Updates on Vermicomposting

PAMELA T. HENARESTrustee

NISARD Foundation

UPDATES ONUPDATES ONVERMIVERMI

COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING

UPDATES ONUPDATES ONVERMIVERMI

COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING

Dumaguete CityDumaguete CityFebruary 9, 2007February 9, 2007

On-going researches re the use of vermicast and earthworms

SRA vermicast replacing chemical fertilizers SEAFDEC use of earthworm meal as feed to

mother “sugpo” and fry in the hatchery and also for mother bangus “sabalo” and fry

Daniel “Bitay” Lacson Reports:

Compost TeaCapt. James Fos ReamonBenefits :

Increase beneficial microorganisms (bacteria,

fungi, protozoa) extracted from the good quality compost. plant growth improved plants are protected from pathogens workers and consumers are protected

COMPOST TEA 1. FOLIAR SPRAY2. SOIL DRENCH

Small Scale Vermicompostingfor Community-Based

Solid Waste Managmementand Organic Fertilizer Production

Presented by Antonio De Castro

Nov 15, 2006

Bacolod, Negros

Earthworm Sanctuary

Organic Crop Production

An even better alternative: Backyard Vermicomposting

New Findings on New Findings on Use of Use of

Vermicompost in Vermicompost in the Philippinesthe Philippines

Luzviminda A. GuerreroLuzviminda A. GuerreroAquatic BiosystemsAquatic Biosystems

Bay, LagunaBay, [email protected]@laguna.net

Problem:Problem: The cost of feeding can be 60-70% of The cost of feeding can be 60-70% of the total expense for intensive culture of fish.the total expense for intensive culture of fish.

SolutionSolution: Need for low-cost but efficient : Need for low-cost but efficient substitutes for feedsstuffs (e.g. rice bran)substitutes for feedsstuffs (e.g. rice bran)

In China, earthworm casting can partially In China, earthworm casting can partially substitute for wheat and corn middlings in substitute for wheat and corn middlings in tilapia feed (Sun, 2003).tilapia feed (Sun, 2003).

C. Preliminary Study on Use of C. Preliminary Study on Use of Vermicompost as Feedstuff for TilapiaVermicompost as Feedstuff for Tilapia

TreatmentsTreatments

Culture Unit : Glass aquariaCulture Unit : Glass aquaria

Test Fish: Nile tilapia fingerlings (5/aquarium)Test Fish: Nile tilapia fingerlings (5/aquarium)

Duration: Two weeks Duration: Two weeks

Control - Feeding of rice bran only (5% ABW)Control - Feeding of rice bran only (5% ABW)

II - Feeding of rice bran (90%) and - Feeding of rice bran (90%) and

vermicompost (10%)vermicompost (10%)

IIII - - Feeding of rice bran (80%) and Feeding of rice bran (80%) and


TreatmentTreatment

weightweight

Mean 1Mean 1stst wk wk Gain (%) 2Gain (%) 2ndnd wk. wk.

ControlControl rice bran only (5% ABW)rice bran only (5% ABW)

3.83.8 1.21.2

I I rice bran (90%) and rice bran (90%) and


2.32.3 4.84.8

II II rice bran (80%) and rice bran (80%) and


14.014.0 8.18.1

ResultsResults

There was more weight gain of the fish fed with 10-There was more weight gain of the fish fed with 10-20% vermicompost as substitute for rice bran than 20% vermicompost as substitute for rice bran than that of the Control after two weeks of feeding.that of the Control after two weeks of feeding.

The weight gains of the fish fed with 10% and 20% The weight gains of the fish fed with 10% and 20% vermicompost were 4X and 6.65X more than that of vermicompost were 4X and 6.65X more than that of the Control after two weeks of feeding.the Control after two weeks of feeding.

FindingsFindings

THE SCIENCE AND THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF TECHNOLOGY OF VERMICULTUREVERMICULTURE

Norman Q. Arancon and Clive A. Norman Q. Arancon and Clive A. EdwardsEdwards

The Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USAColumbus, OH, USA

VERMICOMPOSTIVERMICOMPOSTING TOILETSNG TOILETS

WINDROWSWINDROWS

DOMESTICDOMESTIC SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

DOMESTIC SYSTEMSDOMESTIC SYSTEMS

Indian System

EARTHWORMS AS EARTHWORMS AS PHARMACEUTICALS IN PHARMACEUTICALS IN

HUMAN DISEASE HUMAN DISEASE TREATMENTTREATMENT

EARTHWORMS AS EARTHWORMS AS PHARMACEUTICALS IN HUMAN PHARMACEUTICALS IN HUMAN

DISEASE TREATMENTDISEASE TREATMENT human health human health arthritis arthritis male sterility male sterility cardiovascular diseases cardiovascular diseases thrombosis thrombosis bronchial asthma bronchial asthma leg ulcers leg ulcers eczema eczema tissue inflammation. tissue inflammation.

Earthworm Earthworm Pharmaceuticals for Human Pharmaceuticals for Human

HealthHealth

Earthworm Earthworm Pharmaceuticals for Pharmaceuticals for

Thrombosis TreatmentThrombosis Treatment

Earthworm Earthworm Pharmaceuticals for Pharmaceuticals for

Cardiovascular DiseasesCardiovascular Diseases

POSSIBLE MECHANISMS BY WHICH VERMICOMPOSTS SUPPRESS PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ATTACKS

B. OTHER MECHANISMS

• Materials toxic to nematodes produced by vermicomposts e.g. IAA

• Build up of bacterial parasites of plant parasitic nematodes

• Uptake by plants from vermicomposts of materials repellent to nematodes e.g. phenols, chitinases

• Differences in plant nutrient status between plants grown with inorganic fertilizers and those grown with vermicomposts

EARTHWORMS IN EARTHWORMS IN POLLUTANT POLLUTANT

BIOREMEDIATIONBIOREMEDIATION Heavy metalsHeavy metals Organic pollutantsOrganic pollutants

BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH VERMICOMPOSTS AND SOILS WITH VERMICOMPOSTS AND

VERMICOMPOST TEASVERMICOMPOST TEAS

HEAVY METALSHEAVY METALS Virtually indestructible pollutants in Virtually indestructible pollutants in

soils. soils. Ways to remove : Ways to remove :

phytoremediationphytoremediation Bioaccumulation (vermiremediation)Bioaccumulation (vermiremediation) Bound onto humatesBound onto humates

CHANGE IN AVAILIBITY OF HEAVY METALS DURING

VERMICOMPOSTING

BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH VERMICOMPOSTSSOILS WITH VERMICOMPOSTS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC COMPOUNDS Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticidesChlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides Petroleum derivativesPetroleum derivatives

e.g. - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)(PAHs)

- phenolic compounds- phenolic compounds

- benzene compounds- benzene compounds

BREAKDOWN OF POLYCYCLIC BREAKDOWN OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs)

AFTER TREATMENT WITH AFTER TREATMENT WITH VERMICOMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST AND

VERMICOMPOST TEAS IN THE FIELDVERMICOMPOST TEAS IN THE FIELD

TREATMENTSTREATMENTSPLOT SIZE: 5 HAPLOT SIZE: 5 HA Cattle manure vermicompost was applied Cattle manure vermicompost was applied

once at a rate of 50 monce at a rate of 50 m33 ha ha-1 -1 and worked to and worked to a depth of 60 cm with a field cultivatora depth of 60 cm with a field cultivator

Cattle manure vermicompost ‘teas’ Cattle manure vermicompost ‘teas’ (aqueous extract) were applied at a rate of (aqueous extract) were applied at a rate of 13,500 l ha13,500 l ha-1-1 every two weeks for 90 days every two weeks for 90 days (six applications) using a water wagon with (six applications) using a water wagon with injection knives to a depth of 45 – 60 cminjection knives to a depth of 45 – 60 cm

BREAKDOWN OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC BREAKDOWN OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN THE FIELD AFTER HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN THE FIELD AFTER

TREATMENT WITH COMBINATIONS OF TREATMENT WITH COMBINATIONS OF VERMICOMPOST VERMICOMPOST

AND VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’ AND VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’

MEASUREMENTS (AFTER 0, 30, 90, MEASUREMENTS (AFTER 0, 30, 90, AND 120 DAYS)AND 120 DAYS)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residuesresidues

Benzene(A)pyrene residuesBenzene(A)pyrene residues Bacterial BiomassBacterial Biomass Fungal BiomassFungal Biomass

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Days after treatment

g/k

g s

oil



AND VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’AND VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’



AND VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’AND VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS The vermicomposts and vermicompost The vermicomposts and vermicompost

teas increased the microbial activity of teas increased the microbial activity of polluted soils very significantlypolluted soils very significantly

Virtually all of the polycyclic aromatic Virtually all of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were eliminated from a hydrocarbons were eliminated from a heavily polluted site in 100 daysheavily polluted site in 100 days

Vermicomposts and vermicomposts teas Vermicomposts and vermicomposts teas offer considerable promise in the offer considerable promise in the bioremediation of polluted sites with bioremediation of polluted sites with attractive economic benefit/cost ratiosattractive economic benefit/cost ratios

EARTHWORMS IN EARTHWORMS IN POLLUTANT POLLUTANT

BIOREMEDIATIONBIOREMEDIATION

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

This is a rapidly developing field This is a rapidly developing field that seems to hold a great deal of that seems to hold a great deal of potential for reclaiming polluted potential for reclaiming polluted sites and returning them to crop sites and returning them to crop productionproduction

Current ChallengesCurrent Challenges

VermicompostsVermicomposts Vermi ProteinVermi Protein VermiceuticalsVermiceuticals

Standardization of productsStandardization of products Marketing: storage, packagingMarketing: storage, packaging Choice of technology and speciesChoice of technology and species Safety issuesSafety issues Technology Assistance, awarenessTechnology Assistance, awareness

•Protein 60-70% •Fat 7-10% •Carbohydrate 8-20% •Minerals 2-3%

Table 1. Chemical composition of earthworms

Table 2Table 2 LEVEL OF EARTHWORM MEAL IN DIET OF CHICKEN LEVEL OF EARTHWORM MEAL IN DIET OF CHICKEN

Amount of earthworm Meal (g/kg)

0 72* 144 215

Initial live weight (g)

203 201 198 201

Final live weight (g)

735 725 677 674

Gain/food per unit of food

0.669 0.628

0.619 0.608

N-retention (g/g diet N)

0.588 0.573

0.569 0.599

* Recommended rate

Table 3. GROWTH OF SUCKLING PIGS ON Table 3. GROWTH OF SUCKLING PIGS ON EARTHWORM DIET EARTHWORM DIET

Starter Period (38-50 days)

Earthworm protein

Meat protein Commercial diet

Mean weight gain (kg)

4.36 3.65 4.26

Mean rate of growth (kg/day)

0.31 0.26 0.30

Growth Period (84-95 days)

Mean weight gain (kg)

6.54 6.80 6.60

Mean rate of growth (kg/day)

0.47 0.49 0.46

EarthwormsEarthworms are excellent source of protein, are excellent source of protein,

rich in essential amino acids and rich in essential amino acids and vitaminsvitamins

can provide 15% protein can provide 15% protein supplementssupplements

outperform other protein sources, outperform other protein sources, such as waste fish or soybeans, in such as waste fish or soybeans, in terms of animal weight gain, terms of animal weight gain, growth and nitrogen retention by growth and nitrogen retention by fish, poultryfish, poultry

conversion ratio for waste to conversion ratio for waste to earthworm biomass of about earthworm biomass of about 10%. 10%.

PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals earthworms reportedly produce antibacterial materialsearthworms reportedly produce antibacterial materials

reports of earthworms and earthworm extracts used reports of earthworms and earthworm extracts used in the treatment of human diseases in China and in the treatment of human diseases in China and Asia Asia

arthritis male sterility arthritis male sterility cardiovascular diseases bronchial asthma cardiovascular diseases bronchial asthma leg ulcers eczema leg ulcers eczema tissue inflammation general health tissue inflammation general health improvementimprovement

Other Uses of Vermicomposts :Other Uses of Vermicomposts :BioremediationBioremediation

In recent years evidence has accumulated In recent years evidence has accumulated from our laboratory and elsewhere that from our laboratory and elsewhere that vermicomposts and aqueous extracts of vermicomposts and aqueous extracts of vermicomposts (teas) have considerable vermicomposts (teas) have considerable potential in removing organic pollutants and potential in removing organic pollutants and heavy metals from polluted air. heavy metals from polluted air.

Other Uses of Vermicomposts :Other Uses of Vermicomposts :Bioremediation Bioremediation cont….cont….

Heavy metals are virtually indestructible chemicals in Heavy metals are virtually indestructible chemicals in soils. The only way to remove them from polluted soils. The only way to remove them from polluted soils is to take them up into the tissues of organisms soils is to take them up into the tissues of organisms such as plants (phytoremediation) or invertebrates such as plants (phytoremediation) or invertebrates such as earthworms (vermiremediation). such as earthworms (vermiremediation).

Additionally they can be bound up in processed Additionally they can be bound up in processed organic wastes such as vermicomposts by stable organic wastes such as vermicomposts by stable humates which makes them unavailable to plants. humates which makes them unavailable to plants.

Other Uses of Vermicomposts :Other Uses of Vermicomposts :Bioremediation Bioremediation cont….cont…. Organic compounds that can be eliminated by Organic compounds that can be eliminated by

vermicomposts include: vermicomposts include:

••Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

••Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides

••Petroleum derivatives e.g. Petroleum derivatives e.g.

-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

-phenolic compounds -phenolic compounds

-benzene compounds-benzene compounds

La Granja, La Carlota City, Neg. Occ. La Granja, La Carlota City, Neg. Occ. (034)735-0131(034)735-0131

ROSARIO M. BOMBIO, GEORGE L. TALAM ROSARIO M. BOMBIO, GEORGE L. TALAM AND SOLENA B. TAHUMAND SOLENA B. TAHUM

Department of Soils and Plant NutritionDepartment of Soils and Plant NutritionSugar Regulatory AdministrationSugar Regulatory Administration

La Granja Agricultural Research and La Granja Agricultural Research and Extension CenterExtension Center

USE OF VERMICOMPOST FOR SUGARCANE

PRODUCTION IN NEGROS

VERMICOMPOST

APPLICATION

ORGANIC FARMINGRAISING CROPS

USING SUSTAINABLE

PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

BIO

LOG

ICA

L

DIV

ER

SITY

HABITAT OF PEST ORGANISMS IS DISRUPTED, THEREFORE, AMEANS OF PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL

HIG

H

PRO

DU

CTIVITY

ENSURES

MAINTENANCE

AND

REPLENISHMENT

OF NUTRIENTS


Bacterial Colony Count of Vermicompost sample after 48 hours incubation

Media

Dilution Source

Vermicompost Loam soil Field (soil+ mudpress)

Num-ber

Dia-meter (mm)

Num-ber

Dia-meter (mm)

Num-ber

Dia-meter (mm)

Nutrient agar 190 1.6 20 1.0 34 1.2

Potato dextrose agar

0 0 0

Modified soil extract

0 0 0

Control 0 0 0Analysis performed by Dr. Rodolfo Estioko, SRA- LGAREC

Bacterial colony count from different sources after 72 hours incubation*

MediaMedium

Nutrient Agar (NA)

Potato dextrose agar (PDA)

Vermicompost (Henares) 957 7

Cultivated soil mixed w/ chicken manure & mudpress

556 10

Cultivated soil mixed mudpress

316 4

Cultivated soil (loam) 265 3

Control 0 0

*Averages in 4 plates; 1 plate = 64 sq. cm.

Analysis performed by Dr. Rodolfo Estioko, SRA- LGAREC

Fungal growth after 72 hours incubation

Source

Medium

Nutrient Agar (NA)

Potato dextrose agar (PDA)

Number Dia.(mm)

Number Dia.(mm)

Vermicompost (Henares )

0 0 12 6-19

Cultivated soil mixed with chicken manure/ mudpress

7 2-11 2 12-18

Cultivated soil mixed with mudpress 14 3-7 3 4-16

Cultivated soil (loam) 16 3-8 7 3-24

Control 0 0

Analysis performed by Dr. Rodolfo Estioko, SRA- LGAREC


Analysis of Vermicompost Used in the StudyElement Analysis (based on %

moisture)

Nitrogen (N) 0.724%

Phosphorus (P2O5) 2.85%

Potassium (K2O) 0.332%

Calcium (CaO) 0.400%

Magnesium (Mg) 0.440%

Manganese (Mn) 860 ppm

Copper (Cu) 86ppm

Iron (Fe) 1.52%

Zinc (Zn) 123 ppm

Organic matter (OM)

14.23%

pH 5.7

Moisture 12.4%Vermicompost of Ex-Gov. Daniel (Bitay) Lacson


Element Analysis (based on % moisture) Sample 1 Sample 2

Nitrogen (N) 1.05% 0.75%

Phosphorus (P2O5)

1.69% 1.96%

Potassium (K2O) 0.36% 0.31%

Calcium (CaO) 0.063% 0.067%

Magnesium (Mg) 0.29% 0.36%

Manganese (Mn) 1935ppm 2660 ppm

Copper (Cu) 102.7ppm 108.4 ppm

Iron (Fe) 1.60% 1.50%

Zinc (Zn) 154.9ppm 184.9 ppm

Moisture 15.9 21.8%SUBSTRATE 70 % Mixed

grasses + 30 % chicken dung

70% sugarcane trash + 30 % chicken dung

Analysis of SRA Vermicompost


TREATMENTS

Treat-

ment

NPK (kg/ha) Vermicompost

A N rec. rate (RR) 0% RR

B 90% RR 10% RR

C 80% RR 20% RR

D 70% RR 30% RR

E RR 2 tons

F RR 4 tons

G RR 6 tons

Treatments (kg/ha)

N Vermicompost

LKg/Ha

65%

Yield difference against the

control

Yield difference

X

Php 950

Vermi-compost

Php 2.50/ kilo

Added benefit/

ha.

Php

N recmded. rate (RR) 105 0 % RR 151.81

90%RR (94.5) 10% RR (1450.28)

142.30 -9.51 - 3,625.70

80% RR (84) 20% RR (2900.55)

160.00 8.19 7,780.50 7,251.38 529.12

70% RR (73.5) 30% RR (4350.83)

146.30 -5.51 - 14,502.78

RR (105) 2000 164.07 12.26 11,647.00 5.000 6,647.00

RR (105) 4000 152.39 0.58 551.00 10,000 -

RR (105) 6000 156.54 4.73 4,493.5 15,000 -

Cost and return analysis


Soil Properties Initial Analysis

After Harvest

Soil series Guimbalaon

Guimbalaon

Texture Sandy loam

Sandy loam

Soil pH 5.1 5.51

OM (%) 3.51 4.10

P ppm 26 35

K ppm 439 167

Ca ppm 2869 1118

Mg ppm 314 117

Fe ppm 284

Zn ppm 243

Cu ppm 103

Mn ppm 118

Al ppm 42 121

Analysis of experimental site


Effect of %OM on bacterial count

%

ORG

MATTER

BAC.

COUNT

3.8

4

4.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0

50

100

150

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A B C D E F G

A B C D E F G

Biosafety Concerns on Biosafety Concerns on Earthworms and their Earthworms and their

Uses Uses

Marilou J. Ang LopezMarilou J. Ang Lopez

School of TechnologySchool of Technology◊ ◊

WESVARRDEC WESVARRDEC U.P. in the VisayasU.P. in the Visayas

Iloilo Iloilo

(33)315-8609 (33)335-0630)(33)315-8609 (33)335-0630)

Bruce Eastman’s Vermi-stabilization Bruce Eastman’s Vermi-stabilization Experiment (1999)Experiment (1999)

Spicing-up pathogen (E. coli, Salmonella, Spicing-up pathogen (E. coli, Salmonella, Helminths) load of the decomposing Helminths) load of the decomposing materials much beyond the acceptable materials much beyond the acceptable levelslevels

The levels decreased FOUR-FOLDS, and The levels decreased FOUR-FOLDS, and were below the acceptable levels for were below the acceptable levels for compost (US Composting Council)compost (US Composting Council)

Use of animal manure and Use of animal manure and domestic waste as feedstock can domestic waste as feedstock can increase pathogen load beyond increase pathogen load beyond the “deactivation” capacity of the “deactivation” capacity of earthworms. earthworms.

Issues and ConcernsIssues and Concerns

Due to the assimilation of metals Due to the assimilation of metals from the environment, several from the environment, several authors have reported high levels of authors have reported high levels of metals, including heavy metals, in metals, including heavy metals, in earthwormsearthworms

Sun (1995) found no significant Sun (1995) found no significant increases of heavy metals in the increases of heavy metals in the carcasses of trial animals fed with carcasses of trial animals fed with earthowormsearthoworms

EW Capsule (varying levels of a.i.)EW Capsule (varying levels of a.i.)

ORGANIC RICE

PRODUCTION

USING VERMI COMPOST

Croping Season: 2006 B

Name of Farmer: ARSENIO FERRERA

Farm location: Mabuhay Valencia City Buk.

Area : 1 ha.

Variety : Matatag 11

Date Harvested : Nov. 14, 2006

Substrate Used : Rice Straw and animal

manure

Particulars QTY Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

Labor Expence

Turtle and harrowing 3 Pass 3,000.00 3,000.00

Leveling 4 MAD 200.00 800.00

Seedbed Prep.

Mounting of beds 4 MD 100.00 400.00

Seed sowing organic

Fertilizer application

Transplanting (pakyaw basis) 3,000.00 3,000.00

Weeding 20 MD 100.00 2,000.00


Organic fertilizer andOrganic pesticides appl’n 6 MD 100.00 600.00

Spraying 4 MD 100.00 400.00

Water management 8 MD 100.00 800.00

Cleaning of leaves harvesting & threshing sharing 8,500.00 8,500.00

Post harvest handling 6 MD 100.00 600.00

Sub Total 20,000.00


Farm Inputs

Seeds 1 Bag 800.00 800.00

Vermi Compost 63 Bag 100.00 6,300.00

Foliar Fertilizer 4 Qts 250.00 250.00

Organic Pesticides

( Own preparation) 250.00 250.00

Sub Total 8,350.00

TOTAL EXPENSES 28,850.00

Total Yield 10,230 kgs. @ 8.50/kilo

Gross Income 86,955.00

Total COP 28,850.00

Net Income 58,105.00

ROI: 66.82 %

Vermiculture in the Vermiculture in the Philippines and Philippines and Other Tropical Other Tropical

Countries Countries Rafael D. Guerrero IIIRafael D. Guerrero III

Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development

(Department of Science and Technology)(Department of Science and Technology)Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4030Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4030

[email protected]@laguna.net

mailto:[email protected]

Recent Scientific FindingsRecent Scientific Findings Collaborative Research into Producing Plant Growth Media Soil Collaborative Research into Producing Plant Growth Media Soil

Amendments, Animal Feed Protection and Pharmaceutical Materials Amendments, Animal Feed Protection and Pharmaceutical Materials from Animal Wastes Using Innovative Earthworm-based Technologiesfrom Animal Wastes Using Innovative Earthworm-based Technologies C.A. Edwards and N.Q. Arancon – SEL-OSU R.D. C.A. Edwards and N.Q. Arancon – SEL-OSU R.D.

Guerrero III – PCAMRD-DOSTGuerrero III – PCAMRD-DOST Supported by the USDASupported by the USDA

AMO LANG ‘TOAMO LANG ‘TO

SALAMAT SA INYONG SALAMAT SA INYONG PAGPAMATIPAGPAMATI

HAPPY WORMINGHAPPY WORMING

PAMELA T. HENARES

BURO-BURO SPRINGS VERMI FARMBo. Concepcion, Talisay City, Negros Occidental

Updates on Vermicomposting

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