Update on alternative technologies in the RAC sector Anuales Conjuntas y Talleres/SURIN… ·...
Transcript of Update on alternative technologies in the RAC sector Anuales Conjuntas y Talleres/SURIN… ·...
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Update on alternative technologies in the RAC sector
9th April 2014
Suriname
Daniel Colbourne RE – PHRIDGE
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Introduction
Focus on refrigerants
―Other cooling technologies (still) not at sufficient commercial
scale
―Consideration of various alternatives (new and old)
Main topics
―Driving forces to use lower GWP alternatives
―Overview of refrigerant situation
―Summary of pure and mixture alternatives
―What can be used and where
Final remarks
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Global warming potential of alternatives
Refrigerant ODP
(R11=1)
Atmospheric lifetime
(y)
GWP(100) (kgCO2 kg-1)
HCFC R22 0.055 12 1780
HFC R134a 0 14 1410
HFC 404A 0 14 – 52 3862
HFC 407C 0 5 – 29 1750
HFC 410A 0 5 – 29 2060
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Current HCFC banks and consumption in A5 countries
Comercial
refrig
Transport
refrig
Industrial
refrig
Stationary
a/c
Mobile a/c
Foams
Fire-protect
Solvents
Comercial
refrig
Transport
refrig
Industrial
refrig
Stationary
a/c
Mobile a/c
Foams
Fire-protect
Solvents
DEMAND
(for new usage and servicing) BANK
(in all existing equipment)
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
vehicle air cond
transport refrig
commercial refrig
industrial refrig
air conditioning
foams
Annual leakage rate
Leakage rates vary widely according to equipment type ― Important to target sources with greatest emissions ― Average leak rate for HCFCs in A5 countries ~30% per year
Typical leakage rates by sector
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Ought to consider both direct & indirect effects
CO2 emissions from electricity use
High-GWP emissions from
equipment
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Contribution depending on many factors ― Country, equipment type, efficiency, refrigerant used, etc
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
low power station
kgCO2/kWh, high
GWP, high leakage
high power station
kgCO2/kWh, low
GWP, low leakage
Total global warming CO2-eq emissions
refrigerant
emissions
electricity
generation
Contribution to TEWI/LCCP/LCWI/etc
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New regulations on HFCs
Example of new EU regulation for phase-down of HFCs according to GWP
―Agreed March 2014
Proposals in other countries
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Ca
p (
CO
2-e
q)
equiv. sector average GWP
< 200
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In the past…
Historically, small number of refrigerant options
― R12, R22, R502…
Environmental and efficiency issues of negligible importance
Equipment and component manufacturers, contractors, service companies, etc, chose established options
―Matched to equipment type and application
Everything was nice and easy…
― But phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs opened up vast commercial opportunities
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How many refrigerants…?
Now there are several hundred to choose from ―Approximately 100 fluids with R-numbers designated
―Hundreds of commercial blends being sold around the world
R11 R134a RC318 R407B R414B R422D R433C R509A
R12 R142b R400 R407C R415A R423A R434A R510A
R13 R143a R401A R407D R415B R424A R435A R600
R22 R152a R401B R407E R416A R425A R436A R600a
R23 R161 R401C R408A R417A R426A R436B R601
R32 R170 R402A R409A R418A R427A R437A R601a
R113 RE170 R402B R409B R419A R428A R438A R717
R114 R218 R403A R410A R420A R429A R500 R744
R115 R227ea R403B R411A R421A R430A R502 R1150
R116 R236ea R404A R411B R421B R431A R503 R1234yf
R123 R236fa R405A R412A R422A R432A R507A R1234ze
R124 R245fa R406A R413A R422B R433A R508A R1243zf
R125 R290 R407A R414A R422C R433B R508B R1270
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Identification of different refrigerants by type
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Pure and mixed refrigerants
R407A
R407B
R407C
R407D
R407E
R408A
R409A
R409B
R410A
R411A
R411B
R500
R502
R503
R507A
R508A
R508B
R509A
R510A
ZeotropicAzeotropic
Single-
component
Multi-
component
Refrigerants
R11
R22
R316
R125
R1234yf
RE245cb
RE170
R170
R1270
R717
R744
temperature glide and/or
fractionation
mixtures but behave
as pure
Mixtures may be two or more (up to seven in
some cases)
The letter (R507A, R411B, etc)
represent different compositions of
same mixture
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Plus, a load of HC blends… too many to mention them all!
R290 R170 (ethane)
R1270 R600 (n-butane)
RE-170 (DME)
R600a (iso-butane)
50% R290 + 50% R600a
94% R290 + 6% R170
To mimic R22, R502
To mimic R12, R134a
Various HC refrigerant mixtures
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New “lower GWP” refrigerant mixtures
HCs R1234ze
R152a R1243zf
R32 R1234yf
Recently, many new mixtures with medium and low GWP proposed
―Blends of unsaturated HFCs, HFCs and others
Un-saturated
HFCs (“HFOs”)
R161
R744 (CO2)
Saturated HFCs
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PRIMARY STAGE SELECTION:
FN { PROPERTIES }
SECONDARY STAGE SELECTION:
FN { MARKET }
Environmental Safety Chemical Thermodynamic
ODP
GWP
etc
flammability
toxicity
reactivity
adsorbtivity
etc etc etc
vapour pressure
latent heat
Availability
refrigerant
components
etc
Costs Know-how Verbal
refrigerant
components
training
literature
etc etc etc
reccommendation
instruction
Aspects affecting refrigerant choice
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Reasons for mixing…
Cooling (heating) capacity
Toxicity
Flammability
Cost (system/ equipment)
Cost (refrigerant)
Oil solubility/ miscibility
Material compatibility
Global Warming Potential
Temperature glide
(minimisation)
Efficiency (COP)
Pressure (matching)
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Saturated HFCs with medium and lower GWP
Fluid GWP NBP LFL (%) Safety group
R32 717 -52°C 14,4 A2L
R41 96 -78°C 7,1 A3
R152a 124 -24°C 4,8 A2
R161 12 -38°C 3,8 A3
Mainly HFC-32 and HFC-152a being used in new mixtures
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Unsaturated HFCs (and HCFCs)
• GWP varies from 0 to around 10 … essentially negligible
• Main options are R1234yf and R1234ze(E); but some still undergoing R&D investigations
Also unsaturated HCFCs under discussion:
• HCFC-1233yd, 1233zb, 1233xe, 1233xc, 1233ye, 1233yc
• HCFC-1233zd and HCFC-1233xf most promising
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HC refrigerants
Refrigerant Chemical or composition * Critical temp (C) NBP (C) Press at 30 C (kPa)
R1150 ethylene (C2H4) 9.2 -103.8 [above critical]
R1270 propylene (C3H6) 91.1 -47.6 1321
R170 ethane (C2H6) 32.2 -88.6 4704
R290 propane (C3H8) 96.7 -42.1 1092
R433A R1270/R290 (30%/70%) 94.2 -44.5 1178
R433B R1270/R290 (5%/95%) 96.3 -42.6 1108
R433C R1270/R290 (25%/75%) 94.6 -44.2 1165
R436A R290/R600a (56%/44%) 115.9 -34.3 768
R436B R290/R600a (52%/48%) 117.4 -33.4 741
R290/R600a (50%/50%) 120.7 -31.0 814
R290/R170 (94%/6%) 94.2 -49.0 1393
R50 methane (CH4) -82.6 -161.5 [above critical]
R600 butane (C4H10) 152 -0.5 288
R600a isobutane (C4H10) 134.7 -11.7 410
R601 pentane (C5H12) 196.6 36.1 83
R601a isopentane (C5H12) 187.2 27.8 111
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GWP of natural refrigerants
Direct GWP (100 y) Indirect GWP (100 y)
R600a 0.1 4.0
R290 0.2 3.3
R1270 0.1 1.8
R744 (CO2) 1.0 0
R717 (NH3) 0.0 0.0
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Low GWP HFC mixtures: R134a alternatives
Company Name Composition Safety GWP
Arkema
ARM41a R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (7/40/53) A1 943
ARM42a R1234yf/R152a/R134a 82%/11%/7% A2L 117
ARM-J8 ??????? A1 ~350
Deikin D4Y R-134a/R-1234yf (40/60) A1 574
Dupont XP10 R-134a/R-1234yf (44/56) A1 631
Honeywell N13a
R-134a/R-1234yf/R-1234ze(E) (42/18/40)
A1 604
N13b R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (42/58) A1 604
Mexichem
AC5X R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (7/40/53) A1 622
AC5 (R-444A) R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) 12%/5%/83% A2L 92
AC6 (R-445A) R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) 6%/9%/85% A1 130
National LGA8 R1234ze(E)/R32/R152a 83%/12%/5% A2L 100
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Low GWP HFC mixtures: R22/R404A/R407C alternatives
Company Name Composition Safety GWP
Arkema ARM31a R-32/R-134a/R-1234yf (28/21/51) A2L 491
ARM30a R1234yf/R32 (71/29) A2L 199
Deikin D2Y-65 R-32/R-1234yf (35/65) A2L 239
D52Y R-32/R-125/R-1234yf (15/25/60) A2L ???
Dupont DR-7 R1234yf /R32 (64/36) A2L 246
Honeywell
N20 R-32/R-125/R-134a/R-1234yf/R-1234ze(E)
(12.5/12.5/31.5/13.5/30) A1 975
L40 R32/R1234ze(E)/R1234yf/R152a (40/30/20/10) A2L 285
L20 R32/R1234ze(E)/R152a (45/35/20) A2L 331
Mexichem LTR4X R-32/R-125/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) (28/25/16/31) A1 ???
LTR6A R1234ze(E)/R32/R744 (63/30/7) A2L 206
National LGA26 R1234yf/R32/R134a (51/28/21) A2L ~500
LGA29 R1234yf/R32 (65/35) A2L ~250
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Low GWP HFC mixtures: R410A alternatives
Company Name Composition Safety GWP
Arkema ARM70a R32/R1234yf/R134a (50/40/10) A2L 482
GECA-Max ??? A2L ~5
Deikin D2Y-60 R-32/R-1234yf (40/60) A2L 272
Dupont DR-5 R32/R1234yf (72.5/27.5) A2L 490
DR-4 ??? A2L 300
Honeywell L41a R32/R1234yf/R1234ze(E) (73/15/12) A2L 494
L41b R32/R1234ze(E) (73/27) A2L 494
Mexichem HPR1D R32/R1234ze(E)/R744 (60/34/6) A2L 407
National LGA40 R1234yf/R32 (60/40) A2L 300
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HFC-1234yfHFC-1234ze
“DR-5”“L-41a”, “L-41b”
“L-20”“L-40”
“DR-4”“DR-7”
“AC-5”“AC-6”
HFC-1233zd
mature trialling in development
“GECA-max”“ARC-1”“LGA8”
“ARM-42”“ARM-J8
“ARM-30a”“LTR6A”“LGA29”
“LGA26”“HPR1D”“LGA40”
“ARM-70a”“ARM-31”
0G
WP
~50
0
HC-290HC-1270
R-744R-717
Overview of alternatives with GWP <500
All shown have been
tested in AC&R systems
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Current and feasible usage
GWP
0
1
3 – 5
4
4
6
6
29
0
33
0
49
0
49
0
60
0
63
0
71
6
13
30
14
10
R-7
17
R-7
44
HC
-29
0, H
C-1
27
0
HC
-60
0a
HFC
-12
34
yf
HFC
-12
34
ze(E)
HC
FC-1
23
3zd
(E)
“L-40
”
“L-20
”
“L-41
”
“DR
-5”
“N-1
3”
“XP
-10
”
HFC
-32
“N-4
0”
“DR
-33
”
Domestic refrigeration C F F F
Commercial refrigeration
— Stand alone C C C L F F F F F F F F L F
— Condensing units L L F F F F F F F F F L F
— Centralised systems L C L F F F F F F L F L F
Transport refrigeration C C F F F F F F F F F F
Large size refrigeration C C L F F F F F F F F F F
Air conds and heat pumps
— Small self contained L C F F F F F F L F F
— Mini-split L C F L F F F C F F
— Multi-split L F L F F F L F F
— Split (ducted) F F F F F F F L F F
— Ducted F L F F F F F L F F
Chillers
— Positive displacement C C C L L F F L F L L L F F
— Centrifugal L L L L
Mobile air conditioning
— Cars F F C F F
— Public transport F L F F
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Possible penetration rates
R-7
17
R-7
44
HC
-29
0, H
C-1
27
0
HC
-60
0a
HFC
-12
34
yf
HFC
-12
34
ze(E)
HC
FC-1
23
3zd
(E)
“L-40
”
“L-20
”
“L-41
”
“DR
-5”
“N-1
3”
“XP
-10
”
HFC
-32
Domestic refrigeration D D D D
Commercial refrigeration
— Stand alone equipment D D D D D D D D D D D D
— Condensing units C C L D D D D D D D D
— Centralised systems [D] D [D] [D] [D] [D] [D] [D] D D [D]
Transport refrigeration D C D D D D D D D D
Large size refrigeration D D C L D D D D D D D
Air conds and heat pumps
— Small self contained L D D D D D D D D
— Mini-split (non-ducted) L D C D D D D D D
— Multi-split L C D D D D D D
— Split (ducted) L L C D D D D D D
— Ducted L L C D D D M M D
Chillers — Positive displacement C C D D D D D D D D D D
— Centrifugal L D D D
Mobile air conditioning
— Cars D L D D D
— Public transport C D D D D
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Rapid warming effect immediately following release
Effect disguised by 100 year ITH
Short term warming effect up to 3½ the GWP100
Implications of near-term warming
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1 10 100
Time horizon (y)
GW
P (
kgC
O2e
q/k
g)
HC-290
HCFC-22
HFC-134a
HFC-32
HFC-152a
Important to consider shorter-term warming impact of refrigerants (as well as 100-year GWP)
Source: Data from
IPCC AR4
Implications of near-term warming
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Preferred properties ―Low liquid and
vapour viscosities
―High liquid specific heat
―High liquid and vapour thermal conductivities
―High latent heat
―Small temperature glide
Considerations for efficiency
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Extensive testing ongoing
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
Qe_alt/Qe_b
CO
P_
alt/
CO
P_
b
test data
normalised for equal capacity
Comparing R290 and R1270 against R22 in ACs
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Extensive testing ongoing
AHRI low GWP AREP programme – testing various lower GWP HFC mixtures in various types of equipment
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Extensive testing ongoing
Some comparisons of R410A alternatives
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Extensive testing ongoing
Some comparisons of R410A alternatives
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NOTE: Viability proportions are
approximate; they will always be subject to
engineering interpretation
Viable currently/in short-term
Not viable due to cost, safety or performance
limitations
Viable if obstructive standards are
remedied
fn
(Often, gap can be closed if alternatives system concepts are used, e.g., chiller instead
of piped refrigerant)
system and application
characteristics
“Applicability” of alternatives
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Factory sealed ACs
LGMs
HCs
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Small split systems
LGMs
HCs
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Larger split systems
LGMs
HCs
CO2
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Ducted systems
LGMs
HCs
CO2
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Multi-split systems
LGMs
CO2
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Chiller systems
LGMs
HCs
CO2
NH3
Chiller; 20 – 2000 kW, 5 – 500 kg
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Domestic refrigerators/freezers
LGMs
HCs
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Commercial plug-in cabinets
LGMs
HCs
CO2
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Condensing units
LGMs
HCs
CO2
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Centralised supermarket systems
LGMs
HCs
CO2
NH3
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Larger coldstores
LGMs
HCs
CO2
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Levels of difficulty
Portable; Mini-Splits; Through-the-wall; Window; Heat
pumps (water); Chillers
Commercial splits; Rooftop ducted;
Ducted splits; Cabinet
Commercial ducted splits; Central air handling units;
Multi-split; Close control
Corresponding to “ease of application” of alternatives
Assists industry (especially SMEs) with planning/R&D
Removes the “it’s only hassle” factor Time
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Typically 2 – 4 years for majority
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So what will happen?
There will be many
more mixtures considered…
Probably, eventually, narrowed down to a handful of preferred
options (again)…
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Thank you for your attention!