been developed to

enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software

to produce 3D images for the physician.

[6]Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D

static output on film. To produce 3D images, many

scans are made, then combined by computers to

produce a 3D model, which can then be

manipulated by the physician. 3D ultrasounds are

produced using a somewhat similar technique. In

diagnosing disease of the viscera of

abdomen,ultrasound is particularly sensitive on
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imaging of biliary tract,urinary tract and female

reproductive organs(ovary,fallopian tubes).As for

example,diagnosis of gall stone by dilatation of

common bile duct and stone in common bile duct .

With the ability to visualize important structures in

great detail, 3D visualization methods are a

valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical

treatment of many pathologies. It was a key

resource for the famous, but ultimately

unsuccessful attempt by Singaporean surgeons to

separate Iranian twinsLadan and Laleh Bijaniin

2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for

similar operations with great success.

Other proposed or developed techniques include:

Diffuse optical

tomography

Elastography

Electrical

impedance

tomography

Optoacoustic

imaging

Ophthalmology

A-scan

B-scan

Corneal

topography

Optical

coherence

tomography

Scannin

g laser

ophthalmosco

py

Some of these techniques are still at a research

stage and not yet used in clinical routines.

[edit]Compression of medical

images

Medical imaging techniques produce very large

amounts of data, especially from CT, MRI and PET

modalities. As a result, storage and

communications of electronic image data are

prohibitive without the use of compression.JPEG

2000 is the state-of-the-art image

compressionDICOM standard for storage and

transmission of medical images. The cost and

feasibility of accessing large image data sets over

low or various bandwidths are further addressed by

use of another DICOM standard, calledJPIP, to

enable efficient streaming of theJPEG

2000 compressed image data.

[edit]Non-diagnostic imaging

Neuroimaging has also been used in experimental

circumstances to allow people (especially disabled

persons) to control outside devices, acting as

a brain computer interface.

[edit]Archiving and recording

Used primarily inultrasound imaging, capturing the

image a medical imaging device is required for

archiving and telemedicineapplications. In most

scenarios, a frame grabberis used in order to

capture the video signal from the medical device

and relay it to a computer for further processing

and operations.[7]

[edit]Open source software for

medical image analysis
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Several open sourcesoftware packages are

available for performing analysis of medical

images:

ImageJ

3D Slicer

ITK

OsiriX

GemIdent

MicroDicom

FreeSurfer

[edit]Use in pharmaceutical clinical

trials

Medical imaging has become a major tool in

clinical trials since it enables rapid diagnosis with

visualization and quantitative assessment.

A typicalclinical trial goes through multiple phases

and can take up to eight years.Clinical

endpointsor outcomes are used to determine

whether the therapy is safe and effective. Once apatient reaches the endpoint, he/she is generally

excluded from further experimental interaction.

Trials that rely solely onclinical endpoints are very

costly as they have long durations and tend to

need large number of patients.

In contrast to clinical endpoints,surrogate

endpointshave been shown to cut down the time

required to confirm whether a drug has clinical

benefits. Imaging biomarkers (a characteristic that

is objectively measured by an imaging technique,

which is used as an indicator of pharmacological

response to a therapy) and surrogate endpoints

have shown to facilitate the use of small group

sizes, obtaining quick results with good statistical

power.[8]

Imaging is able to reveal subtle change that is

indicative of the progression of therapy that may be

missed out by more subjective, traditional

approaches. Statistical bias is reduced as the

findings are evaluated without any direct patient

contact.

For example, measurement oftumourshrinkage is

a commonly used surrogate endpoint in solid

tumour response evaluation. This allows for faster

and more objective assessment of the effects of

anticancer drugs. In evaluating the extent

ofAlzheimers disease, it is still prevalent to use

behavioural andcognitive tests.MRIscans on the

entire brain can accurately pinpoint hippocampal

atrophy rate while PET scans is able to measure

the brains metabolic activity by measuring regional

glucose metabolism.[8]

An imaging-based trial will usually be made up of

three components:

1. A

realistic

imaging

protocol. The

protocol is an

outline that

standardizes

(as far as

practically

possible) the

way in which

the images

are acquired
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using the

various

modalities

(PET,SPEC

T,CT,MRI).

It covers the

specifics in

which images

are to be

stored,

processed

and

evaluated.2. An

imaging

centre that is

responsible

for collecting

the images,

perform

quality

control and

provide tools

for data

storage,

distribution

and analysis.

It is important

for images

acquired atdifferent time

points are

displayed in

a

standardised

format to

maintain the

reliability of

the

evaluation.

Certain

specialised

imaging

contract

research

organizations

provide to

end medicalimaging

services,

from protocol

design and

site

management

through to

data quality

assurance

and image

analysis.

3. Clinical

sites that

recruit

patients to

generate the

images tosend back to

the imaging

centre.

[edit]See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=18


14/50

Preclinical imaging

Cardiac PET

Biomedical informatics

Digital Imaging and Communications in

Medicine

Digital Mammography and PACS

EMMI European Master in Molecular

Imaging

eMix

Fotofinder

Full-body scan

VoluMedic

[edit]References

1. ^ Societ

y of Nuclear

Medicine

2. ^ thefree

dictionary.co

m -

scintigraphyC

iting:

Dorland's

Medical

Dictionary for

Health

Consumers,

2007 by

Saunders;

Saunders

Comprehensi

ve Veterinary

Dictionary, 3

ed. 2007;

McGraw-Hill

Concise

Dictionary of

Modern

Medicine,

2002 by The

McGraw-Hill

Companies

3. ^ abc Dh

awan P, A.

(2003).

Medical

ImagingAnalysis.

Hoboken, NJ:

Wiley-

Interscience

Publication

4. ^ http://

www.breastth

ermography.c

om/breast_the

rmography_m

f.htm

5. ^ Freihe

rr G. Waste

not, want not:

Getting the

most from

imagingprocedures.D

iagnostic

Imaging. Marc

h 19, 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_PEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Imaging_and_Communications_in_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Imaging_and_Communications_in_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mammography_and_PACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMMI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotofinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-body_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoluMedichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-0http://www.snm.org/http://www.snm.org/http://www.snm.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-1http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-3http://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-4http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_PEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_informaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Imaging_and_Communications_in_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Imaging_and_Communications_in_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mammography_and_PACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMMI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotofinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-body_scanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoluMedichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-0http://www.snm.org/http://www.snm.org/http://www.snm.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-1http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-Dhawan_P_2003_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-3http://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-4http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872


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6. ^ Udupa

, J.K. and

Herman, G.

T., 3D

Imaging in

Medicine, 2nd

Edition, CRC

Press, 2000

7. ^ Treatin

g Medical

Ailments in

Real Time

8. ^a

b

Hajnal, J. V.,

Hawkes, D.

J., & Hill, D. L.

(2001).

Medical Imag

e

Registration.

CRC Press.

[edit]Further reading

Burger, Wilhelm;

Burge, Mark

James, eds

(2008). Digital

Image

Processing: An

Algorithmic

Introduction using

Java. Texts in

Computer

Science

series. New

York: Springer

Science+Business

Media.doi:10.100

7/978-1-84628-

968-2.ISBN978-

1-84628-379-6.

Baert, Albert L.,

ed

(2008). Encyclope

dia of Diagnostic

Imaging. Berlin:S

pringer-Verlag.do

i:10.1007/978-3-540-35280-8.ISB

N978-3-540-

35278-5.

Tony F.

Chan and Jackie

Shen

(2005). Image

Processing and

Analysis -

Variational, PDE,

Wavelet, and

Stochastic

Methods. SIAM

Terry

Yoo(Editor)

(2004), Insight

into Images.Robb, RA

(1999). Biomedic

al Imaging,

Visualization, and

Analysis. John
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-ref3_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-6http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-hajnal_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-hajnal_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-hajnal_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-hajnal_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-379-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-379-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-379-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-379-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-35280-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-35280-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-35278-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-35278-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-35278-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_F._Chanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_F._Chanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_F._Chanhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-ref3_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-6http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-hajnal_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging#cite_ref-hajnal_7-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_imaging&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84628-968-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-379-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-379-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-35280-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-35280-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-35278-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-35278-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_F._Chanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_F._Chanhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.htmlhttp://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.html


16/50

Wiley & Sons,

Inc. ISBN047128

3533.

Journal of Digital

Imaging(New

York: Springer

Science+Business

Media).ISSN089

7-1889.

Using JPIP for

Standard-

Compliant

Sharing ofMedical Image

Data a white

paper by Aware

Inc.

[edit]External links

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Medical imagingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about imaging techniques and

modalities for the human body. For imaging ofanimals in research, see Preclinical imaging.

This article needs

additional citations for verif

ication.Please help improve this article byaddingreliable references. Unsourced

material maybechallengedandremoved.(June

2009)

Medical imaging is the technique and process

used to create imagesof the human body (or parts

and function thereof) for clinical purposes (medical

procedures seeking to reveal,diagnose or

examinedisease) or medical science (including the

study of normalanatomy andphysiology). Although

imaging of removed organs andtissues can be

performed for medical reasons, such procedures

are not usually referred to as medical imaging, but

rather are a part ofpathology.

As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part

ofbiological imaging and incorporatesradiology (in

the wider sense), nuclear medicine,

investigative radiological sciences, endoscopy,

(medical) thermography, medical photography

andmicroscopy (e.g. for human pathological

investigations).

Measurement and recording techniques which are

not primarily designed to produce images, such

as electroencephalography (EEG),magnetoencephalography (MEG), Electrocardiography(EKG) and

others, but which produce data susceptible to be

represented as maps(i.e. containing positional

information), can be seen as forms of medical

imaging.

Contents

[hide]

1 Overview

2 Imaging technology

3 Radiography

o 3.1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

o 3.2 Nuclear medicine
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