Update: 05122002 © Copyright 2002, Carnegie Mellon University All Right Reserved 1/59 ADL/SCORM -...

Update: 05122002© Copyright 2002, Carnegie Mellon University

All Right Reserved1/59

ADL/SCORM - What Does it Mean

for Developers of ICT Projects?

Daniel R. Rehak, PhD Technical Director

Learning Systems Architecture LabCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213 USA

Web: http://www.lsal.cmu.edu/Email: [email protected]



Outline

• What’s ADL?• What’s SCORM?• Why is SCORM Important? • Does SCORM Change Learning?• What does SCORM mean to:

• The Learning System “Technologist”• The Content Developer• The Administrator• The Learner

• What’s Next?• What Do You Need to Know?



What’s ADL?

© Copyright 2002 Daniel R Rehak



ADL

• Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative• US Government-wide initiative to

improve education and training via learning technology

• Applicable across all learning communities and constituents



ADL Goals

• Develop a common technical framework for (Web-based) e-learning • Specifications for sharable, reusable content• Prototypes and proof-of-principle

demonstrations

• Accelerate large-scale development of advanced online learning technologies

• Foster global acceptance and development of e-learning economy



The “A” in ADL

LearningTechnologySystem

•

Content Objects from across the Web

Assembled in real time, on demand

Any learning, anytime, anywhere, for anybody



ADL “ilities”

• Accessibility: access instructional components from one remote location and deliver them to many other locations

• Interoperability: use instructional components developed in one location, with one set of tools or platform, in another location, with a different set of tools or platform

• Reusability: incorporate instructional components into multiple learning experiences

• Durability: continue using instructional components when technology changes, without redesign or recoding

• Affordability: increase learning effectiveness significantly while reducing time and costs



ADL Process

• Develop SCORM – the framework• Hold Plugfests – demonstrate it works• Provide support – www.adlnet.org• Get community to “agree to agree”

and then get out of the way



What’s SCORM?




SCORM

• Sharable Content Object Reference Model• Informally a “standard”• Formally an “application profile”

• A collection of standards and extensions• Recommended practice of how to use these

standards within ONE community• User’s / Developer’s guide• Test-bed implementations• Sample content• Conformance test suite



What Problem Does SCORM Solve

• Can’t move a “course” from one Learning Technology System to another

• Can’t reuse content “chunks” across different Learning Technology Systems

• Can’t create searchable (learning) content or media repositories across different environments

• … (just for starters…)

so what to do?so what to do?



Pieces to Solve the SCORM Puzzle

• Content Objects• Learning Framework• SCORM Environment• Technical Architecture• Standards Bookshelf



SCORM Content Objects

• Element of reusable content• Covers one learning topic• Designed for reuse• Described with metadata• Stored, managed, delivered, tracked• SCO – Sharable Content Object

• A content object that uses the SCORM API for communication between the content object and a learning technology system

• Not all content needs to be SCOs



SCORM Learning Framework

• Self-paced learning experiences• Intentional strategy• Has specific knowledge about the learner• Can track certain data about the learner

within the learning experience• Instructional delivery decisions made

from knowledge and tracking data• Operates in a managed environment

• Typically an LMS



SCORM Environment

• Only Learning Technology• Learning Delivery• Content Repository

• Not Learning Support• Back office Systems Integration• HR/Learner Management• Classroom, Course Environment

• Silent on• Authentication / Authorization / Identity• Security



SCORM Technical Architecture

APIAdapter

SCORMAPI

DeliveryService

TrackingService

SequencingService

ContentManagementService

LearnerProfilesService

Testing/AssessmentService

CourseAdministrationService

LocalContentRepository

RemoteContentRepositories

SCORMContentPackages

Browser(Presentation)

Selection

Launch

SCORMTracking

Data

SCORMContent



SCORM 1.3 Bookshelf

CoursePackagingFromIMS

MetadataFrom IEEE

MetadataXML BindingBest PracticeFrom IMS/IEEE

Content toRTS APIFrom AICC/IEEE

Content toRTS Data ModelFrom AICC/IEEE

RUN-TIMEENVIRONMENT

SequencingFrom IMS

CONTENT MODEL



Why is SCORM Important?




A De Facto Standard

• Based on open standards• Industry and community acceptance• Flexible

• Adopt in / adapt to different communities

• Illustrative approach• Shown to work



SCORM and Standards

SingaporeIMS Asia

PROMETEUS

CEN/ISSS

IMS Australia

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36

http://ariadne.unil.ch/

http://www.iso.ch/

http://www.ieee.org/

http://www.aicc.org/

http://www.imsproject.org/

http://www.imsproject.org/



World Wide Adoption



E-Learning Community Process

SpecificationDevelopment

I mplementation& Adoption

Research &Development

Certification& Testing

Govern

men

t

Pers

on

al

...

Ind

ustr

y

Hig

her-

Ed

K-1

2

Lib

rari

es

ProcessCoordination

Certificate

Users Community

Collaboration&

Dissemination



Interoperable eLearning Works!

• Many available e-learning standards• Many tools • Many adopters• Emerging content collection• Worldwide community



Does SCORM Change Learning?




eLearning with SCORM

• Good learning, design and pedagogy is good learning

• Good elearning is good learning• Good SCORM content is good learning• BAD … is BAD …

SCORM is about the “ilities”, not QoS/QoL



SCORM versus Learning

• SCORM is a technical document• SCORM was written for vendors and

toolmakers• What tools must do• How systems must behave

• SCORM is not (directly) for content designers and developers• Not how to create learning experiences• Not what makes good learning



SCORM versus Learning

• SCORM describes a solution for systems, component and content interoperability for learning• Data interoperability• Behavior interoperability

• SCORM does not impose any pedagogical or assessment model

• SCORM does not extend beyond learning



What Does SCORM Mean To Me?




SCORM for the “Technologist”




SCORM Currently Is

• For One community• One profile• One set of standards• Complex• Evolving• Incomplete



Missing Pieces for Learning

• Simulation• Collaboration• Intelligent Tutors / Adaptive• Assessment• Objective and Skills Mapping• Platform Independence• Customization, Personalization• …



Missing Pieces for Pedagogy

• Model(s) of the learner• Model(s) of the problem domain



Missing Specifications and Profiles

• Assessment• Learner Profiling and Characteristics• Content Repositories• Objectives and Competencies• Skill/Competency Maps• Accessibility• Workflow• Back office



Missing Formal Architecture

• Services• Behaviors• Content models• Workflow models



Emerging Conformance Program

• Conformance Suite• Compliance Program• Certification



SCORM for the Content Developer




Where is the Good Content?

• It’s all about learning

• Good content is the key to making SCORM work

• Design good content• Fit it into SCORM• Fit it into the technology



Current Content Issues

• How big is a SCO or learning object?• Lack of sequencing• No formal assessment model• No guidance for instructional designers• What are the “learning designs”?• Hard to find content• No content economy

ADL is working on enabling good content



SCORM Learning Model

• Learning activities represented in a tree of content objects

• Sequencing rules defined for the activities

• Sequencing engine controls overall delivery behavior

• A learning activity may be an assessment activity

• Assessments may be complex activities• Assessment results modify sequencing



SCORM Learning Model



Reusing Content Objects

Learning ObjectGrowing Apples

Learning ObjectGrowing Oranges

Learning ObjectTypes of Apples

Learning ObjectCooking with Apples

Learning ObjectTypes of Oranges

Learning ObjectUses of Oranges

Learning ObjectGrowing Peppers

Learning ObjectCooking with Peppers

Learning ObjectTypes of Peppers

Learning ObjectGrowing Lettuce

Learning ObjectTypes of Lettuce

Learning ObjectUses of Lettuce

ContentRepository

ContentRepository

Course 1

Growing Fruit Trees

Course 2

Guide to Produce

Course 3

Preparing Produce



SCORM Content Activity Tree



Content Structure with Sequencing

. jpg

.m ov

A sset.h tm l

A sset.h tm l

S C O 1Content

.g if

.m ov

A sset.h tm l

S C O 2Content

Q 1.sw f

Q 2.sw f

A sset.h tm l

S C O -AAssessm ent

A ggrega t ion -1

. jpg

.m ov

A sset.h tm l

S C O 3Content

.g if

.m ov

A sset.h tm l

S C O 4Content

Q 3.sw f

Q 4.sw f

A sset.h tm l

S C O -BAssessm ent

A ggrega t ion -2

O R G A N IZ A T IO N

C R 1

C R 2

C R 3

C R 4

C om petency R e fs

C O N T E N T P A C K A G E



Content Developers Guide

• Designing for SCORM• Identifying, Designing and Reusing

Learning Objects• Creating Interfaces and Experiences• Navigation• Sequencing• Assessments• Technical Details:

• Metadata, Packaging, GUIDs, File formats, Accessibility



SCORM for the Administrator




Questions to Consider

• Do you want SCORM?• Do you need SCORM?

• What is your problem?• Will SCORM solve your problem?• Are you ready for it?• How do you ask for it?• How do you know if you get it?• What will you do with it if you get it?



Why Conformance Testing?

• Standards aren’t perfect• Implementations are interpretations• Marketing literature isn’t the whole story• Third-party validation

• Does it do what it claims?• It is interoperable?• Independent• Reproducible



Conformance Options

• Self-testing• Interoperability testing• Conformance program testing

you need all three



Conformance Process

Standards

ConformanceProgram

Standards

ConformanceCriteria

ConformanceProcess

Test Suite

AccreditationBody

AccreditationBody

AccreditationBody

ConformanceTest Center



Product Result

Certificate

Certification



SCORM for the Learner




It Should Not Matter




What’s Next?




SCORM is Evolving

• SCORM 1.3 coming soon• Additional components under discussion

• Assessments• Profiles• Repositories



Beyond SCORM

• SCORM as a model for other communities of practice• Medical• K-12• Higher Education

• Everyone wants the “A” in ADL



What Do You Need to Know?




What We Know

• SCORM works• SCORM is being adopted• Community is growing



SCORM Isn’t

• Universal• Other models for other communities

• Prescriptive • Enabling

• Closed• Open and extensible

• Complete• Lots missing



What You Need To Do

• Evaluate your requirements• Adopt the appropriate pieces• Develop content and tools• Evangelize open standards-based

interoperability• Cooperate to benefit the community• Compete on implementations

Fit SCORM to your needs



What Do You Want To Know?


Update: 05122002 © Copyright 2002, Carnegie Mellon University All Right Reserved 1/59 ADL/SCORM -...

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