UNSEEN UNIVERSE€¦ · These instruments show us a universe that is real but not visible to our...
Transcript of UNSEEN UNIVERSE€¦ · These instruments show us a universe that is real but not visible to our...
UNSEENUNIVERSEVERSION(SUBTITLES) REVISED:SEP11,2019
SCENE TIME SCRIPT
TITLES OPENINGTITLES
01:00 UNSEENUNIVERSE
INTRO INTRODUCTION
00:40 Wearecreaturesofsight,alwaystryingtoseefartherandingreaterdetail,exploringthedistantuniversefarbeyondourothersenses.
01:15 Afleetofhugeinstrumentsareourneweyesonthecosmos,tunedtoallthecolorsoflight.Airbornetelescopesscantheheavens.ObservatoriesonhighmountainpeaksstarethroughEarth'sclearskies,andspreadacrossvastdrydeserts,hugetelescopeswatchthesky.Radioearsasbigasafootballstadiumcapturethelowestfrequenciesoflight.
01:53 Anotherradiodevicethesizeofakitchentablediscoveredthatthestarsfirstbegantoshinenearly13billionyearsago,justaftertheuniversebegan.Tocapturesomeofthemostelusiveparticlesburieddetectorsaredeepunderground,evenundertheice,atthesouthpole,attheIceCubeObservatory.
02:35 Whysomanyinstrumentsinsomanydifferentplaces?Becausesomuchishappeningthatwecannotseeweneeddevicestorevealwhatoureyescannot.Theseinstrumentsshowusauniversethatisrealbutnotvisibletooureyes.Weseetheresultofpowerfulforces-nuclear,gravitationalandmagnetic,drivingchangeintheuniverse.
03:09 Thereisacosmicdramaintheheavensabove,withscenesandcharacterswe'veneverseenbefore.It'smagnificent,it'sbeautiful,it'sfascinating,it'sstartling,surprising,enigmatic,andforeverpuzzling.
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03:36 WearephysicallyboundtoEarthbutourvisionhasbeenfreedtoexploreauniverseweneverknewexisted,justwaitingtobediscovered.
03:58 Formillionsofyearsoureyeslimitedourviewtoanarrowbandofelectromagneticradiationwecallvisiblelight.Butmostlightisinvisible.Justinthelast90yearswehavedevelopedinstrumentsthatdetectandtranslatethisinvisiblelightforus.Fromtheshortanddangerousgammarays,tothelongwaveswecallradio.
04:31 Mostofushaveseenoutputofdevicesthatturninfraredheatemissionsandshadowscastbyx-raysintovisiblelightimages.
04:59 SomespacecraftusetargetedradiowavescalledradartoseethroughdensecloudssuchasthehazecoveringSaturn'smoon,Titan.
05:15 We'veusedbothradarandinfraredinstrumentstoseethroughthecloudsofVenus.Theirdatasuggesttheheatsignatureofvolcaniceruptionsonthesurface.
05:46 Wewereoncepuzzledbywhatappearedtobeavastartificialstructuresurroundingastar.ObservationsfromEarthandspacehaveidentifiedtheheatsignatureoforbitingdustparticlesratherthananyformofanaliensphere.
06:11 Inresearchastronomy,theabilityofinfraredtoseethroughdustandgascloudsisamazing.Hiddenobjectsappearclearly.Imagesofthemostdistantandoldestobjectsappearinreddenedhues.ForthisreasonspacetelescopesbeyondHubblewillbetunedforinfraredlight.
06:50 WeneedtelescopesinspacetoseeallcolorsoflightbecauseEarth'satmosphereshieldsusfrommuchoftheincomingradiationsomeofitdangerous.Goodforus,notsoforastronomers.
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07:04 FortunatelytherearesomewindowsthatastronomerscanexploitonEarth.Mountaintopsaremuchpreferredastheairisthinandsometimesquitestable.
07:25 Higherstill,andbetterforsomeinfraredobservations,theSophiaTelescoperidesinamodified747aircraft.
07:41 5000metersabovesealevel,ononeofthedriestplacesonEarth,66giantdishesofESO'sALMATelescopelookattheuniversebetweeninfraredandradiowaves.Ittargetsdense,coldclouds,andregionsofdustwherestarsandplanetarysystemsareforming.Thisamazingimageshowsprotoplanetaryringsaroundayoungstar.Theexplosivedebrisfromastarbirth,andnow,molecularclouds,fuelingagiantgalacticblackhole.
08:27 Tuningoureyestodifferentwavelengthshasrevealedawondrousandmysteriousuniverse.For250years,ourtelescopeswerelikegianteyeglasses.Producingbrighterandsharperimageinvisiblelight.Butwithoutcameras,astronomerscouldsharetheirvisiononlythroughhanddrawings.
08:57 In1840'sIreland,thethirdEarlofRossebuilttheworld'sbiggesttelescopethatgaveunprecedentedviewsoftheheavens.Inhisvividandmostaccuratedrawings.herecordeddetailsneverbeforeseen.inmanymagnificentcelestialobjects.
09:18 IntheconstellationofTaurushefocusedinonatiny,distant,wispyobject.Becauseofitsmanytendrils,hecalledittheCrabNebula,thenamewestillusetoday.Itisamostfascinatingobject.Wenowknowitasthedebrisofanexplodedstar,withanintriguingobjectinitsheart.
09:40 ThegianttelescopeenabledtheEarltoseedeeperintospaceandresolvemoreinformationthananyonebefore,particularlyinthisobjectthathecalledtheWhirlpoolNebula.Thisishisdrawing,andthisistheviewfromtheHubbleSpaceTelescope.Inthe1920'sitwasrealizedthatthiswasagalaxyofbillionsofstarsandlater,thatitwastwogalaxiesincollision.Itturnsoutthatcollisionsandexplosionsarekeystoourunderstandingthefundamentalforcesofnature.
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10:24 Formostofthe20thcentury,weviewedtheuniverseinblackandwhitebecausecolorphotographywasnotscientificallyaccurate.Theninthe1970'sDavidMalin,anAustralianastronomer,usedspecialfiltersandcombinedred,green,andblueimages.Hecreatedthefirstaccuratescientificcolorandrevealedtousthetruesplendorsoftheheavens.
11:05 ThisistheCrabNebulathatwasnamedbytheEarlofRosse.It'sacompositeimageofshellsofexcitedgassesinnon-visualwavelengths.Layerbylayer,wepeelthembackanddiscoverthenebula'ssecret,aneutronstar,moremassivethanourSun,butonlythesizeofacity.it'stheremnantofasupernovaexplosionalmost1000yearsago.
11:32 In1987thebrightestandclosestsupernovain400yearssuddenlyflared.5hoursbefore,flashesoflightweredetectedinahugeundergroundlaboratoryinJapan.Forthefirsttimewehadcapturedelusiveparticlescalledneutrinos,generatedbythecollapseofastar'scoreduringamonumentalnuclearexplosion.Atthismoment,trillionsofneutrinosareharmlesslypassingthroughourbodies.MostwillhavecomefromtheSun,butotherswillhavecomefromexplodinggalaxiesandstars.
12:00 The1987supernovawasabout30timesmoredistantthantheCrab,yetmoderninstrumentshaveallowedustowatchthedramaunfold.Lightappearedfirst,thenwesawtheexplosivedebrisshootthroughspaceilluminatingandlatercollidingwithnearbymaterial.RecentimagesfromtheALMAobservatoryshowadensecentralreddustcloudpossiblyhidinganeutronstarorevenablackhole.
13:12 Ifoureyesviewedtheskyindifferentradiowavelengthswe'dseetheMilkyWayilluminatedbytheglowofcountlessancientsupernovas.Supernovabubbleslitterthescene.
13:25 ThisisthedebrisoftheVelasupernova,whichexploded11,000yearsagoatadistanceof800lightyears.Theexpandingshockwave,100lightyearsacross,createsglowingfilamentsasitcollideswithdarkgasclouds.Eachdothereisnotastarbutagiantactivegalaxywithablackholeatitscenter.
13:57 Theactivegalaxiesaresimilartothisone,CentaurusA,whichistheclosesttousatamere11millionlightyearsaway.Thisisacannibalgalaxy.Thebandofdustacrossthecenterisprobablytheremnantsofitslastgalacticmeal.Warmdustsurroundsitsheart,andradioimagesexposethefeedingfrenzyofanenormous,centralblackhole,55milliontimesmoremassivethanourSun.
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14:40 MostgalaxieshavecentralblackholesincludingourownMilkyWay.TheFermiSpaceObservatorydiscoveredhugelobesofgammaradiationextending25,000lightyearsfromthecenterofourMilkyWay.Itscentralmassiveblackholehadahugefeastabout9millionyearsagoandtheseFermibubblesarethecosmicleftovers.
15:04 AstronomersuseESO'sgiantChileantelescopestopenetratetheobscuringdustinthegalacticcenter.Hugestarsmovingatover400,000kilometersswirlaroundaninvisibleobject.Ablackhole?
15:26 In2017,aconsortiumoftelescopesusingradioandotherwavelengthscombinedtomakeaninstrumentthesizeoftheEarth.Theirtask,toimagetheblackholeinourgalaxy,andanotherintheM87galaxy.Thecomputationswouldtakeyears.
15:44 Justayearearlier,in2016,itwasannouncedthatapairoforbitingblackholeswhichhadcollidedoverabillionyearsago.hadfinallymadetheirpresencefelt.Inafractionofasecondabout3timesthemassoftheSunhadbeenconvertedintogravitationalwaves.For1.3billionyears,thosewavestraversedtheuniverseripplingspace-timeitself.
16:13 Foryearsastronomershadtriedtodetectsuchwavesandhadjustcompletedasystemoflaser-basedobservatories,LIGOandVirgo.Ourplanetslightlytrembledasthespace-timewarppassedby,andthedelicatedetectorsresponded,provingtheeffectivenessofthisnewwaytoobservetheuniverse.
16:41 OnthemorningofAugust17,2017,theFermiGammaRayTelescopepickedupapulseofhighenergylightfromapowerfulexplosion130millionlightyearsawaytwotiny,butmassive,neutronstarswerespiralingtotheirdoom,producinggravitationwavesastheyswirled.Secondsearlier,LIGOhaddetectedandthennarroweddowntheregionwherethesourcewouldbefound.70observatorieson7continentsandinspaceturnedtocapturethisobservable"kilonova".Observationsinwavelengthsfromgammawavestoradiowaveslocatedthesourceoftheintensegravitywaves.
17:37 Theslowlycoolingfireballofhotdebriswithaprobableblackhole,becameaperfecttargetforallthenewinstrumentsastronomershadbeenconstructingfordecades.Multi-messengerastronomywasborn-possiblythegreatestadvancesinceGalileoturnedhistelescopetotheskyin1610.
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18:03 Follow-upstudiesoftheglowing,butfading,fireballrevealednewelementsbeingcreated.Thecataclysmickilonovaproducedmysteriousshortgamma-rayburstsaswellastheheaviest,andmostpreciouselementsintheuniverse.Weestimatethatthiskilonovacreatedenoughgoldtomake3puregoldplanetsthesizeoftheEarth.
18:37 Thenafewweekslateranothereventbroughttogethermanydifferentobservatories.IceCube'sdetectorsattheSouthPolecaughtahighenergyneutrino.Itsundisturbedpathpointedtothecoreofagalaxybillionsoflightyearsaway.
18:51 Avarietyoftelescopescaughttheaction.Ajetofhighenergyparticlesfromafeedingsuper-massiveblackhole,waspointeddirectlyatEarth.Thisjetexpelsmanyextremelyhighenergycosmicparticlesmakingourownparticleacceleratorsseemquitepuny.
19:19 Thelargestofourparticledetectors,calledtheLargeHadronCollider,isburiedhundredsofmetersbelowgroundontheborderofFranceandSwitzerland.
19:31 Inside,thevastcirculartunnel,thebeamlines,andanamazingarrayofsuperconductingmagnetscontrolthefastmovingparticles.Herethebuildingblocksofmatteraremagneticallyfocusedintoopposingbeamsandacceleratedtonearlightspeeds.Particlesmustcollideinsideamassivecamera.Thisconcentrationofenergyrecreatestheconditionsabout1millionthofasecondaftertheBigBangandofthebirthoftheuniverse.
20:08 It'sironicthatweneedthisgiganticmachinetostudythesmallestparticlesknowntoexist.Makingthemachinesandcreatingthecollisionsaretheeasypart.Understandingthefundamentalstructureofmatteranddiscoveringthesecretsoftimeandspacearesomethingelse.
20:32 We'reenteringanamazingnewage,ofexplorationandunderstanding.Revolutionarygianttelescopesareunderconstruction.Theydwarfanythingwehavebuiltsofar.Supercomputerslinkclusteroftelescopescontinentsapart.Ingeniousdesignsallowustoviewtheheavenswithsuperhumansightandaccuracy.
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21:32 Inspace,theEuropeanGAIAspacecraftwithits1billionpixelcamerahasproducedthisamazingimageofourMilkyWaygalaxyandhasaccuratelymappedover1.7billionstars.Comparethisnumberwiththe9,000brightstarsthatwecanobservedirectly.HereweseestarsshiftingpositionthenearestmovingmoreasweorbittheSun.
22:07 Nowtheinterstellardustthatfillsthegalaxy.
22:20 Eachdotisarealstar,orbitingthegalacticcenter.Thisisnotaflightoffancy,butanexcursionthroughthousandsofactualstars.Atruestartrek,thankstoGAIA.
22:41 Withamirror3timeswiderthantheHubble's,andhundredsoftimesmoresensitiveintheinfrared,theJamesWebbTelescopelaunchesinthe2020's.
22:53 WenowhavethefirstresultsfromtheEarth-sizedconsortiumoftelescopes.Forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofmankind,theshadowofablackholehasbeenimaged.Itishardtocomprehendtheimportanceofthissingleimage.Undoubtedlyoneofthemostsignificantinastronomicalhistory.
23:13 Theblackholeissilhouettedbysuper-heatedgasspinningarounditabout1000timesmoremassivethantheoneinourMilkyWay.It'sinthecenterofthegalaxyM87,about50millionlightyearsdistant,Agasjet5000lightyearslongpointsdirectlytoit.We'relookingattheeventhorizon.Onceanymatterreachestheeventhorizon...it'sgone.Butasmaterialapproachestheeventhorizon,itgreatlyspeedsup,andemitsenergythatwecandetect.
23:48 Itwillbeawhilebeforetelescopesgiveusaviewasdetailedasthisanimation,butthedatawedohaveallowustomodelhowlightandmatterbehavenearamassiveblackhole.Justover100yearssinceEinstein'stheoriespredictedblackholes,wehaveseentheunseeable,andthefirstdirectvisualproofoftheirexistence.
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24:12 Astronomerswiththeirneweyesarerealizingthatthesefantasticgravitationalengineshaveplayedavitalroleintheevolutionoftheuniverse,andourselves.
CREDITS ENDINGCREDITS
24:34 DEDICATEDTOTHEMEMORYOFSTEPHENHAWKINGCHCBEFRSFRSA1942-2018
ExecutiveProducer KirkJohnson
Director TerenceMurtagh
Script TerenceMurtaghCarolynSumners
Narrator JohnBillingsley
ESOLiaison LarsLindberghChristensen
GRAPHICS
DD4SKYART DonDavis
ESO LuisCalcada
Evans&Sutherland KenarlsonMartySisam
Digistar6Renders KarenKlamczynskiBrianMoore
HoustonMuseumofNaturalScience
AdamBarnesTonyButterfield
M42Multi-WavelengthFlight SpaceTelescopeScienceInstituteCcaltech/IPAC
MIRAGE3d3608KLIVE-ACTIONFILMING
Camera RobinSipChristiaanDaniëlWouda
Compositing ChristiaanDaniëlWoudaMarijnKuipersManoliTsigonakis
PostProduction BryceBuchanan
AdministrativeSupport JennDavis
MUSICANDSOUNDRECORDING
OriginalMusicScore ChanceThomas
MusicScorePerformedby TheUtahFilmOrchestra
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Conductor JuddMaher
EngineeringandMix GlenNiebaur
OrchestraContract JennSprague
SoundDesignandEffects MichaelMcDonough
EVANSANDSUTHERLANDTHANKSTHEFOLLOWINGINDIVIDUALS,RESEARCHINSTITUTESANDOBSERVATORIESWHOSEASSISTANCEMADETHISPRODUCTIONPOSSIBLE
EuropeanSpaceAgencyGaiaMissionSOFIAInfraredObservatoryPicduMidiObservatory,Pyrenees,FranceEuropeanSouthernObservatoryMurchisonNeutrinoObservatory,AustraliaKamiokandeNeutrinoObservatory,JapanIceCubeSouthPoleNeutrinoObservatoryJAXAJapaneseAerospaceExplorationAgencyNASAJamesWebbTelescopeESOAlmaObservatory(ESO,NAOJ,NRAO)ESOParanalObservatoryLordandLadyRosse,BirrCastle,IrelandGrainneO’MalleyBirrCastleGardensandScienceCentreNickRisingerNatashaHurley-Walker(Curtin/ICRAR)andtheGLEAMTeam,AustraliaRobertGendlerNASASpitzerandChandraSpaceTelescopesEventHorizonTelescope(APEX/ALMA/IRAM/SPT/JCMT/LMT/SMA/SMT)BlackHoleCamLIGOGravitationalWaveObservatories,USAVirgoGravitationalWaveObservatory,ItalySouthAfricanRadioObservatoryMeerKATArrayCERNLargeHadronColliderPeterMcCready
Copyright 2019Evans&Sutherland
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