Up to Date with Pig Research - cphpig.ku.dk · iv Preface The Center for research in pig production...

T H E F A C U L T Y O F H E A L T H A N D M E D I C A L S C I E N C E S U N I V E R S I T Y O F C O P E N H A G E N C E N T E R F O R R E S E A R C H I N P I G P R O D U C T I O N A N D H E A L T H

Foto: SEGES, Videncenter for Svineproduktion

Book of presentations of the 2nd CPH Pig seminar January 28, 2015

Up to Date with Pig Research

www.cphpig.ku.dk

ii

Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................ iv

Programme ...................................................................................................................................................... v

List of participants ......................................................................................................................................... vii

Key Lecture: Why is the production of slaughter pigs in Denmark decreasing? ........................................... 1

Session 1: Sows and Piglets ........................................................................................................................... 9

Cystitis in Danish sows at slaughter – prevalence and diagnosis ............................................................. 11

Physiological characteristics of high producing lactating Danish sows .................................................... 17

Early life nutrition, development and survival, - Experimental studies in neonatal piglets .................... 23

Sows in SWAP pens .................................................................................................................................. 29

Session 2: Growing Pigs ............................................................................................................................... 35

MRSA in livestock – facts and challenges ................................................................................................. 37

Genome-wide association study reveals a locus for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Danish

crossbred pigs ........................................................................................................................................... 47

A multi-dimensional dynamic linear model for monitoring growing pigs ................................................ 55

Prioritization of alarms from automatic monitoring systems in livestock production – a review ........... 59

Session 3: Prevention and Therapy ............................................................................................................. 65

Intestinal health in Danish weaners – treatment and control ................................................................. 67

Serotype-independent bacterial immunogens: an alternative vaccine's development against

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ............................................................................................................ 73

Natural plant compounds with immune-modulating and anti-parasitic activity; implications for pig

production ................................................................................................................................................ 79

Is vaccination an alternative to antimicrobial treatment in pig production? .......................................... 85

Session 4: Welfare ....................................................................................................................................... 93

Creating a Danish animal welfare index for pig production systems ....................................................... 95

A case-control behavioural study to determine the welfare burden of pigs naturally infected with

Taenia solium in Tanzania ........................................................................................................................ 97

Welfare assessment of finishing pigs from farm to slaughter ............................................................... 105

iv

Preface The Center for research in pig production and health – CPH Pig – enhances, consolidates and

raises the profile of pig production research. The importance of research and innovation for the

Danish pork industry has never been so crucial. The Danish pig producers have never seen such

tight financial pressures like those of the present moment. The production of finishers in

Denmark is declining as producers export a significant and increasing number of weaners to be

finished elsewhere in Europe. At the same time a major driver for changes in Danish pork

production, and hence the demands in research and innovation, is coming from the current

Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, animal rights groups, corporate supermarkets and

general consumers of pork. This has given a new focus on the requirement of knowledge,

particularly on increased productivity, survival among piglets, loose housing systems for lactating

sows, MRSA, reduction in antibiotic usage and objective measurements of animal welfare. With

this in mind, the research presentations of the CPH Pig seminar will cover four main themes:

“Sows and Piglets”, “Growing Pigs”, “Prevention and Therapy” and “Welfare”.

It is our hope that this second CPH Pig seminar will provide an excellent forum to present new

findings, foster in-depth discussions, and hopefully provide solutions to some of the industry’s

challenges.

The University of Copenhagen and CPH Pig are integral in the training of undergraduate and

postgraduate students and generating junior scientists who are essential to the future of the

industry. CPH Pig outwardly promotes the involvement of students and early-career scientists,

both public and privately funded, at the meeting. The seminar again has a considerable number

of young scientists attending and presenting their work and for many it will be their first

opportunity to interact with key industry figures and organisations.

CPH Pig has been well established since the start 18 months ago and it has been a great honour

to have contributed in facilitating the networking of many of those involved in pork production.

This seminar is possible because a dedicated group of individuals coordinated and arranged all

aspects of the event. We wish to thank everyone for their contribution and dedication. However,

most importantly, thank you for participating and making the seminar a great success. We hope

you will continue to be part of the future success of the center.

Hans Henrik Dietz Christian Fink Hansen

Chairman Center Director

v

Programme CPH Pig Seminar January 28, 2015

Up to Date with Pig Research

Time Presenters Title

9:00-9:10 Asger Lundorff Jensen Head of Department, Department of

Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences

Welcome

9:10-9:30 Jacob Rasmussen Head of co-op supply at Danish Crown

Why is the production of slaughter pigs in

Denmark decreasing?

Session 1: Sows and Piglets Chair: Jens Peter Nielsen

9:30-9:45 Lola Tolstrup Leihardt, Ph.D. Student, IPH

Cystitis in Danish sows at slaughter –

prevalence and diagnosis

9:45-10:00 Anja Varmløse Strathe, Ph.D. Student, IPH

Physiological characteristics of high producing

lactating Danish sows

10:00-10:15 Louise Langhorn, Research Assistant, IKVH

Early life nutrition, development and survival,

- Experimental studies in neonatal piglets

10:15-10:30 Janni Hales Pedersen, Ph.D. Student, IPH

Sows in SWAP pens

10:30-11:00 MORNING TEA/COFFEE

Session 2: Growing Pigs Chair: Henrik Elvang

11:00-11:15 Poul Bækbo,

Head of section, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM Section for Veterinary R&D, Pig Research

Center, SEGES

MRSA in livestock – facts and challenges

11:15-11:30 Merete Fredholm, Professor, IKVH

Genome-wide association study reveals a

locus for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus

aureus in Danish crossbred pigs

11:30-11:45 Dan Børge Jensen, Ph.D. Student, IPH

A multi-dimensional dynamic linear model for

monitoring growing pigs

11:45-12:00 Katarina Nielsen Dominiak, Ph.D. Student, IPH

Prioritization of alarms from automatic

monitoring systems in livestock production – a

review

12:00-13:00 LUNCH

vi

Session 3: Prevention and Therapy Chair: Anders Miki Boyesen

13:00-13:15 Nicolai Weber, Ph.D. Student, IPH

Intestinal health in Danish weaners –

treatment and control

13:15-13:30 Fabio Antenucci, Ph.D. Student, IVS

Serotype-independent bacterial immunogens:

an alternative vaccine's development against

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

13:30-13:45 Andrew Williams, Post. Doc., IVS

Natural plant compounds with immune-

modulating and anti-parasitic activity;

implications for pig production

13:45-14:00 Amanda Brinch Kruse, Ph.D. Student, IPH

Is vaccination an alternative to antimicrobial

treatment in pig production?

14:00-14:30 AFTERNOON TEA/COFFEE

Session 4: Welfare Chair: Björn Forkman

14:30-14:45 Björn Forkman, Professor, IPH

Creating a Danish animal welfare index for pig

production systems

14:45-15:00 Chiara Trevisan, Ph.D. Student, IVS

A case-control behavioural study to determine

the welfare burden of pigs naturally infected

with Taenia solium in Tanzania

15:00-15:15 Pia Brandt, Ph.D. Student, Danish Meat Research

Institute and Aarhus University

Welfare assessment of finishing pigs from

farm to slaughter

15:15-15:30 Christian Fink Hansen Concluding remarks

www.cphpig.ku.dk

http://www.cphpig.ku.dk/

vii

List of participants

Adam Gjøttrup Kristensen Laborantstuderende, IVS, KU-SUND

Adriaan Van Den Bogert Technical Commercial Graduate, Cargill Animal Nutrition

Amalie M. G. Sell Cand.scient & adjunkt, EASJ, Campus Slagelse

Amanda Brinch Kruse PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Ana Carolina Antunes PhD Student, DTU Vet

Anders Daniel Andersen MSc, PhD, KU-SCIENCE

Anders Elvstrøm Svinefagdyrlæge/ DVM, Swine health certified, Svinepraksis.dk

Anders Miki Boyesen Professor, IVS, KU-SUND Anders Strathe Post Doc, IKVH, KU-SUND

Andrew Williams Post. Doc., IVS, KU-SUND Anita Strøm Pedersen cand.med.vet, Vet.afd.Nord, Fødevarestyrelsen

Anja Varmløse Strathe PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Anne Mette Strunz Hanl DVM, Hipra Danmark

Anne Schultz Stud.med.vet, KU-SUND

Anne Wolfenberg Cand. Agro., Effektivt Landbrug

Anne-Helene Tauson Professor, IKVH, KU-SUND Annette Bech Cand Med Vet, Elanco

Arne M. Hansen cand.polit, KU

Arne Ringsing Produktchef, Danish Agro

Arshnee Moodley Lektor, IVS, KU-SUND

Asger Lundorf Jensen Head of Department, IKVH, KU-SUND Bent-Ole Andersen Kommunikationsmedarbejder, IPH, KU-SUND

Besnard Jean-Charles Swine Nutritionist, CCPA - France

Bigitte J. Vennervald Professor, IVS, KU-SUND

Björn Forkman Professor, IPH, KU-SUND Bonnie Edahl Hoelstad B.Sc.med.vet, KU-SUND

Camilla Birkegård PhD Studerende, DTU Veterinærinstituttet

Camilla Kaae Højgaard Organizing Committee, CPH Pig Carina Schmitt Optimization, ATR Landhandel DK ApS

Carsten Rasmussen Cand. Agro, Skov A/S

Charlotte Mark Salomonsen Cand. med. Vet, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Charlotte Sonne Kristensen Cand.med.vet, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Chiara Trevisan Ph.D. Student, IVS, KU-SUND

Christian Fink Hansen Associate Professor IPH, KU-SUND, Center Director, CPH Pig Christina Fensholt Hansen Produktkonsulent/Product Consultant, ATR Landhandel DK ApS

Christina Johansen Student, KU-SUND

Christine Hellner BSc.stud. Animal Science, KU-SCIENCE

Cilie Kærgaard Hansen Stud med vet, KU-SUND

Claus B Larsen Cand. med. vet., Boehringer-Ingelheim

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Claus B. Jørgensen Professor, IKVH, KU-SUND

Claus Heisel Chefdyrlæge, LVK

Cyrielle Elyette Fougeroux PhD student, KU-Sund

Dan Børge Jensen PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Danielle Petersen BSc. stud. Animal Science, KU-SCIENCE

Desiree Martin Jurado Veterinarian, Andrimner a/s

Else Marie Overlund Andersen DVM Veterinarian, SvineVet Haderslev

Erik Dam Jensen Chefkonsulent, Cand. Agro, HEDEGAARD Agro

Erik Nielsen Produktchef, Danish Agro

Fabio Antenucci Ph.D. Student, IVS, KU-SUND Flemming Bolø Cand. Agro, Svineopti

Haja Kadarmideen Professor, IKVH, KU-SUND Hanne Justesen Cand. Agro, Erhversakademi Sjælland

Hans Aarestrup Direktør, Danske Svineproducenter

Heidi Bredberg Petersen Stud. med. Vet, KU-SUND

Heidi Brisk DVM, Research Assistat, IPH, KU-SUND

Heidi Gumpert MSc, BCS, KU-SUND

Helle Pelant Lahrmann Cand. Agro., Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Helle Stege Associate Professor, IPH, KU-SUND

Henrik Bech Pedersen Konsulent, PA., Merial Norden

Henrik Elvang Professor, IVS, KU-SUND Inge Larsen Cand.Med.Vet, PhD stud., IPH, KU-SUND

Inger Morthorst Møller Stud.med.vet, KU-SUND

Jacob Dall Chiefnutritionist, pigs, Vitfoss

Jacob Rasmussen Head of co-op supply, Danish Crown Jan Kristensen Faglig Chef, DLG

Janni Hales Pedersen PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Jeanne Wirenfeldt Johannesen Stud. Animal Science, KU-SUND

Jens Frederik Agger Assoc. Professor, IPH, KU-SUND

Jens Kongensholm Salgschef SPF-DK, SPF-Danmark

Jens Lauesen Distriktschef, ATR-Landhandel

Jens Legarth CEO, European Protein

Jens Noesgaard Jørgensen PhD, Product Manager, Chr Hansen A/S

Jens Peter Nielsen Professor, IPH, KU-SUND Jens Svendgaard Fodringskonsulent, Dansk Vilomix A/S

Jens Sørensen Svinefagdyrlæge, Svinepraksis DK

Jesper Poulsen Cand.agro, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Johanna Zingmark BSc, Orion Pharma AH

Johannes Barslund Cand Agro, 3S

John Haugegaard DVM, MSD ah

Josefine Lindegaard BSc. stud. Animal Science, KU-SCIENCE

Julie Fabricius Faustrup BSc. stud. Animal Science, KU-SCIENCE

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Julie Krogsdahl Stud. Animal Science, KU-SUND

Julie Lynegaard BSc. stud. Animal Science, KU-SCIENCE

Jörgen Lindahl DVM, Distriktsveterinärerna / Ö-VET

Jørgen Westergaard Dyrlæge, Ph.D., Dip. T.V.M, ADC-Consult

Karina Ryom BSc.med.vet, KU-SUND

Karl Kristian Kongsted Inspector at Norwegian Food Safety Authority Karoline Sidelmann Brinch DVM, PhD, Novozymes

Katarina Nielsen Dominiak PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Kathrine Poll Cand. Med. Vet., Orion Pharma Animal Health

Katrine Mørup Jepsen Produktudviklingskonsulent, R2 Agro A/S

Ken Steen Pedersen Adm. Direktør, Ø-vet A/S

Kirsten Jensen Cand. Med. Vet, Elanco

Kirsten Volmer Larsen Cand. Med. Vet., HIPRA Danmark

Kjetil Johansen Cand. med. vet., LVK

Knud Just Rasmussen Senior Consultant, BrasilEuropa Consultas

Knud Poulsen Professor Emeritus, IKVH, KU-SUND

Kristian T. Havn Cand.med.vet. Svinefagdyrlæge, Svinevet

Lars Kristian Clausen Landbrugstekniker, Faglærer, Vilvorde | Roskilde Tekniske Skole

Lars Kunstmann Cand. med. vet., Huvepharma

Lars Naursgaard Businees Manager, SCA Danmark

Lars Sangill Andersen Cand Agro, Hamlet Protein A/S

Lea Hübertz BSc. Animal Science, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Leif Meedom Dyrlæge, Huvepharma NV

Lena Martin PhD (Animal Nutrition), Postdoc, KU-SCIENCE

Lissi Karlsen Cand. Med. Vet, Sekretariatet for Det Veterinære Sundhedsråd

Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen DVM, PhD, DrVetSci, IPH, KU-SUND

Lola Tolstrup Leihardt PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Lorena Perez Esteruelas Veterinarian, Andrimner a/s

Louise BSc. med. Vet, KU-SUND

Louise Autzen Stud.med.vet, KU-SUND

Louise Holm Parby Specialkonsulent, Fødevarestyrelsen

Louise Langhorn Research Assistant, IKVH Malene Nielsen BSc.stud.Animal science, KU-SCIENCE

Margit Andreasen Teknisk/Regulatorisk chef, Veterinærmedicinsk Industriforening

Marie Erika Busch Cand. med. vet., Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Marie Stengaard Jensen Cand. Scient, DTU Fødevareinstituttet

Markku Johansen Dyrlæge, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Marlene Kirchner Assistant Professor, IPH, KU-SUND Marta Krasnodebska Stud.Animal Science, KU-SUND

Martin Lauridsen Direktør/Manager, ATR Landhandel DK ApS

Martin Rasmussen Dyrlægestuderende, KU-SUND

Merete Fredholm Professor, IKVH, KU-SUND

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Mette Fertner PhD student, DTU vet

Mette Hillersborg Dyrlæge, Ceva Animal Health

Mette Olaf Nielsen PMSO, IKVH, KU-SUND

Mette Schmidt Cand med vet, lektor, IPH, KU-SUND

Morten Thomsen Journalist, cand. agro., LandbrugsMedierne

Nadia Jakobsen BSc.stud. Animal Science, KU-SCIENCE

Nana Dupont Ph.d. student, IPH, KU-SUND

Nicolai Weber PhD Student, IPH, KU-SUND Niels-Erik Manniche Cand.med.vet., PHARManniche

Nils Toft Professor, DTU Veterinærinstituttet

Nis Hybjerg Kjer Optimeringschef, ATR Landhandel DK ApS

Olga Fredborg Nielsen Stud.med.vet, KU-SUND

Per Nielsen Adjunk, IPH, KU-SUND

Per Runge Sales Manager, Vestjyllands Andel

Peter Astrup DVM, MSD Animal Health

Peter Høgedal Dyrlæge, LVK

Pia Brandt Ph.D. Student, Danish Meat Research Institute and Aarhus University Poul Bækbo Head of section,Section for Veterinary R&D, Pig Research Center, SEGES Preben Mortensen Cand. Med Vet, Merial

Päivi Worsøe DVM, PhD student, KU-SUND

Rene Rolsner DVM, Scanvet

Rikke Ingeman Svarrer Cand. Agro, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Rikke Lassen Jensen Cand. scinet. Animal Science, Danish Crown

Rikke Søgaard Dyrlæge, Hipra Danmark

Sadhana Adhikary PhD student, IVS, KU-SUND

Sarah Mortensen Stud.med.vet, KU-SUND

Sheeva Bhattarai Scientific assistant, IPH KU-SUND

Simon Smed Sørensen Stud.med.vet, KU-SUND

Susanna Cirera Associate Professor, IKVH, KU-SUND

Sven Erik Lind Jorsal Cand.Med.Vet., Seniorrådgiver, DTU Veterinærinstituttet

Svetloza B. Stoyanov Veterinarian, Manex sun

Søren Hertel General Manager, Andrimner Thomas Særkjær Salgschef, Big Dutchman (Skandinavien) A/S

Thomas Sønderby Bruun Cand. Agro, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Tina Sørensen Stud. Animal Science, KU-SUND

Tong Li Posdoc, IKVH, KU-SUND

Torben Hjorth Distriktschef/District Manager, ATR Landhandel DK ApS

Torben Jensen Produktchef, Vestjyllands Andel

Torben Skov Ancker Cand. Agro, Hornsyld Købmandsgaard a/s

Trine Christner Månsson Veterinary, LVK

Troels Olesen Cand. Agro, Dansk Vilomix A/S

Vibe Dalhoff Andersen PhD Student, DTU

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Villy Schrøder Jørgensen Distriktschef Svin, ATR Landhandel APS

Vivi Aarestrup Moustsen Chefforsker, Videncenter for Svineproduktion, SEGES

Yu Zhang PhD Student, IKVH, KU-SUND

1

Key Lecture: Why is the production of slaughter pigs in

Denmark decreasing? By Jacob Rasmussen, Head of co-op supply, Danish Crown

2

Why is the production of slaughter

pigs in Denmark decreasing?

Jacob Rasmussen

Danish Crown

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Increase in piglet production –

decrease in finisher production

15.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

30.000.000

Eksport (Slagtesvin) Eksport (Smågrise) Slagtninger i DanmarkAntal

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Answer

The competitiveness is stronger

in competing countries!

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3

What is competitiveness?

Ability to generate profit.

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What defines profit in the Danish

pig sector? (slaughter pigs)

Cost

structure

in Danish

Crown

Efficient

sales

Farm

cost

structure

Competing

value

chains

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EU expanded in 2004 and 2007

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4

Low wages

Index: 100= DKK 270 (Horsens)

2027

34

85

100

GermanySwedenDenmark UK

-66%

Poland

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Danish Crown changed the cost structureDC Pork

Sdr. Felding (Udbening) 2003

Nørresundby (Slagtninger) 2003

Ebeltoft (Udbening) 2003

Slagelse (Udbening) 2004

Bjerringbro (Slagtninger) 2004

Hjørring (Slagtninger) 2004

Gl. Horsens (Slagtninger) 2005

Odense (Slagtninger) 2006

Grindsted (Slagtninger) 2006

Vejle (Udbening) 2006

Viborg (Udbening) 2007

Skive (Slagtninger) 2008

Hurup (Udbening) 2008

Vojens (Slagtninger) 2008

Nykøbing Mors (Udbening) 2008

Holstebro (Natholdet) 2008

Holstebro (Dagholdet) 2009

Rødding (Udbening) 2009

Esbjerg (Nathold) 2010

Esbjerg 2012

Sæby (søer) 2014

Fåborg 2016

Tulip:• Brønderslev 2003

• Ebeltoft 2003

• Borring 2003/04

• Vejle Havn 2004

• Odense 2004

• Ringsted 2005

• Viby 2005

• Brabrand 2007

• Sdr. Borup 2010

New• Oldenburg 2004, 2009, 2010

• Boizenburg 2004

• Polen 2004 og 2006

• England 2003, 2004 og 2007

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A necessary change

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5



Cost

structure

in Danish

Crown

Efficient

sales

Farm

cost

structure

Competing

value

chains

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Efficient sales

Processing

Specialized cuts and market access

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DC Foods

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Cost

structure

in Danish

Crown

Efficient

sales

Farm

cost

structure

Competing

value

chains

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Cost of slaughter pigs

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

Euro/kg

Interpig 2013

Same piglet cost,

worse competitiveness

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Cost

structure

in Danish

Crown

Efficient

sales

Farm

cost

structure

Competing

value

chains

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7

EU regulations

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Why is the production of slaughter

pigs in Denmark decreasing?

Cost

structure

in Danish

Crown

Efficient

sales

Farm

cost

structure

Competing

value

chains

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Improvement of 1.200 mill. DKK annually

18

Government

(200 mill. DKK)

Employees

(200 mill. DKK)

Farm efficiency

(400 mill. DKK)

Danish Crown

(400 mill. DKK)

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8

Questions

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9

Session 1: Sows and Piglets

11

Cystitis in Danish sows at slaughter – prevalence and

diagnosis By Lola Tolstrup Leihardt, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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”Enhedens

PhD-title:“Urinary tract infections in sows - Occurrence, importance, diagnosis and treatment”

Lola Tolstrup LeihardtDVM, PhD student

Urinary tract infections in culled sows.- Bacteriuria and pathologic lesions in full and empty bladders.

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Introduction

UC Care: University of Copenhagen Research

Center for Control of Antibiotic Resistance.

Work package 4: Diagnostic of urinary tract infections

• human, dogs og swine.

Supervisors: Jens Peter Nielsen (Professor, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM)

Ken Steen Pedersen (CEO OE-Vet A/S, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM)

Luca Guardabassi (Professor, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECVPH)

Master student:Sarah Mortensen (cand.med.vet)

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Introduction

Aim:

To optimize the use of antibiotics for urinary tract infections (UTI) in sows, by providing evidence based protocols for diagnosing UTI.

Main focus: cystitis.

Objective:

To investigate the prevalence of, and associations between, bacteriuria and pathologic changes in the bladders of culled sows.

13

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Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Background

Figure 1: Antimicrobial consumption by indication for sows, Denmark. Modified from DANMAP, 2011.

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Materials and methods

• Culled sows – Danish Crown in Skaerbaek

• 176 Bladders with urine

• Urine is collected by cystocentesis

• Urine culture

• Macroscopic organ examination

• (histology)

• Master project

• 67 empty bladders

• Culture, macroscopic examination

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Data collection

pictures by Lola Tolstrup Leihardt

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Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Preliminary results

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Results

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Prevalence – species

Samples total n % af pos.

Full bladders 176

Culture positve 72

E.coli 43 75*

* Significant difference

Empty bladders 67

Culture positive 51

E.coli 50 98*

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Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Prevalence – pathology

Positive % of all bladders*

Full bladders

Hyperaemia 96 63

- slightly 63 41

- extensive 33 22

Concrements 45 29

Pus 19 12

*none is significant

Empty bladders

Hyperaemia 46 67

- slightly 30 45

- extensive 16 24

Concrements 13 19

Pus 11 16

Tekst starter uden

og ”Enhedens

Resistance

• Resistance evaluation of all isolates

• Sensititre plates

• ESBL

Tekst starter uden

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Perspective

• 30-75 % prevalence of bacteriuria – importance?

• Poor reproduction?

• Lower welfare of the sows?

• (mis)use of antibiotics?

16

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Perspective

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THANKS!

Questions?

17

Physiological characteristics of high producing lactating

Danish sows By Anja Varmløse Strathe, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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”Enhedens

Physiological characteristics of lactating high producing Danish sows

Anja Varmløse Strathe

[email protected]

Department of Large Animal Science


Copenhagen January 28th

Slide 1

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Introduction

PhD-project:

HIPROSOW: High prolific sows and vital piglets –new protein requirements



Slide 2

Supervisors:Christian Fink Hansen, IPH, KU Anne-Helene Tauson, IKVH, KU Thomas Sønderby Bruun, Danish Pig Research Centre, SEGES

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Background

• Genetic improvements -> high prolific sows

• Larger litters and higher litter gains

• Great demand for nutrients for milk production



Slide 3

Milk production

DietBody protein and

fat

What is the right balance between bodymobilization and milk production?

For many years: zero weight loss is best

But is the metabolism of the sow more efficientwhen catabolic?

When is body mobilization harmfull?

What is the connection between fat and protein metabolism during mobilization?

For many years: Energy deficit -> fat mobilization

Protein deficit -> protein mobilization

But it is not that simple!

19

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Background

• More information on the high prolific sow is needed!

• A trial was carried out to test effects of different dietary Valine-to-lysine ratios for lactating sows.

• No effects of dietary treatment -> data was pooled

• Characterisation of the high producing sow

= sow with high litter gain/milk yield



Slide 4

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Data collection

• Conducted in a Danish farm

• 565 lactating sows (parity 1 to 4)

• Experimental period: d -7 to d 26 post-partum

• Sows were allotted to one of six diets from d 2:



Slide 5

Diet

1 2 3 4 5 6

Composition

Energy, MJ ME/kg 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0

Crude protein, % 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2

Standard digestible lysine, g/kg 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1

Standard digestible valine, g/kg 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.9

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Measurements – all sows (565)



Slide 6

Day -7

• Body weight sow

• Back fat sow

Day 2

• Standardization of litter to 14 piglets

• Litter weight

• Body weight sow

• Back fat sow

Day 26

• Weaning

• Litter weight

• Body weight sow

• Back fat sow

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Measurement – subsample of 72 second parity sows



Slide 7

Day 2

• Blood sample

• Urine sample

Day 10

• Blood sample

• Urine sample

• Litter weight

Day 17

• Blood sample

• Urine sample

• Milk sample

• Litter weight

• Body weight sow

• Back fat sow

Day 26

• Blood sample

• Urine sample

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Summary of data

Measurement Mean SD

Parity 2.5 1.0

Litter size weaning 13.0 1.1

Feed intake, kg/d 6.1 0.7

Litter gain, kg/d 2.9 0.5

Milk yield, kg/d 11.3 1.4

BW change d 2 to 26, kg -22.1 12.7

BF change d 2 to 26, mm -2.9 1.7



Slide 8

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Results: feed intake, back fat and sow BW



Slide 9

3 4 5 6 7

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Feed intake, kg/d

P<0.001r=0.46

Litter gain, kg/d

-2 0 2 4 6 8

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Back fat loss, mm

Litter gain, kg/d

P<0.001r=0.42

-40 -20 0 20 40 60

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

BW loss, kg

Litter gain, kg/d

P<0.001r=0.48

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

01

23

45

34

56

78

BW loss, kg

Litt

er

ga

in,

kg/d

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120 140 160 180

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Litter gain, kg/d

Plasma creatinine, µmol/L

P<0.01r = 0.34

Results – plasma creatinine



Slide 10

High plasma creatinine -> muscle break down

High muscle mobilization -> higher litter gain

Both protein AND fat mobilization is required for high ADG

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Results: Differences between parities



Slide 11

1 2 3 4

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Parity

AD

G,

kg

/d

Litter gain, kg/d 1 2 3 4

6

8

10

12

14

Parity

Milk

yie

ld, kg

/d

Milk yield, kg/dFirst parity vs. Multiparous sows

• Lower milk yield -> Lower litter gain• Lower intake• Lower BW loss• Same back fat loss

• More nutrients are used for body growth

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Results- Litter gain and output of milk nutrients



Slide 12

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fat output milk, g/d

Litter gain, kg/d

P<0.001r=0.49

200 400 600 800 1000

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Protein output milk, g/d

Litter gain, kg/d

P<0.001r=0.45

200 400 600 800 1000

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Lactose output milk, g/d

Litter gain, kg/d

P<0.001r=0.64

22

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What is next?



Slide 13

Effects of feed intake, body mobilizationand litter gain during lactation on:

• Weaning-to-estrus interval • Litter size in next reproductive cycle

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Conclusions

Characteristics of the high producing sow:

• High milk yield

• High output of nutrients in milk

• High feed intake

AND

• High BW loss

• Loss of both body fat and protein

• 2.-3. parity



Slide 14

”Enhedens

Ny slide og klik på


Copenhagen January 28thSlide 15

Questions?

23

Early life nutrition, development and survival, -

Experimental studies in neonatal piglets By Louise Langhorn, Research Assistant, IKVH

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”Enhedens

Early life nutrition, development and survival- experimental studies in neonatal piglets

Louise Langhorn, DVM, Research Assistant

Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition

Dept. Clinical Veterinary and Animal Science

University of Copenhagen


Cph Pig Seminar 2015Slide 1

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Clinical and experimental nutrition duringdifferent phases of life



Fetus Preterm TermMalnutrition

Obesity

Weaning

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NEOMUNE 2013-2018:

Milk and microbiota effects on

immunity, gut and brain development

Neuro-

endocrine

signalling

Immunological

& neuro-trophic

milk factors

Dietary &

bacterial

metabolites

Immune &

inflammatory

mediators

25

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www.neomune.ku.dk

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Parenteral nutrition duringfetal life

Preterm piglets

derived by

caesarian section

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Umbilical arterycatheterization

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

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Preterm pig

Colostrum Preterm pig - Formula

NEC

Main risk factors of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC): Prematurity, formula nutrition and gut colonization

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Prematurity + formula + germ free => no NEC

Prematurity + formula + antibiotics => reduced NEC

Sangild et al. 2006. Gastroenterology.

Jensen et al. 2013, Am. J. Physiol

The role of gut microorganisms

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Does the route of administration matter?

Oral vs systemic prophylactic antibiotics in preventing NEC

NEC incidence

Con

trol

IA PO

0

20

40

60

80

100

10/1610/17

0/16

%

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Dietary effects on gut health in early life

Pro- andprebiotics

Carbohydrate

Protein

Regulatorypeptides

Caesarean sectionvs vaginal delivery

Enteral/parenteral

Germ free / antimicrobials

Amniotic fluid

Lactose >>> maltodextrin

Fecal transplantation

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Bodyweight (g)

First nutrition after term and preterm birth- What are the long term consequenses ?

0 5 10 15 20 25500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Preterm-TPN

Preterm-BC

Term-TPN

Term-BC

Postnatal age, days

Bovinecolostrum

Raw bovinemilk

Whole milkpowder

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Upcoming study

• Prenatal cortisol administration

Preterm birth

Cortisol adm.

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Thanks!

Questions or comments?

29

Sows in SWAP pens By Janni Hales Pedersen, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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dato og ”Enhedens

Janni Hales Pedersen

PhD student

Department of Large Animal Sciences

[email protected]

January 2015

Sows in SWAP pens

Sow Welfare And Piglet protection

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Background

Danish industry

• 10 % loose housed lactating sows

Loose housed sows is a challenge

Temporary confinement

• Only use confinement when needed

Maximise piglet survival

Minimise impact on sow welfare

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FF = Free FarrowingSWAP = Sow Welfare And Piglet protection

The SWAP pen

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Experiment

Placement to gestation d 114

Gestation d 114 to farrowing

Farrowing to lactation d 4

Lactation d 4 to d 7

Treatment

Loose

ConfinedLoose Loose

ConfinedLoose Confined

LooseLoose Confined

CCLL LC

Period Housing

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Experiment

Production herd

• 700 litters/treatment

Productivity

• Piglet mortality

• Post mortem examination

Sow measurements

• Saliva cortisol (48 sows/treatment)

• Behaviour (20 sows/treatment)

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Piglet mortality

Total mortality

Crushed

a

b

a

x

zy

Batches: 58 56 59

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Live born mortality

n=682 n=668 n=658

a

b

a

n=682 n=668 n=658

a

c

b

Before equalisation, % Equalisation to day 4, %

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Saliva cortisol

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Behaviour

Treatment ×Time: P = 0.02

Treatment×Day: P < 0.001

Postural changes, no/interval

Rolling, no/interval

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Standing and lying

Treatment×Time: P < 0.01 Treatment: P=0.66

Standing, min/interval Lateral lying, min/interval

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Conclusions

Confinement in SWAP pens

• Improved piglet survival

• Increased risk of mortality from birth to equalisation

• Decreased saliva cortisol

• Influence on sow behaviour

• Less rolling

More to come…

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Thank you for your attention!!!

35

Session 2: Growing Pigs

37

MRSA in livestock – facts and challenges By Poul Bækbo, Head of section, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM, Section for

Veterinary R&D, Pig Research Center, SEGES

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MRSA IN LIVESTOCK FACTS & CHALLENGES

Poul Baekbo

Head of section, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM

Section for Veterinary R&D

PRESENTATION

● SEGES

● Danish pig production

● MRSA CC398 in Denmark

● The strategy on MRSA by The Pig Research Centre

ABOUT SEGES

The Knowledge Centre for Agriculture and the Danish Pig Research Centre have merged to one company with effect from 1 January 2015. SEGES is our new company name

SEGES

● About 650 employees

● Locations in Agro Food Park near Aarhus and on Axeltorv in Copenhagen. Laboratories, research farms etc. in Kjellerupand Vejen

● Annual turnover is about one billion DKK

● SEGES is owned by the Danish Agriculture & Food Council

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22 January, 20154...|

ORGANISATIONAL CHART

PIG RESEARCH CENTRE

● Financed by Danish pig farmers

● Responsible for research and knowledge

transfer to the Danish pig industry

● Trials for 20 million Euro per year

(100 R&D persons)

● Operating in 200 commercial farms

PRESENTATION

● SEGES




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DANISH PIG PRODUCTION

31 million pigs produced per year

‒ 20 mill slaughtered

● Export of 2 mill tons of pork per year

‒ Export of 11 mill weaners

PRESENTATION

● SEGES




STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

50% of the human population are carriers of Staph.

‒ 25% are permanent carriers

‒ 50% will be infected during the day

‒ 25% are never infected

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MRSA 398 = LIVESTOCK ASS.

Methicillin Resistent Staphylococcus aureus

Danish PIG isolates LA-MRSA

● All tetracyklin-resistent

● Some are multi-resistente

Other animals (outside DK)

● Horses, cattle, poultry

NEW HUMAN CASES OF MRSA IN DENMARK

14 64 43 111 166 233

648760648

788 777

987

1129

1335

1455 1155

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

MRSA 398 Andre MRSA 31%

MRSA

positive

Number

testede

%

positive

Pig farm worker 15 486 3,1

Adviser 2 108 1,8

Veterinarian 0 25 0

Other 2 150 1,4

769 participants testet (41%)

FARMER CONGRESS IN 2008

TEST FOR MRSA

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HUMAN RISKS OF LA-MRSA

MRSA risk-report, December 2014

● For the Danish population in generel LA-MRSA is a very small health problem

● Only limited risk by consumption of Pork

Main clinical manifestation

● Infected wounds

● Abcesses in the skin

Most human carrieres loses MRSA398 in 1-2 days

MRSA CC398

First isolation from af Danish pig farm

2006

MRSA398 IN PIG HERDS

IN 2008

>30%

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Random sampling in 80-200 pig herds by the authorities

PREVALENS OF MRSA CC398

INFECTED PIG HERDS IN DENMARK

År % positive pig herds

2009 12

2010 16

2011 16

2014 68

63 % infected nucleus herds in 2014

PRESENTATION

● SEGES



● The strategy on MRSA by

the Pig Research Centre

FULL TRANSPARANCY

The strategy

1. Takes the problem seriously, but we have to live with it

2. A high degree of dialog with the authorities

3. Ensure high level of information to all persons at risk‒ Workers in pig farms

‒ Veterinarians & other farm advisors

‒ Farm visitors

‒ People cleaning emty pig farms

‒ Truck drivers

‒ Meat inspectors (anto mortem inspection)

4. Promote activities to reduce the overall consumption of antibiotics

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CONSUMPTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN EUROPE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Mg/kg animal (biomass)

European Medicines Agency, 2013

Our strategy on the use of antibiotics

- 10% overall reduction by 2020

- 50% reduction in tetracyclin by end of 2015

KEEP MRSA INSIDE THE FARMS

MRSA infected farms

● The herd owner must inform

‒ Workers and visitors

‒ Byers of pigs

All pig farms

● The herd owner must ensure high level of hygiene, whenever people are leaving the farm

‒ Change of clothes

‒ Shower out OR wash of hands & desinfection

‒ Farm clothes washed inside the farm

ENTRY ROOM

Outerarea

Innerarea

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NO MRSA DECLARATION/ERADICATION

The Pig Research Centre do NOT see farm declarationand/or eradication as a relevant option

● Too many farms allready infected

● False confidence by the farm workers

● Reliable free-testing is a challenge

● No proven way of elimination of MRSA from a farm

● Potential conflicts with other infections of interest‒ Pig diseases (SPF-diseases)

‒ Other zoonotic infections (Salmonella)

NEW R&D ACTIVITIES

Svineafgiftsfonden (2,3 mill kr in 2015)

● Hygiene as a way of reducing spread from pig farms

● Prevalence of MRSA in horses and cattle in DK

● MRSA398 from pig herd to hospital

Dan Jørgensen (35 mill. Kr in 3 years)

● Project by DTU & SSI

● 15 different R&D activities‒ Simulation model of LA-MRSA dispersal & control

‒ Occurence of MRSA in pig farms

‒ Control & reduction in pig farms

‒ Risk for humans due to LA-MRSA in pigs

‒ Ecomonic impact assesment for the Danish society

CONCLUSION

We seek full tranparency

We must learn to live with MRSA cc398

We must reduce the transfer

from farm to society

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VI KAN OG VIL GØRE DET ENDNU BEDRE

25 22-01-2015 dok. 20120021

Questions ?

47

Genome-wide association study reveals a locus for nasal

carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Danish crossbred pigs By Merete Fredholm, Professor, IKVH

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Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Breeding

CPH Pig Seminar January 28, 2015

Genome-wide association study reveals a

locus for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus

aureus in Danish crossbred pigs

Per SkallerupCarmen Espinosa-GongoraClaus Bøttcher JørgensenLuca GuardabassiMerete Fredholm

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Staphylococcus aureus – an important pathogen



http://sciencephotolibrary.tumblr.com/post/22205450074/ staphylococcus-bacteria-coloured-scanning-electr

Humans

Wound infections

Endocarditis

Bacteremia

Sepsis

Livestock

Bovine mastitis

Ovine staphylococcal

dermatitis

May colonize various skin and mucosae sites in healthy individuals

Nasal carriage is associated with a higher risk of S. aureus infection

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Colonization of the host

Longitudinal studies in humans:

• Persistent carriers (PCs) ~ 20%

• Intermittent carriers ~ 30%

• Non-carriers (NCs) ~ 50%



Successful colonization requires

that S. aureus:

1) adheres to certain nasal epithelial

ligands

2) overcomes the host immune defense

The molecular mechanisms underlying colonization of the host are poorly understood• Host factors• Bacterial factors

e.g. Wertheim et al. 2005

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Why study S. aureus in pigs?

Pigs and other livestock species carrying S. aureus may act as a source of human colonization and infection

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become a public concern

Studies of colonization in pigs might provide information on host-pathogen interaction



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Objective of genetic study

Perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus in pigs.



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Study Design

600 pigs (finishers) on 20 commercial pig farms were screened once per week over three weeks

Nasal swab Viable S. aureus quantified by the most probable

number method

• PHENOTYPES: Non-carrier (NC), intermittent carrier, persistent carrier (PC)

DNA from selected pigs (n=266)

• Selection of extreme phenotypes for GENOTYPING



50

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dato og ”Enhedens CPH Pig Seminar January 28, 2015


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Selection of extreme phenotypes



Definition of non-carrierPigs which were negative on all three sampling time-points, OR which had 100 CFU (the lowest positive titer) on one and only one sampling occasion.

Major concern in GWAS studies: Phenotypic characterization of the animals: definition of cases and controls

Definition of persistent carrierPigs which were positive on all three sampling time-points.

N=72

N=56

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Data set for GWAS



#Pigs #SNPs

Initial dataset 128 (72 NC + 56 PC) 61,565

Genome position not provided - 12,627

Located on sex chromosomes - 1,381

Excluded during QC* 7 NC 23,638

Final dataset 121 (65 NC + 56 PC) 23,919

*Pigs: call rates > 0.95, FDR for unacceptably high heterozygosity < 0.01, IBS < 0.95

*SNPs: call rate > 0.95, MAF > 0.05, HWE < 0.05.

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IgG levels specific for clumping factor A



**

Foster et al. 2014

Same trend found in a human study (Verkaik et al, 2009)

Espinosa-Gongora et al. 2014

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Check for confounding



λGC=1.06

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Association analysis



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Eleven spa types were distributed across the farms:



Farm No. Non-carriers Persistent carriers

(numbers spa-typed)

Number of persistent carriers

colonized by one spa type

Number of persistent

carriers colonized by

two spa types

Number of persistent

carriers colonized by

three spa types

2 5 4 (3) 3 (t011) 0 0

3 0 6 (5) 0 5 (t034, t1334, t2462) 0

4 4 0 NA NA NA

5 0 5 (5) 2 (t034, t1333) 3 (t034, t1333) 0

6 5 2 (2) 0 2 (t034, t1333) 0

7 10 0 NA NA NA

8 12 1 (0) NA NA NA

10 0 12 (12) 7 (t034) 5 (t034, t3131) 0

11 0 2 (1) 0 0 1 (t011, t1580, t5817)

12 1 7 (6) 1 (t2315) 4 (t034, t2315, t5817) 1 (t2315, t2370, t5817)

13 16 1 (1) 0 1 (t034, t1334) 0

16 5 2 (2) 0 2 (t034, t337) 0

17 2 5 (0) NA NA NA

18 7 6 (0) NA NA NA

20 5 3 (0) NA NA NA

Total 65 56 (37) 13 22 2

No significant association was found between carriage of specific S. aureus lineages (CC9, CC30/ST433 and CC398) and SNP MARC genotype

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Statistics for the two lead SNPs

SNP ID ChrPosition

(bp)A1/A2

MAF

(PCs)

MAF

(NCs)PGC raw P

MARC0099960 12 43,145,785 G/A 0.63 0.32 4.9 10-6 0.04

ALGA0104951 12 43,380,247 G/T 0.61 0.33 1.3 10-5 0.11



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Perspectives

Elucidate aspects of host pathogen interaction

Potentials for treatment

Decrease infection pressure

Through Selection



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Acknowledgements

Tina Neergaard Mahler

Christel Ammitzböll Halberg

Ditte Lundt Gamborg

Peter Karlskov-Mortensen

Danish Council for Independent Research | FTP



Colonizing new territory?

55

A multi-dimensional dynamic linear model for monitoring

growing pigs By Dan Børge Jensen, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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Multivariate Dynamic Linear Models for Monitoring of Grower/Finisher Pigs

Dan B. Jensen

[email protected]

Centre for Herd-oriented Education, Research and Development,Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen


CPH PIG 2015

Dias 1

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Introduction

The PigIT Project:

• Application of “off-the-shelf” sensors

• Data integration, modeling and alarms

• Management/alert response

Motivation:

CPH PIG 2015

Dias 2


IF “everything is fine” THEN “things progress as expected”

Therefore:

IF “things progress UN-expectedly” THEN “Something is wrong!”

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Introduction

Data source:

Two double pens from a Grower/Finisher Unit

CPH PIG 2015

Dias 3


Also Temperature, Humidity and (Activity)

Water flow Live weightWet feed use

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Introduction

Dynamic Linear Models – a Quick Introduction

1. Features:

• Dynamic, i.e. Adaptive

• Predictive, i.e. provides (one-step-ahead) forecasts

• Assumes normality

2. Usefulness:

• Monitoring of (production) systems over time

3. Examples from Animal Science

• Monitoring litter size at herd and sow levelBono et al., 2012

• Detection of sow oestrusOsterson et al., 2010

CPH PIG 2015

Dias 4


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Introduction

Dynamic Linear Models – a Quick Introduction

1. Structure

Observation equation

System equation

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Dias 5


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Dynamic Linear Models – Examples (Uni- and Multivariate)

Observation equation

Examples

CPH PIG 2015

Dias 6


Co-variance matrix(EM algorithm)

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Examples

Dynamic Linear Models – Examples (Uni- and Multivariate)

System equation

CPH PIG 2015

Dias 7


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Examples

Resulting Graphs

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Dias 8


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In Conclusion

Take Home Messages

Perspectives:

This research was carried out with support from The Danish Council for Strategic Research

(The PigIT Project, Grant number 11-116191)CPH PIG 2015

Dias 9


3. Multivariate Dynamic Linear Modeling is a relatively simple and effective method for integration of multiple different data series

1. When all is well, the DLM forecast will be within expected parameters – and vice versa!

2. A model combining multiple lines of evidence is hoped toprovide more information than the sum of the individual components

1. Correlating specific patterns of forecast errors to specific conditions could yield specific alarms

59

Prioritization of alarms from automatic monitoring systems

in livestock production – a review By Katarina Nielsen Dominiak, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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Prioritization of alarms from automatic monitoringsystems – an area that needs more focus

Katarina Nielsen Dominiak

PhD studentDepartment of Large Animal SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen

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About me

• Cand. Scient in biology from Aarhus University 2005

• Farm manager at a sow herd with 600 sows, nucleus management and weaners (7-30 kg) 2006-2007

• Pig consultant at LMO, Eastern Jutland 2007-2013

• PhD student in the PigIT Project since March 2013

• I live near Bjerringbro in Jutland and have my daily office at Foulum (Aarhus University)

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 2


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The PigIT project

• Data is collected in threecommercial herds and Grønhøj (Pig Research Centre)

• Tail bitingDiarrheaFouling

• Water consumption at two-pen levelFeed consumption at two-pen levelTemperature at pen levelHumidity at pen levelActivity at pen levelWeight gain at pen level

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 4


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My part in the PigIT project

Title:

‘Methods for Prioritization of Alarms and Interventions’

Hypothesis:

By combining information from many different automatic and non-automatic sources it will be possible to reduce the number of false alarms from the monitoring system and thus avoid unnecessary (and potentially harmful) interventions

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 5


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What creates alarms in traditional pig production?

Traditionally an alarm is given for any – or most –automatically monitored processes

In weaner- and finisher production the alarms are typically for

• Ventilation

• Temperature/humidity/climate

• Feeding system

- Mixer when wet feed

- Grain snail/spiral when dry feed

- List of animals not eating in ESF or weighing pen

• Water system

- Broken water pipe

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 6


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What creates alarms in future pig production?

Camera monitoring can detect changed activity level as indicator of

- Tail biting

- Ear suckling

- Bullying of a low rank animal (indicating sick/dead animal)

- Fouling

- Diarrhea

Changes in growth rate through weight estimation

Lying behavior as indicator of local climate in the pen

Changes in eating- or drinking pattern amongst pigs can be an indicator of diseases and general well being of the pigs

Sound recordings can identify respiratory diseases or aggressive behavior amongst pigs

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 7


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How specific should a warning system be?

When trying to detect a rare event the specificity of the system is crucial

A master thesis on oestrus detection in sows had a specificity of 99,4 % but oestrus being so rare an event in the setup meaning that a specificity of 99,94 % would still give 50 % false alarms (Ostersen, T. 2009)

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 8


Rasmussen, M. D. 2003

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Too many false alarms - consequences

An alarm demands an action from the farmer or personnel

Too many false positive alarms are time consuming and diminishes the trust in the alarm system

Consequences can be that

- Farmer or personnel ignores the alarm from time to time –it’s not taken seriously

- The sound or light from an alarm system is deactivated or simply shut off

- Farmer or personnel makes up their own prioritization of the alarms based on experience, time expenditure, gut feeling and work enthusiasm

- Animal welfare is at risk of being compromised

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 9


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How have other ranked or prioritized alarms?

A Dutch group of scientists have had some focus on this area

Until now they have published two papers on ranking/prioritization of alarms or alert lists – both on AMS alerts and mastitis diagnosis

And that’s it!

Clearly more focus need to be put on this subject

So much scientific work is put in building models and analytical tools – but they are not implementable in real life because of the amount of false alarms

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 10


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What I aim to do

• Write a position paper on the subject

• Analyze data from water consumption sensors (at two-pen level) and combine it with non-automatic information from the herd logbook

• Expand my work with data from other sensors and/or outcome of models from colleagues in the PigIT project

CPH Pig 28-01-2015

Dias 11


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Thank you for your time – any questions?

This project is supported by The Danish Council for Strategic Research (The PigIT project, Grant number 11-116191)


65

Session 3: Prevention and Therapy

67

Intestinal health in Danish weaners – treatment and control By Nicolai Weber, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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Nicolai Weber

DVM, PhD student,

LVK,

Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen

Intestinal health in Danish weaners – treatment and control

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Agenda

• Aim - Motivation

• Study design

• Results

• Conclusion

• Take home messages


Dias 2

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Aim

• Increase intestinal health in weaned pigs

• Reduce feed cost

• Optimized animal welfare

• Reduced consumption of antibiotic consumption

Motivation

• Antibiotic usage

• 43 % of antibiotic consumption in pigs in 2014 prescribed to intestinal diseases

• Development of diagnostic decision tools

Supervisors:Jens Peter Nielsen (Professor, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM)

Christian Fink Hansen (Associated Professor, MSc Animal Science, PhD)

Ken Steen Pedersen (CEO OE-Vet A/S, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECPHM)Dias 3


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Process

Infectiondynamics

Timing of antibiotictreatments

Data collected in 2014

E.Coliinvestigation

Dataanalysis

Spring 2015

Intervention-

study

Alternatives to antibiotic

treatments

Fall 2015

Dias 4


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Intestinal infection in weaner pigs

• E. coli mainly involved 1-2 weeks post weaning(PW)

• PWD, Edema disease

• Largely controlled with in-feed administration of zinc oxide

• Most research on diarrheic outbreaks later then 2 weeks PW has been done on L. Intracellularis

Previous research results • 33 % weaner pigs with diarrhoea in ”healthy sections”

• 20 diarrheic outbreaks investigated

• 45 % mixed infections

• 30 % E. coli

• 10 % L.intracellularis

• 5 % B. pilosicoli

• 10 % no agents

Dias 5


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Previous results

• Pooled fecal samples (sock samples)

• E. coli F4+F18, B. Pilosicoli, L. Intracellularis

• Indirect diagnostic method

• >1,5 diarrheic pools per pen and > 35.000 bacteria = >15 % of pigs with intestinal infection

Dias 6


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Study design

• 3 production farms

• No major disease problems in weaners besidesdiarrhoea treatments

• 10 sections

• 8 pens selected 14 days after weaning

• Fecal samples from untreated pens week 3, 4, 5 and 6 post weaning tested by qPCR

• E. coli investigation

• Fecal samples from untreated diarrheic pigs and from pens with diarrhoea prevalence >25 %

Dias 7


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E. Coli investigation

• Fecal samples from 93 diarrheic pigs

• Fecal samples from 31 pens with >25 % diarrhoea prevalence

• Laboratory work-up:

• Culture(hemolytic/non-hemolytic)

• Toxin and fimbriae testing by PCR

• F4, F5, F6, F18, F41, STa, STb, LT, VT2e

Dias 10


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E. coli results – culture + fimbriae analysisPreliminary results

Dias 11


% E. coli growth Number of pigs

0 3

1-40 13

40-80 24

81-100 53

• 155 strains analysed so far

• Resistance profiles pending

• 40% (63/155) F18 positive strains

• 98 % (61/63) F18, hemolytic strains

• No other fimbriatypes detected

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E. coli results – ToxinsPreliminary results

Dias 12


F18 Toxins Hemolysis no of strains

+ STb + 25

STb:LT + 19

STa:STb + 13

STb:LT - 1

LT - 1

None + 4

F18

- STb - 25

STa:STb - 20

None + 7

VT2E + 2

STb:LT - 1

None - 37

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Conclusion

Dias 13


• Increase in diarrhoea prevalence over time

• 52 % of pens positive for E. coli F18 week 3 PW

• 93 % for L. intracellularis week 6 PW

• Hemolytic E. coli present in diarrheic pigs and in pens with diarrheic pigs

• Preliminary results:

• 40 % of stains F18 positive, 98% hemolytic

• 87 % of hemolytic strains F18 positive

• Toxins present in F18+ and F18-

• STb toxin most frequently present

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Take home messages

• F18 positive toxin-producing E. coli present beyond 1-2 post weaning

• F18 positive E. coli can play a role in diarrheic outbreaks

• F18 main fimbriae

• F4 fimbriae not detected

• Not all diarrhoea is caused by L. intracellularis

• Mixed infections is widespread 3-6 weeks post weaning

Dias 14


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Questions?

Dias 15


73

Serotype-independent bacterial immunogens: an

alternative vaccine's development against Actinobacillus

pleuropneumoniae By Fabio Antenucci, Ph.D. Student, IVS

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SEROTYPE-INDEPENDENT

BACTERIAL IMMUNOGENS

An alternative vaccine’s developmentagainst Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae

• Supervisor: Dr, Anders Miki Bojesen

• Co-supervisor: Dr. Peter Holst

• Ph.D student: Fabio Antenucci

Why a vaccine???

Cheaper

Prevents

No antibiotic resistance

Vaccination Principles

• A vaccine provides a set of pathogen-specific molecules that, coming into contact with the host immune system, are able to elicit an effective and long-lasting protection against that pathogen.

• These molecules are termed antigens and include proteins,

polysaccharides and lipids

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Antigens: a molecular I.D.

(adaptive)

Immune system

The good antigen

Protectiveness: The immune response provoked by

the antigen confers protection against subsequent

infections by the same pathogen

Immunogenicity: The property of an antigen to

provoke an immune response in a host exposed to it

Antibodies (IgG)

Generalities:

• Non-motile, gram-negative coccobacillus

• Swine respiratory pathogen

• 15 serotypes

• Transmission by aerosol

or direct contact

• High morbidity

• High mortality rate

Broadly effective vaccine available,

but…

The vaccine is rather expensive, being based on recombinant proteins

It doesn’t confer protection against the infection, preventing just the symptoms (vaccinated animals potential carriers)

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Gram-negative

bacterium

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Serotype-independent immunogens

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Serotype: a group of strictly related microorganisms

distinguished by a common set of antigens

Conserved

antigens (all 15

serotypes)

Antigens selection: Bioinformatic tools

Immunogenicity

Genes

Conservation

(DNA homology)

Protein propertiesLegend:

• Prediction

• Data

Different serotypes

genomes

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)

Gram-negative

bacterium

Antigens

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Verify the immunogenicity of the candidate proteins by using

convalescent pigs serum

Observe and characterize the vesicles produced by the OMVs mutants

obtained

Next steps

79

Natural plant compounds with immune-modulating and

anti-parasitic activity; implications for pig production By Andrew Williams, Post. Doc., IVS

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Natural plant compounds with anti-parasitic and immune-modulating activity: implications

for pig production

Andrew Williams

Veterinary Parasitology Group

Department of Veterinary Disease Biology

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences

University of Copenhagen

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Our Research Group:

- Focuses on sustainable control of livestock parasites- Strong emphasis on pig parasites

• High prevalence

• Direct effects on growth and performance

• Secondary effects on immunity and susceptibility to other pathogens

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Current control of parasites:

- Based exclusively on regular treatment with anthelmintic drugs (no vaccines).

- Alternative approach – integrated parasite management.

- Good hygiene and management

- Dietary supplements that boost natural immunity

- Bioactive diets that directly kill parasites

- Drugs

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Boosting natural immunity

Dias 4

0 1 4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

D a y s p o s t- in fe c tio n

IgM

(%

of

po

sti

ve

sa

mp

le)

C D H fe e d

C o n tro l

**

014

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

D a y s p o s t- in fe c tio n

IgG

1 (

% o

f p

os

tiv

e s

am

ple

)C D H fe e d

C o n tro l

**

Cinnamaldehyde in feed:

• Improves antibody responses to worms

• Increases ADG

• Stimulates lymphocyte proliferation in vitro

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• Further in vitro studies with polyphenols

Dias 5

Boosting natural immunity

CD

25

γδ TCR

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

3.2%

101

102

103

104

105

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107

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

39.2%

CD86 on Dendritic cellsPolyphenols may stimulate immunity to pathogens (e.g. worms!)

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Direct anti-parasitic effects

Dias 6

Weeks post inoculation

Me

an

EP

G c

ou

nts

**

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Diet 1 Normal

Diet 2 I+SBF

Diet 3 Inulin (I)

Diet 4 Sugar BeetFibre (SBF)

(Petkevicius et al. 2001)

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Dias 7

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

C o n c e n tra tio n (g /m L )

Mig

rati

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In

hb

itio

n (

%)

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Foster, et al. 2011. Vet Parasitol 180, 298 - 306

10 100 1000

0

50

100

Concentration ( g/mL)

%a

liv

e

Spadona

Puna

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Summary

• Worms are an increasingly important problem in pigs in Denmark

• Drugs can not be relied upon solely…. Need to investigate complementary control options

• Many cheap, natural plant compounds can stimulate natural anti-parasitic immune responses

• The same compounds may also directly kill the parasite

• Further work is on-going in our group to test these approaches

Dias 9

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Thanks

Dias 10

Everyone in the Veterinary Parasitology Group and elsewhere in IVS

Collaborators in UK, Netherlands and USA

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Is vaccination an alternative to antimicrobial treatment in

pig production? By Amanda Brinch Kruse, Ph.D. Student, IPH

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Is vaccination an alternative to antimicrobial treatment in pig production?

CPH Pig Seminar

January 28, 2015

Amanda Brinch Kruse

PhD student


Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences

[email protected]

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The overall project

The PhD project is part of UC-Care

• Interdisciplinary project at the University of Copenhagen

• Fight against antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals

• Work package 5: Cost-benefit analysis and decision support for stakeholders

Overall aim of the PhD project:

“To investigate biological effects of on-farm alternative risk mitigating strategies, compared to current practices involving antimicrobial treatment in pig production.”

Main alternative strategies to be investigated:

• Vaccination and biosecurity in Danish pig production

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Background

Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria

Focus on reducing antimicrobial use in pig production

• Reduce the risk related to antimicrobial resistance

• Alternative strategies that will minimize the need for antimicrobial treatment is needed

Vaccination can prevent specific diseases through immunization

• Will this minimize the need for antimicrobial treatment?

• When and to what extend?

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Vaccination against M. hyopneumoniaein Danish Farrow-to-finisher herds

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Introduction

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causing enzootic pneumonia

• Most common respiratory disease in pigs worldwide

• Lead to secondary infections – need treatment

• Prevention of disease by vaccination of piglets

Aim of the study: To determine the change in prescription of antimicrobials in Danish farrow-to-finisher herds after initiating vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

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Materials and methods – herds enrolled

Herds

Herds registered in the Danish Central Husbandry Register (CHR) with production of sows, weaners and finishers on the same CHR number

Vaccination

Registration of purchase of vaccination against M. hyopneumoniae

• Data on purchase of vaccines from Vetstat

• First purchase between 2005 and 2011

• Purchased continuously for at least one year

• In doses equal to the number of animals in the individual herd

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Materials and methods –antimicrobial consumption

• ADD calculations based on VetStat prescription data

• Output: Change in antimicrobial prescription after vaccination

• Given in Animal Daily Doses (ADD) per 100 animals per day

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Materials and methods – study design

Two

yearsVaccination initiated

Year before vaccination Year after vaccination

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T-test: Test for significant change

Generalized linear model: Effect of possible risk factors

• Baseline antimicrobial consumption

• Herd size

• SPF enrolment

• Year of first purchase

• Season for initiating vaccination (in yearly quarters)

• Veterinarian authorization number

Materials and methods – statistical analyses

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Preliminary results: T-test

163 farrow-to-finisher herds fulfilled the criteria for enrollment

74 herds had a significant mean decrease

• -3.2 ADD per 100 animals per day (p<0.01)

89 herds had a significant mean increase

• + 3.6 ADD per 100 animals per day (p<0.01)

Mean change for all herds ≈ 0

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• Monthly mean ADD for 74 herds with decrease in ADD after vaccination• Error bars representing 95 % confidence intervals • Data from 20-39 herds in each month• Highest baseline antimicrobial use• Decrease in ADD up until vaccination is initiated

Preliminary results

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Preliminary results

• Monthly mean ADD for 89 herds with increase in ADD after vaccination• Error bars representing 95 % confidence intervals • Data from 25-46 herds in each month• Lower baseline antimicrobial use• Increasing ADD up until vaccination is initiated

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Preliminary results: Generalized linear model

• Baseline antimicrobial consumption and herd size had a significant impact on the change in antimicrobial consumption after vaccination was initiated

Changein ADD/100

animals/day

Baseline in ADD/100 animals/day

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Preliminary results: Generalized linear model

• Baseline antimicrobial consumption and herd size had a significant impact on the change in antimicrobial consumption after vaccination was initiated.

Herd size

Change in ADD/100 animals/day

Large Small

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Discussion

Half of the herds had a significant mean decrease

• Due to higher baseline antimicrobial consumption

• High baseline due to problems related to M. hyopneumoniae?

Antimicrobial prescription vs. Antimicrobial consumption

• Is prescription data a good prediction of antimicrobial consumption?

Change in antimicrobial use after vaccination

• Lack of information: Why do they start vaccinate?

• Is increase in ADD due to no effect or explained by an outbreak?

• Is decrease in ADD due to vaccination or other initiatives?

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Further studies

Effect of other vaccines

• PRRS, PCV2, Lawsonia, App

• Combination of vaccines

Effect of biosecurity

• Another prevention strategy

• Also in combination with specific vaccines

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Is vaccination an alternative to antimicrobial treatment in pig production?

Vaccination against M. hyopneumoniae could be an alternative

• If the baseline consumption is high due to problems related to infections with M. hyopneumoniae

• Depends on current disease status

• During an outbreak a vaccine will never be an alternative – only as prevention!

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Acknowledgements

• The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration for providing VetStat and CHR data

• The Danish Agriculture & Food Council for providing CHR data

• Danish Pig Research Center for providing SPF data

• DTU-VET and University of Copenhagen for data assistance

• University of Copenhagen (UC-Care) for funding

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Thank you for your attention!

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Session 4: Welfare

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Creating a Danish animal welfare index for pig production

systems By Björn Forkman, Professor, IPH

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A case-control behavioural study to determine the welfare

burden of pigs naturally infected with Taenia solium in

Tanzania By Chiara Trevisan, Ph.D. Student, IVS

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A case-control behavioural study to determine the welfare

burden of pigs naturally infected with Taenia solium in

Tanzania


PhD Student: Chiara TrevisanSupervisors: Maria Vang Johansen and Björn Forkman

Up to date with pig research 2015

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Introduction


CT-scan image:

arrows pointing

at calcified cysts

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Life cycle of T. solium

Does T. solium have anyeffects on pig welfare?


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Pigs : 17 infected 14 controls

Methodology

• Morogoro

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Fodder was provided twice a

day and water was provided

ad libitum.


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Amaranthus viridisSpinacia oleracea

Leucaena leucocephala

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Novel object test

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Cysts count before slaughtering


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Organs and muscles with Taenia solium cysts

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Thank you for your attention!

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Welfare assessment of finishing pigs from farm to slaughter By Pia Brandt, Ph.D. Student, Danish Meat Research Institute and Aarhus

University

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Pia Brandt, [email protected]

Welfare assessment of finishing pigs from farm to slaughter

Introduction

• Increasing demands for documentation from the market and the EU (EU regulation 1099/2009)

• Welfare Quality® Protocol (2009)

• On-site tools for continuous monitoring

Aim

• To develop a method for documentation of animal welfare on the day of slaughter of pigs; including:

• to investigate the relationship between selected ante-mortem observations and post-mortem measurements with the aim of identifying potential welfare indicators for future documentation of welfare of finishing pigs at commercial abattoirs. (Study 1)

• to develop an aggregated animal welfare assessment using expert opinion – an animal welfare index (AWI) – for finishing pigs on the entire day of slaughter, including an index within single stages as well as an overall index for the day of slaughter. (Study 2)

• to investigate the relationship between an animal welfare indexcovering the entire day of slaughter with selected post mortem measurements under commercial conditions. (Study 3)

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The day of slaughter

LoadingTransport

Break, loading

Unloading

Lairage

Stunning

Sticking

Handling

Brandt and Aaslyng, Meat Science 103, pp. 13-23, 2015

Study 1

• 80 pigs from 4 four herds

• Commercial 3-deck lorries

• Danish commercial abattoir

• 1 hour lairage, 15 pigs/pen

• Automatic race to stunning

• CO2 stunning in groups

• Sticking 820 pigs/hour

Unloading Lairage Race to stunning Sticking

Study 1

• Glucose and lactate was significantlypositively correlated to behaviors observedin the race to the stunning chamber.

• Relationship between creatine kinase activity and post mortem skin damage assessment on the shoulder

-> relevant indicators for assessing welfare on the day of slaughter

Brandt et al., Livestock Science 157, pp 535-544, 2013

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Study 2

• 45 pigs from 5 herds

• Heart rate

Study 3

• 480 pigs from 12 herds

• Blood samples

• Blood temperature

• pH

Outline - Study 2 and 3

1. Pick-up facilitySkin damageDurationStocking densityMixingFast

2. LoadingDurationDrivingReluctance to moveTurning backSlippingFallingLifting

4. UnloadingDurationDrivingReluctance to moveTurning backSlippingFalling

3. TransportDriving styleDuration of transportDuration of breaksTemperature

5. LairageSkin damageMixingDurationAggressionPostureMountingBeing mountedTime to lie down% of time lying

6. RaceSlippingFallingOverlappingMoved by gate

0. Home penSkin damage

7. StickingBlood sampleBlood temperature

8. Slaughter line Skin damagepH45

Heart rate

Pick-up Transport UnlaodingLairage Race StickingLoading

How important is it for me - when I need to assess pig welfare in the pick-up facility - to know whether and to what extent the pig has been / is exposed to the following five factors. Set 1 x in each line where 1 is not important and 5 is crucial.

Study 2

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Study 2

Animal Welfare Index (AWI)

UnloadingTransport Lairage Race

Study 2

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