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![Page 1: Until more recent times, scientists named Things with crazy long names that Just described the organism. Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649d0a5503460f949dc244/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Until more recent times, scientists namedThings with crazy long names that
Just described the organism.
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo,abdomine fusco, pedibus posticisglabis, untrique margine cilatus.
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Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy.
Until the mid-1700s, biologists named a particular type of organism by
adding descriptive phrases to the name of the genus
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A Simpler System
A simpler system for naming organisms was developed by the Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus
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Linnaeus’s two-word system for naming organisms is called binomial
nomenclature
Over the past 250 years since Linnaeus first used two-part binomial
species names, his approach has been universally adopted
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Scientific Name
The unique two-part name for a species is now referred to as its
scientific name
The first word is the genus to which the organism belongs. A genus is a
taxonomic category containing similar species
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The second word in a scientific name identifies one particular kind of
organism within the genus, called a species. A species is the basic
biological unit in the Linnaean system of classification
With Linnaeus’ system, the honey bee Is now called Apis mellifera.
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Classifying Organisms
Linnaeus worked out a broad system of classification for plants and animals
in which an organism’s form and structure are the basis for arranging
specimens in a collection
The genera and species that he described were later organized into a
ranked system of groups that increase in inclusiveness
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Similar genera are grouped into a family
Similar families are combined into an order
Orders with common properties are united in a class
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Classes with similar characteristics are assigned to a phylum
Similar phyla are collected into a kingdom
Similar kingdoms are grouped into domains
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Classification of the Honeybee
Each level of classification is based on characteristics shared by all the
organisms it contains
The honeybee’s scientific name, Apis mellifera, indicates that it belongs to the genus Apis, which is classified in
the family Apidae
All members of the family Apidae are bees that live either alone or in hives,
as does Apis mellifera
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What Is a Species?
In 1942, the biologist Ernst Mayr of Harvard University proposed a biologically based definition of
species, which is called the biological species concept
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Mayr defined a biological species as a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed,
and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Sometimes individuals of different species interbreed and produce
offspring called hybrids
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Evaluating the Biological Species Concept
The biological species concept works well for most members of the kingdom
Animalia, in which strong barriers to hybridization usually exist
In practice, modern biologists recognize species by studying an
organism’s features
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But the biological species concept fails to describe species that reproduce
asexually, such as all species of bacteria and some species of protists, fungi, plants, and even some animals
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Number of Species
The number of species in the world is much greater than the number
described Only about 1.5 million species have
been described to date
Scientists estimate that 5 million to 10 million more species may live in the
tropics alone
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Evolutionary History
Classification based on similarities should reflect an organism’s
phylogeny, that is, its evolutionary history
Through the process called convergent evolution, similarities
evolve in organisms not closely related to one another, often because the organisms live in similar habitats
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Similarities that arise through convergent evolution are called
analogous characters
Phylogenic Diagram of Mammals
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Cladistics
Cladistics is a method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on
shared characters With respect to two different groups, a character is defined as an ancestral character if it evolved in a common
ancestor of both groups
A derived character evolved in an ancestor of one group but not of the
other
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Cladistics is based on the principle that shared derived characters provide
evidence that two groups are relatively closely related
A biologist using cladistics constructs a branching diagram called a cladogram, which shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Organisms that share derived characters, are grouped together on the cladogram
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Cladogram: Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds
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Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants
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Considering Characters
The great strength of cladistics is objectivity. If a computer is fed the same set of data repeatedly, it will make exactly the same cladogram
every time
The disadvantage of cladistics is that the degree of difference between
organisms is not considered
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Cladistic analysis does not take into account variations in the “strength” of
a character, such as the size or location of a fin or the effectiveness of
a lung. Each character is treated equally
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Evolutionary Systematics In evolutionary systematics, taxonomists give varying degrees of importance to characters and thus produce a subjective analysis of
evolutionary relationships In this type of analysis, evolutionary relationships are displayed in a
branching diagram called a phylogenic tree
Evolutionary systematics involves the full observational power of the
biologist, along with any biases he or she may have.
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Evolutionary Systematics and Cladistic Taxonomy
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How many domains are there?
3
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The three domains are….
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Eukarya has 4 kingdoms…
Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
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