UNUSUAL BUILDINGS AND VULNERABILITY IN EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster...
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![Page 1: UNUSUAL BUILDINGS AND VULNERABILITY IN EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d985503460f94a821ec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UNUSUAL BUILDINGS AND VULNERABILITY IN
EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia,
USA
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BACKGROUND
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
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BUILDING ELEVATIONS
• FACT: Unnecessary FACT: Unnecessary horizontal and vertical horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness will increase a and stiffness will increase a building’s vulnerability to building’s vulnerability to strong ground shakingstrong ground shaking. .
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FACT: UNUSUAL BUILDINGS ARE LIKELY TO BE MORE
VULNERABLE IN AN EARTHQUAKE
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A CHURCH: REYKJAVEK, ICELAND
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ATLANTIS HOTEL: DUBAI, UAE
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EMP MUSEUM: SEATTLE, WASHINGTON (USA)
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A LIBRARY: KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI (USA)
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A HOTEL: PYONGYANG, NORTH KOREA
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“THE GHERKIN,” AN OFFICE BUILDING: LONDON
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SKY CITY (2,749 FEET--NOT YET FINISHED) : CHANGSHA, CHINA
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REGULARITY IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION REDUCES ITS
VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-21-2
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X-Cracks around windows.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
BoxBox
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DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA
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ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL CHANGES: CHINA
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
11
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
PyramidPyramid
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 64 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted PyramidInverted Pyramid
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 65 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
““L”- Shaped L”- Shaped BuildingBuilding
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3 - 53 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted “T”Inverted “T”
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 32 - 3
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Multiple SetbacksMultiple Setbacks
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 54 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
OverhangOverhang
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6 - 76 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Partial “Soft” StoryPartial “Soft” Story
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor
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THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY
THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 109 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Combination of Combination of “Soft” Story and “Soft” Story and
OverhangOverhang
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1010
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Building on Building on Sloping GroundSloping Ground
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SOFT STORY BUILDING ON
SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 98 - 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Theaters and Theaters and Assembly HallsAssembly Halls
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 109 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Sports StadiumsSports Stadiums
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SIMPLICITY IN A BUILDING’S FLOOR PLAN REDUCES ITS
VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
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BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
• FACTFACT: CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
11
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
None, if symmetrical layout maintained.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
BoxBox
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 42 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
RectangleRectangle
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 42 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Street CornerStreet Corner
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 105 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
““U” - ShapeU” - Shape
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
44
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Courtyard in CornerCourtyard in Corner
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
88
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
““L” - ShapeL” - Shape
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TORSION: CHINA
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 75 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
““H” - ShapeH” - Shape
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Complex Floor PlanComplex Floor Plan
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5- 95- 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners.
FLOOR PLANFLOOR PLAN
Curved PlanCurved Plan