Update on Project No Update on Project No DripDrip

Jacqueline Greene Jacqueline Greene

Michelle DufallaMichelle Dufalla

Tania ChanTania Chan

February 22, 2007February 22, 2007

Initial Design SchematicInitial Design Schematic

H2O container

Containerwall

Inside container

cork Clamp with attached rubber plug

Tap Design Tap Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

Gravity driven tap- need to ensure Gravity driven tap- need to ensure water-tight seal, grit resistant, easily water-tight seal, grit resistant, easily produced, easy to distribute waterproduced, easy to distribute water

2-hole Jerry Can- one removable for 2-hole Jerry Can- one removable for water refill, one permanent for water water refill, one permanent for water accessaccess

Can be assembled with cheap, bought Can be assembled with cheap, bought materials (PVC tubing, cork, etc.) or materials (PVC tubing, cork, etc.) or by processing recycled plastics (we by processing recycled plastics (we plan to try and test out both options)plan to try and test out both options)

Jerrycans in Kenya

•For use at grade schools in Kenya

•Durable, can endure many cycles, up to 1,000,000 a year

•Suitable for different types of jerrycans

Designs Considered

Pumping System

Pros:

•Basic pumping system

•Does not require water proof sealing

Cons:

•High cost

•Impurities in water may lead to clogging

•Durability?

Designs Considered

Gravity Driven System

Pros:

•Water flows from gravity

•Simple design

•Durable

Cons:

•Low water pressure when water is running low

•Needs sealing around tap

Designs Considered

Water Swelling Grommets

Pros:

•Grommet made of water swelling polymers

•Swelling acts as sealing even when grommet is not a perfect fit

Cons:

•Polymers lose mechanical properties after swelling

•Structurally strong swellign polymers are expensive

Materials Costs – Materials Costs – PVC PipePVC Pipe

http://www.usplastic.com/catalog/product.asp?catalog%5Fname=USPlastic&category%5Fname=13669&product%5Fid=16587&gclid=COzC4PfhwIoCFQx1VAoduiiekw&cookie%5Ftest=1

½” - $0.52/foot

¼” - $0.76/foot

Materials Costs – Materials Costs – ClampsClamps

http://www.schoolmasters.com/science4.html

http://www.rjleahy.com/Store/wire/bwi.htm

$1.10

-or-* 6 Gauge Brass Wire ~ $1 /foot

Materials Costs – Materials Costs – CorkCork

http://www.corkstore.com

Self-Expanding - $78.26/ 1”x36”x24”

Materials Costs – Materials Costs – Bulk RubberBulk Rubber

http://www.rubbercal.com

Pure Gum - $57.64/ 1”x36”x12”

Closed Cell Neoprene Blend- $183.90/ 1”x70”x 42”

Major Materials Costs – Major Materials Costs – ApproximationsApproximations

PVC Pipe – 2 inches of ½” diameter ~ $0.09

-or- 2 inches of ¼” diameter ~$0.13

Closed Cell Neoprene Blend – 4 sq. in. ~ $0.25

-or- Pure Gum Rubber – 4 sq. in. ~ $0.54

-or- Expanding Cork – 4 sq. in. ~ $0.37

Clamp- 1 - $1.10

TOTAL ~ $1.44-1.77

Advantages of Recycling Advantages of Recycling Plastics in Developing Plastics in Developing

CountriesCountries Lower labour costsLower labour costs existing culture of reuse and recycling, & collection existing culture of reuse and recycling, & collection

of these materialsof these materials Possibilities to create small businesses, opportunities Possibilities to create small businesses, opportunities

to earn a small income are rarely missed by members to earn a small income are rarely missed by members of the urban poor. of the urban poor.

Fewer laws to control the standards of recycled Fewer laws to control the standards of recycled materials. (i.e. in the US recycled plastics can not be materials. (i.e. in the US recycled plastics can not be used to package food- must be virgin plastic) used to package food- must be virgin plastic)

Lower transportation costs, hand or ox carts often Lower transportation costs, hand or ox carts often being used. being used.

Innovative use of scrap machinery often leads to low Innovative use of scrap machinery often leads to low entry costs for processing or manufacture. entry costs for processing or manufacture.

http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=190http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=190

Disadvantages of Disadvantages of RecyclingRecycling

Cost: “May not be economical to recycle small Cost: “May not be economical to recycle small quantities of plastics. quantities of plastics.

Training of waste generators will be required, so Training of waste generators will be required, so they can separate the wastes properly. they can separate the wastes properly.

Market prices for recycled plastic are currently $200 Market prices for recycled plastic are currently $200 to $1000/ton from local recycling centers based on to $1000/ton from local recycling centers based on recent surveys in selected regions. As presented recent surveys in selected regions. As presented below, a recycling program, dedicated only to plastic below, a recycling program, dedicated only to plastic container recycling, is not likely to be cost effective container recycling, is not likely to be cost effective unless large quantities of plastic containers are unless large quantities of plastic containers are collected and sold. This is primarily a function of the collected and sold. This is primarily a function of the market price for plastic. It will however be cost market price for plastic. It will however be cost effective if incorporated into an existing program effective if incorporated into an existing program that includes glass and aluminum recycling. that includes glass and aluminum recycling.

Joint Service Pollution Prevention Opportunity handbook, US NavyJoint Service Pollution Prevention Opportunity handbook, US Navyhttp://p2library.nfesc.navy.mil/P2_Opportunity_Handbook/7_I_A_7.htmlhttp://p2library.nfesc.navy.mil/P2_Opportunity_Handbook/7_I_A_7.html

Recycling vs. Disposal Recycling vs. Disposal costscosts

According to the Institute for Lifecycle According to the Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment (Environmental Assessment (http://www.ilea.org/lcas/Tellus.htmlhttp://www.ilea.org/lcas/Tellus.html),),

““Though there is no decisive research on Though there is no decisive research on the environmental impacts of recycling the environmental impacts of recycling plastic, relating the economic cost of plastic, relating the economic cost of disposal to recycling shows that the cost disposal to recycling shows that the cost to recycle plastic is $360 per ton while to recycle plastic is $360 per ton while normal disposal cost is $250 per ton. “normal disposal cost is $250 per ton. “

How Plastics are How Plastics are RecycledRecycled

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/plastics.htmlsolidwaste/plastics.html

                1. Inspection  Workers inspect the plastic trash for contaminants like rock and glass, and for plastics that the plant cannot recycle. 

                2. Chopping and Washing  The plastic is washed and chopped into flakes.

                3. Flotation Tank  If mixed plastics are being recycled, they are sorted in a flotation tank, where some types of plastic sink and others float.

                4. Drying  The plastic flakes are dried in a tumble dryer.

How Plastics are How Plastics are Recycled cont’dRecycled cont’d

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/plastics.htmlsolidwaste/plastics.html

                5. Melting  The dried flakes are fed into an extruder, where heat and pressure melt the plastic. Different types of plastics melt at different temperatures.

                6. Filtering  The molten plastic is forced through a fine screen to remove any contaminants that slipped through the washing process. The molten plastic is then formed into strands.

           7. Pelletizing  The strands are cooled in water, then chopped into uniform pellets. Manufacturing companies buy the plastic pellets from recyclers to make new products. Recycled plastics also can be made into flowerpots, lumber, and carpeting.  

Manufacturing Techniques Manufacturing Techniques for Recycled Plasticsfor Recycled Plastics

Extrusion: the product is usually in the form of a continuous 'tube' of plastic such Extrusion: the product is usually in the form of a continuous 'tube' of plastic such as piping or hose. The reclaimed plastic is forced along the heated tube by an as piping or hose. The reclaimed plastic is forced along the heated tube by an archimedes screw and the plastic polymer is shaped around a die. The die is archimedes screw and the plastic polymer is shaped around a die. The die is designed to give the required dimensions to the product and can be interchanged. designed to give the required dimensions to the product and can be interchanged.

Injection moulding. The first stage of this manufacturing process is identical to that Injection moulding. The first stage of this manufacturing process is identical to that of extrusion, but then the plastic polymer emerges through a nozzle into a split of extrusion, but then the plastic polymer emerges through a nozzle into a split mould. The quantity of polymer being forced out is carefully controlled, usually by mould. The quantity of polymer being forced out is carefully controlled, usually by moving the screw forward in the heated barrel. A series of moulds would be used moving the screw forward in the heated barrel. A series of moulds would be used to allow continual production while cooling takes place. This type of production to allow continual production while cooling takes place. This type of production technique is used to produce moulded products such as plates, bowls, buckets, etc. technique is used to produce moulded products such as plates, bowls, buckets, etc.

Blow moulding. Again the spiral screw forces the plasticised polymer through a Blow moulding. Again the spiral screw forces the plasticised polymer through a die. A short piece of tube, or 'parison' is then enclosed between a split die - which die. A short piece of tube, or 'parison' is then enclosed between a split die - which is the final shape of the product - and compressed air is used to expand the parison is the final shape of the product - and compressed air is used to expand the parison until it fills the mould and achieves its required shape. This manufacturing until it fills the mould and achieves its required shape. This manufacturing technique is used for manufacturing closed vessels such as bottles and other technique is used for manufacturing closed vessels such as bottles and other containers. containers.

Film blowing. Film blowing is a process used to manufacture such items as Film blowing. Film blowing is a process used to manufacture such items as garbage bags. It is a technically more complex process than the others described garbage bags. It is a technically more complex process than the others described in this brief and requires high quality raw material input. The process involves in this brief and requires high quality raw material input. The process involves blowing compressed air into a thin tube of polymer to expand it to the point where blowing compressed air into a thin tube of polymer to expand it to the point where it becomes a thin film tube. One end can then be sealed and the bag or sack is it becomes a thin film tube. One end can then be sealed and the bag or sack is formed. Sheet plastic can also be manufactured using a variation of the process formed. Sheet plastic can also be manufactured using a variation of the process described. described.

2/6/07 2/16/07 2/26/07 3/8/07 3/18/07 3/28/07 4/7/07 4/17/07 4/27/07 5/7/07 5/17/07

Background Research

Recycling

Processing Cost

Material Cost

Target User

Design of Tap on SolidWorks

Materials Economic Analysis

Materials Testings

Materials in Chlorinated Water

Production of Prototype #1

Testing of Proposed Designs

Leak Test

Mechanical Test

Recycling and Processing of Plastic Bags

Troubleshoot Problems of Prototype #1

Overall Evaluation of Prototype after Improvements

Production of Final Product

Increase Efficiency and Decrease Cost of Production

Troubleshoot Defects in Final Product

Preparation for Final Presentation

Completed Remaining

Gantt Chart