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![Page 1: Update on Measurements and Simulations at Cambridge: SKALA element + LNA Eloy de Lera Acedo Nima Razavi Ghods Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495df41/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Update on Measurements and Simulations at Cambridge:SKALA element + LNA
Eloy de Lera AcedoNima Razavi Ghods
Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK.
1AA-low technical progress meeting
23/10/12 Medicina, Italy
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Design and SimulationsMeasurements
Impedance and coupling (AAVS0 array)PatternLNA
Future work and conclusionsSKALA with integrated ground planeCross-polarization
Overview
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Design Dual-polarization from (50) 70-450 (600) MHz Element gain ~ 7dB Receiver noise < 35 K above 100 MHz Receiver gain > 36 dB (2 stages)
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Design and Simulations The antenna was designed using CST The simulations of the element were confirmed using HFSS The MoM/MBF specialized code (UCL/UCAM) was used to
verify the behaviour at array level (SKA stations)Mutual coupling analysis (averages out for random configurations) Low order models for calibration
Objective of the measurement campaign with single elements and the AAVS0 array: Confirm that these simulations are correct. We
design the SKA with simulations!
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-50 0 50
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
(º)
dBW
EEP's meanSingle element patternError
EM characterization of SKA arrays– Mutual coupling effects randomize out in quasi-random configurations.**
*Gonzalez-Ovejero, D., De Lera Acedo, E., Razavi-Ghods, N., and Craeye, C. (2009)*Gonzalez-Ovejero, D., De Lera Acedo, E., Razavi-Ghods, N., Garcia, E., and Craeye, C. (2011)
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EM characterization of SKA arrays– Accurate EM simulations can be useful for the telescope calibration.**
*De Lera Acedo, E., Razavi-Ghods, N., Gonzalez-Ovejero, D., Sarkis, R., and Craeye, C. (2011)**Craeye, C., Gonzalez-Ovejero, D., Razavi-Ghods, N., and de Lera Acedo, E. (2012)
+ Q=3=
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EM characterization of SKA arrays– The method has been tested before.*
*Raucy, C., De Lera Acedo, E., Craeye, C., Gonzalez-Ovejero, D., and Razavi-Ghods, N. (2012)
MeasurementsSimulations MoMSimulations MBF
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EM characterization of SKA arrays:Antenna model in simulations
CST MoM
spine
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Design and Simulations Important for a SKA antenna element (embedded in a station)
Calibratability
Sensitivity
Effective aperture
Noise (sky, ground, LNA)
Pattern
Antenna impedance
LNA noise & gain
LNA intermodulation
Cost (including deployment and
durability)
Cross-polarization
Element’s footprint
Material propertiesMaterials, construction,
assembly, maintenance, etc.
Power consumption LNA power consumption
Linearity, stability, ripple
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Design and Simulations Sensitivity (“Antenna Standardization report”: Shantanu Padhi,
Ver: 2.0, 1 August 2012)~1,300 m^2/K for 500,000 elements
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MeasurementsWe can measure most of what we can simulate
*See more about future measurements in Nima’s talk (test plan)
Calibratability
Sensitivity
Effective aperture
Noise (sky, ground, LNA)
Pattern
Antenna impedance
LNA noise & gain
LNA intermodulation
Cost (including deployment and
durability)
Cross-polarization
Element’s footprint
Material propertiesMaterials, construction,
assembly, maintenance, etc.
Power consumption LNA power consumption
Linearity, stability, ripple
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests Scaled prototype
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Freq /GHz
S /
dB
Measured and Simulated differential-mode S parameters of antenna 1
MeasuredSimulated
+ -
1 2
VNA
Zdiff
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests SKALA element CST
MoM
Test board
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SKALA element
Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests
*B. Fiorelli
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2 SKALA elements 1.5 m apart
Measurements: Impedance and coupling testsAAVS0 array
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0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45-60
-50
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-30
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-10
0
Freq [GHz]
S [
dB]
Measured and Simulated differential-mode S parameters of 2 SKALA elements @ 1500 mm in H-plane
Sdd12 measuredSdd12 simulatedSdd11 measuredSdd11 simulated
TOP VIEW
1.5 m
Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling testsCommon-mode currents (with Howard Reader – April 2012)
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests
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Measurements: Impedance and coupling tests
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Measurements: Pattern Scaled prototype:
Direct line of sight range (main reflected ray absorbed).Using Spectrum analyser, signal generator and power combiner.At Lords Bridge. Easy, quick and great results.
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Measurements: Pattern
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Angle /degrees
Ma
g /d
B
Co-pol H-plane pattern for SKALA
450MHz Measur.450MHz Simu.910MHz Measur.910MHz Sim.1800MHz Measur.1800MHz Simu.
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Angle /degrees
Ma
g /d
B
Co-pol E-plane pattern for SKALA
450MHz Measur.450MHz Simu.910MHz Measur.910MHz Sim.1800MHz Measur.1800MHz Simu.
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Measurements: Pattern SKALA element (at QinetiQ)
Arch above antenna (near field).Ground refection range.
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Measurements: Pattern
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Measurements: Pattern
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
-25
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-15
-10
-5
0
/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
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-5
0
/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
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/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
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-5
0
/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
70 MHz 200 MHz300 MHz 450 MHz
E-plane cut
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Measurements: Pattern300 MHz 450 MHz
H-plane cut
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
-25
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-15
-10
-5
0
/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
-25
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-5
0
/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-30
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-5
0
/o
dB
SimulationMeasurement
200 MHz
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Measurements: Pattern SKALA element (with Howard Reader)
At Stellenbosch University.Ground refection range.
www.paardefontein.co.za
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Measurements: PatternNear field pattern measurement (AAVS0)
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Measurements: LNAConcept
COAX
LNA1
LNA2
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LNADesign
AVAGO MGA-16516
2nd stage amplifier
Transformer
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LNA Simulations
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Measurements: LNAGain
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Measurements: LNAHot/cold measurement with 150 Ω load.
Liquid Nitrogen (77 K) Room temperature (290 K)Filtering
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Measurements: LNA1st stage amplifier with Agilent noise analyser in reverberation
chamber.
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
50
100
150
200
250
Frequency (MHz)
Tem
pera
ture
(K
)
Measured Noise Temperature (NPL)
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Measurements: LNANoise tuner and noise parameter measurement in reverberation
chamber at ASTRON.
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Measurements: LNA Intermodulation
Not great expectations (by design): OIP2: 17 dBm OIP3: 19 dBm
Others:Tests on single transistors.Connection to antenna and noise measurement in reverberation chamber.RFI monitoring.
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Future work and conclusions SKALA with integrated ground plane
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Future work and conclusionsCross-polarization (“IXR SKALA with GP vs Vivaldi V2 with Soil C”,
08/10/2012 – B. Fiorelli)
[𝑉 1
𝑉 2]=[ 𝐽 11 𝐽 12
𝐽 21 𝐽 22] [𝐸𝑡
𝐸𝑝]
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Future work and conclusionsMost measurements already done.The performance is looking like the simulations said.
ElementLNA
More measurements to be done, using a back-end (see Nima’s talk).
More development coming.Even cheaper element, long lasting materials, integrated ground plane.Lower power consumption for LNA, better IP2/3.
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Lord’s Bridge Observatory
SKALA-AAVS0
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Thank you! Any questions?