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25
. .
Transcript of UNSD — Welcome to UNSDunstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo//UNGEGN/docs/6th-gegn... · Spelling Rules for...
. .
A.
Histo
ry of
th
e Ga
zette
er
B.
Sele
ctio
n an
d So
urce
s Us
ed
I. Se
lect
ion
II.
Sour
ces
Used
2.
Sam
es
of
Fede
ral
Road
s
j. Sa
me8
of
Al
pine
Hu
ts,
Hote
ls,an
d In
ns
4 .
Othe
r Ge
ogra
phica
l Na
me’s
5, w
IEtiJ‘
C119
W‘L5
5 C.
Ar
rang
emen
t of
th
e Ga
zette
er
I. Th
e He
adwo
rd
1.
Main
En
tries
2.
Cros
s Re
fere
nces
3.
Alph
abet
ical
Arra
ngem
ent
II.
Pron
uncia
tion
1.
Gene
ral
Pr;"‘
i,,icr
.
.
2.
Spec
irl
Prob
lems.
j, Pr
onun
ciatio
n Ke
y
III.
Desc
riptio
n of
O
bjects
IV.
Gram
mat
ical
Info
rmat
ion
d
D.
Bis.
"
"p
t,.e
Stan
dard
izatio
n .
. a..
--
of
Geog
raph
ical
Sam
es
in
Austr
ia ',
q .
; ,r
,I.
Lega
l PO
da
tions
Com
Pe&o
e of
:
1;
Fede
ral
Auth
oritie
s
. . . . . .: ‘
C
2.
Land
er
- 4b
-
3.
Com
mun
es
4.
Own
ers
II.
Offi
cial
Sour
ces
1.
Offi
cial
Gaze
tteer
of
%
+&&t
ed
Plac
es
2.
Land
-regis
ter
3.
Regis
ter
of
the
Austr
ian
Rive
r Da
sins
4. Re
gister
of
Us
able
Wate
rs
5.
Gaze
tte
of
Vora
rlber
g
6.
The
Topo
grap
hiid$
M
aps
of
the
Fede
ral
Bure
au
of
lieig
hts,
M
easu
res
and
Surve
ying
III.
Gene
ral
Germ
an
Spel
ling
Rules
for
Ge
ogra
phica
l Na
mes
IV
. Th
e Ge
ogra
phica
:Nam
es
of
Mino
rity
Lang
uage
s .V
. Gl
ossa
ry.$%
ycr,
s*i
0 vyn
fL&
NJ
bi
b:pQ
+*h5
1.
O
fficia
l Be
aom
&w34
one
of
Units
.o
f Se
ttlem
ents
and
Adm
inistr
ation
11
%
E.
Abbr
evat
ions
an
d Si
gns
I I.
GAZE
TTEE
R
'2.
Geog
raph
ical
Appe
.%Bt
ives
Outsi
de
the
Gene
ral.
Voca
bular
y
4
-o-
I 0
INTR
ODU
CTIO
N r-j
/' l/r
t.Pw/
v ,
&k@
x-?Y
,,
A.
Eist
ory
of
the
Gaz
ette
er.
fo*
&?k
,
Aqc
hz
.
In
its
reso
lutio
n on
the
na
tiona
l st
anda
rdiz
atio
n of
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns
Conf
eren
ce
on t
he
Sta
ndar
disa
tion
of
Geo
grap
hica
l N
ames
, Gen
eva
4tD
22
Sep
tem
ber.1
967,
at
w
hich
Aus
tria
was
repr
esen
ted
by D
r. J
Bre
u,
mad
e th
e fo
llow
ing
.A
- re
com
men
datio
n:
"h'a
tiona
l ga
zette
ers:
It
is
reCO
mm
ende
d th
at
each
nam
es au
thor
ity
prod
uce,
an
d co
ntin
ually
re
vise
, ap
prop
riate
ga
zette
ers
of
all
its
stan
dard
ised
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es.
It is
fu
rther
re
com
men
ded
that
, in
ad
ditio
n to
th
e st
anda
rdis
ed
nam
es,
each
gaz
ettee
r
incl
ude,
as
a m
inim
um, s
uch
info
rmat
ion
as i
s ne
cess
ary
for
the
prop
er
loca
tion
and
iden
tific
atio
n of
th
e na
med
feat
ures
.
In
parti
cula
r, it
is
r&co
mm
ende
d that
th
e fo
llow
ing
be i
nclu
ded:
1)
The
kind
of
fe
atur
e t&
w
hich
th
e na
me
appl
ies;
2)
Pre
cise
de
scrip
tion
of
the
loca
tion
and
the
exte
nt,
incl
udin
g
a po
int
posi
tion
refe
renc
e,if
poss
ible
, of
ea
ch n
amed
feat
ure;
3) P
rovi
sion
fo
r th
e pa
rts
of
natu
ral
feat
ures
to
be
add
ition
ally
defin
ed
by r
efer
ence
to
th
e w
hole
and
fo
r th
e na
mes
of
exte
nded
feat
ures
to
be
def
ined
as
nec
essa
ry
by r
efer
ence
to
th
eir
cons
titue
nt
parts
;
4)
Guc
h in
form
atio
n on
adm
inis
trativ
e.
or
regi
onal
ar
eas
as i
s
cons
ider
ed
nece
ssar
y an
d,
if po
ssib
le,
refe
renc
e to
a
map
or
char
t w
ithin
w
hich
the
fe
atur
e lie
s;
5)
All
offic
ially
st
anda
rdis
ed
nam
es fo
r a
feat
ure,
if
ther
e ar
e
mor
e th
an
one;
an
d pr
ovis
ion
for
cros
s re
fere
nces
to
be
mad
e to
nam
es pr
evio
usly
us
ed
for
the
sam
e fe
atur
e.
Vlh
en n
atio
nal
auth
oriti
es
dete
rmin
e it
poss
ible
, bo
th
tech
nica
lly
and
econ
omic
ally
, th
ey
may
incl
ude
such
inf
orm
atio
n as
gend
er,
num
ber,
defin
ite
and
inde
finite
fo
rms,
po
sitio
n of
stre
ss,
tone
an
d pr
onun
ciat
ion
in
the
syst
em o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Pho
netic
A
ssoc
iatio
n an
d su
ch o
ther
lin
mist
ic in
form
atio
n
as m
ay le
ad
to
the
bette
r un
ders
tand
ing
and
use
of
nam
es b
oth
natio
nally
an
d in
tern
atio
nally
."
Thi
s re
com
men
datio
n se
rved
as
a g
uide
line
in
the
prep
arat
ion
of
the
gaze
tteer
. lo
reov
er,
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
, in
th
e .$
.a~
reso
lutio
n,
reco
mm
ende
d the
publ
icat
ion
of
glos
sarie
s of
geog
raph
ical
ap
pella
tives
oc
curr
ing
in
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
and
lists
of
of
ficia
lly
ackn
owle
dged
nam
es cf
m
inor
ity
lang
uage
s.
Afte
r ex
amin
ing
the
conf
eren
h'e
repo
rt th
e A
ustri
an
Aca
dem
y O
f "
Sci
ence
s no
tifie
d th
e
lette
r da
ted
15 D
ecem
ber 1
967,
Zl
. 18
18/6
7 th
at
it ad
voca
ted
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
e re
com
men
datio
ns o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns
in
Aus
tria.
c-
. Th
e pl
an
to
prep
are
a ga
zette
er
was
the
reup
on
disc
usse
d by
Dr.
$sti
BI3
u an
d M
r. W
. W
agne
r, th
en
head
of
the
Fed
eral
_C
.- -.
Sur
vey.
Fo
r fin
anci
al
and
tech
nica
l re
ason
s it
was
out
of
th
e
ques
tion
for
the
time
bein
g to
pr
oduc
e a
gaze
tteer
pr
ovid
ing
com
plet
e co
vera
ge f
or
Aus
tria
or
even
onl
y in
clud
ing
all
the
nam
es co
ntai
ned
in
the
Cst
erre
ichi
sche
H
arte
1
: 50
,000
; L.
ho
wev
er,
the
chan
ces
wer
e go
-L%
for
a se
lect
ive
gaze
tteer
w
hich
!
wou
ld b
e su
ffici
ent
for
smal
l-sca
le
natio
nal
atla
s ca
rtogr
aphy
and
for
inte
rnat
iona
l ca
rtogr
aphy
, si
nce
the
Sur
vey
was
just
in
the
proc
ess
of
com
pilin
g th
e N
amen
vera
eich
nis
der
ttber
sich
tska
rte
von
este
rrei
ch
1 :
500,
000.
In
D
ecem
ber 1
968
Mr.
A.
Gru
bing
er
_-..
-..-.
. co
mpl
eted
thi
s w
ork;
th
e S
urve
y th
en
assi
gned
him
the
ta
sk
to
. st
art
draf
ting
a ca
rd
inde
x fo
r th
e ga
zette
er.
-8-
‘b 0
On
16
Janu
ary
1969
th
e De
partm
ent
of
Carto
grap
hic
Topo
nym
y of
the
Aust
rian
Carto
grap
hic
Com
miss
ion
of
the
Aust
rian
Geo
grap
hica
l
Soci
ety
was
esta
blish
ed
in
Vienn
a to
ac
t as
a
coor
dina
tion
Centr
e for
al
l its
co
mpe
tent
fe
dera
l an
d pr
ovin
cial
bodi
es,
scie
ntifi
c in
stitu
tions
an
d pu
blish
ing
hous
es.
The
spec
ifica
tions
subm
itted
by
D
r. J.
Br
eu
for
the
treat
men
t an
d pr
esen
tatio
n of
--
the
vario
us
entri
es
were
ad
opte
d an
d th
e fo
unda
tions
la
id
for
the
prep
arat
ion
of
the
gaze
tteer
, wh
ich
phas
e wa
s co
nclu
ded
in
1972
.
In
1970
an
d 19
71
the
work
wa
s re
ferre
d to
th
e to
pony
mic
co
mm
ittee
s
of
the
prov
ince
s fo
r re
view
and
corre
ctio
n.
The
Cste
rreich
ische
s
Stat
istis
ches
Ze
ntra
lam
t co
nclu
ded
its
revis
ion
in
the
sum
mer
Of
1974
.. At
th
e en
d of
19
71
Dr.
,O.
Back
as
sum
ed
the
task
of
,
prov
idin
g th
e ph
onet
ic no
tatio
n wh
ich
he
conc
lude
d in
19
73.
The
Depa
rtmen
t of
Ca
rtogr
aphi
c To
paym
y al
so
diec
usse
d th
e
gaze
tteer
at
va
rious
m
eetin
gs
and
offe
red
valu
able
ad
vice
on
the
syst
emat
ic8
and
pron
uncia
tion
of
nam
es
of
popu
late
d
plac
es.
Khile
wo
rk
on
the
man
uscr
ipt
was
unde
r w
ay,
the
proj
ect
gaine
d
furth
er
impo
rtanc
e on
ac
coun
t of
m
ore
rece
nt
reso
lutio
ns
of
the
Unite
d na
tions
. Re
solu
tion
35
of
the
Unite
d Na
tions
Conf
eren
ce
on
the
Stan
dard
isatio
n of
G
eogr
aphi
cal
Nam
es,
Lond
on
10
to
31
Kay
1972
, re
com
men
ds
the
com
pila
tion
of
sele
ctiv
e
gaze
tteer
s to
th
ose
coun
tries
wh
ich
are
not
yet
in
a po
sitio
n
to
subm
it a
com
plet
e ga
zette
er.
In
acco
rdan
ce
with
a
prop
osal
of
16
Kay
1972
by
Un
ited
Natio
ns
expe
rts
thes
e se
lect
ive
gaze
tteer
s ar
e to
be
in
corp
orat
ed
into
a
plann
ed
one
or
two-
volu
me
Conc
ise
Unite
d Na
tions
G
azet
teer
of
th
e W
orld
.
ii
-Y-
L
i c At
th
e en
d of
19
73
?rof
esso
r E.
kr
nber
ger
sugg
este
d th
at
the
. -
&aze
tteer
of
Au
stria
be
br
ough
t ou
t in
th
e se
ries
of
publ
icatio
ns
of
the
Inst
itute
of
Carto
grap
hy
of
the
Aust
rian
Acad
emy
of
* Sc
ienc
es.
k
. I j
.
I>-
- 10
-
B.
Sele
ctio
n an
d So
urce
s Us
ed.
AU’
yL.w
,
I. Th
e ga
zette
er
cove
rs
all
nam
ed
geog
raph
ical
feat
ures
co
ntai
ned
, in
th
e ffb
ersi
chts
karte
va
n as
terre
ich
1 :
500,
000,
ed
ited
by
the
Bun_
desa
fnt
(Lan
desa
ufna
hme)
in
VLfn
na,
1868
. Si
nce
the
sele
ctio
n of
na
mes
fo
r m
aps
is
ofte
n
gove
rned
by
pu
rely
carto
grap
hic
cons
ider
atio
ns,
a va
luab
le
stoc
k
of
nam
es
would
ha
ve
gone
un
reco
rded
ha
d th
e ga
zette
er
been
stric
tly
limite
d to
th
e bk
oers
ichts
karte
vo
n Cs
terre
ich
1 :
500,
000.
Th
e ad
ditio
nal
data
m
axsx
sata
sfsd
su
pplie
d by
Dr.
J.
Breu
we
re
sele
cted
wi
th
a wi
de
varie
ty
of
aspe
cts
in
min
d:
-- in
dust
rial
site
s,
tour
ist
cent
res,
ar
t tre
asur
es,
hist
oric
mon
unen
ts,
etc.
Th
e na
mes
of
fe
dera
l ro
ads,
im
porta
nt
pass
es
and
the
prin
cipal
ra
ilway
lin
es
have
al
so
been
in
clude
d.
Anno
tatio
ns
and
furth
er
info
rmat
ion
prop
osed
fo
r in
clusio
n by
t1.e
to
pony
mic
co
mm
ittee
s of
th
e pr
ovin
ces
have
al
so
been
take
n
into
ac
coun
t.
e-
As
far
as
the
sele
ctio
n of
th
e na
mes
of
po
pula
ted
plac
es
is
conc
erne
d a
few
ex
plan
ator
y re
mar
ks
are
calle
d fo
r.
Prin
cipal
ly,to
pogr
aphi
caily
in
depe
nden
t.pop
ulat
ed
plac
es
are
nam
ed
in
offic
ial
Aust
rian
carto
grap
hy.
In
the
Cste
rreich
ische
Xarte
1
: 50
,000
na
mes
of
co
mm
unes
.are
no
t se
para
tely
give
n as
su
ch
if th
ey
occw
as
na
mes
of
po
pula
ted
plac
es
in
the
resp
ectiv
e
com
mun
al
dist
ricts
. In
th
e t’b
ersic
htsk
arte
. 12
co
rnru
nes
are
prin
cipal
ly no
t en
tere
d an
d on
ly
popu
late
d pl
aces
ar
e na
med
. If
th
e ga
zette
er
had
been
in
tend
ed
for
adm
inist
rativ
e ra
ther
th
an
carto
grap
hic
or
geog
raph
ical
purp
oses
, it
would
ha
ve
been
-pre
fera
ble
to
refe
r to
co
mm
unes
- .A.&
-
rath
er
than
to
po
pula
ted
plac
es.
Howe
ver,
in
the
gaze
tteer
care
ha
s be
en
teke
n to
lis
t as
m
ain
entri
es
the
nam
es
of
the
grea
test
po
ssib
le
num
bel’
of
com
mun
es
not
at
the
sam
e
time
regi
ster
ed
as
nam
es
of
popu
late
d pl
aces
. I’-
II.
Sour
ces
Used
. -5
’ 1.
Na
mes
of
Po
pula
ted
Plac
es:
' O
rtsve
rzei
chni
s vo
n kt
erre
ich,
com
pile
d on
th
e ba
sis
of
the
cens
us
of
21
Xarc
h 19
61,
edite
d by
th
e Cs
terre
ichisc
hes
Stat
istis
ches
Ze
ntra
lam
t, Vi
enna
19
65.
This
offic
ial
gaze
tteer
is
base
d on
th
e re
fere
nce
arez
qf
1
Janu
ary
1964
. M
ore
rece
nt
chan
ges
have
be
en
take
n up
in
to
the
pres
ent
gaze
tteer
in
ac
cord
ance
with
th
e pr
ovin
cial
lega
l ga
zette
s 19
64-1
873.
Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es
of
the
gaze
tteer
th
e na
mes
of
po
pula
ted
plac
es
and
the
clas
sific
atio
n
of
settl
emen
ts
amon
g co
mm
unes
an
d ad
min
istra
tive
dist
ricts
are
as
of
1 Ja
nuar
y 19
74.
9 2.
Ra
mes
of
Fe
dera
l Ro
ads:
>-
Fe
dera
l Ro
ad
Act
1971
, Fe
dera
l Le
gal
Gaz
ette
fo
r th
e Re
publ
ic
of
Aust
ria,
No.
28
6/19
71.
>-
3.
Nam
es
of
A?pi
ne'H
uts,
Ho
tels
and
Inns
: 7
Tasc
henb
uch
der
Alpe
nver
eins
mitg
liede
r, ed
ited
by
V-s
Tasc
henb
uchs
de
r Al
penv
erei
nsm
itglie
der,
Vien
na
and
Mun
ich
1973
/74,
an
d Ve
hrsb
u-ch
,
Gst
erre
ichs,
Vi
enna
19
74.
>-
4.
Oth
er
Geo
grap
hica
l Na
mes
: -
’ cs
terre
ichisc
he
Karte
1
: 50
,000
, ed
ited
by
the
Bund
esam
t fW
Rich
- un
d Ve
rmes
sung
swes
en
(Lan
desa
ufna
hme)
. Fo
r th
e of
ficia
l
sour
ces
used
in
th
is
map
se
e Ch
apte
r D
I
of
the
intro
duct
ion.
Erro
rs
in
the
spel
ling
of
nam
es
in
the
‘1.
- 12
-
1 :
50,
000
which
be
cam
e ev
ident
du
ring
the
com
pila
tion
of
the
gaze
tteer
ha
ve
been
du
ly no
ted
for
corre
ction
.
- 5.
Ei
scel
lane
ous:
i---
Bane
s of
ex
tens
ive
area
s, of
m
ount
zin
grou
ps,
impo
rtant
eleva
tions
, wa
terfa
lls
and
the
like
which
ar
e no
t co
ntain
ed
in
the
Cste
rreich
ische
Ca
rte
‘1
were
de
tern
ined
afte
r
inten
sive
study
-.sf
the
mos
t im
porta
nt
geog
raph
ical,
hist
oric2
1 .
and
topo
nym
ic lite
ratu
re;
in
this
cont
ext
use
wes
mad
e of
th
e
mat
erial
co
mpi
led
by
Jose
f Br
eu
for
Nam
en,
revis
ed
and
edite
d by
th
e Pe
rman
ent
Com
mitte
e for
Ce
o-
- grap
hical
B2m
es,
hiann
heim
19
66.
The
nam
es
of
railw
ays
were
obta
ined
from
th
e ad
mini
strat
ion
of
the
Cste
rreich
ische
Bw,
the
nam
es-o
f ro
ads
inter
estin
g fro
m
the
tour
ist
point
of
vie
w fro
m
the
ro?d
au
thor
ities
of
the
prov
inces
.
C.
Arra
ngem
ent
of
the
Gaze
tteer
. /b
-,-
&.t.~
. J”
h&
Z !
The
geog
raph
ical
nam
es
cove
red
in
the
gaze
tteer
ar
e giv
en
in
alph
abet
ical
orde
r as
m
ain
entri
es
or
cros
s re
fere
nces
.
>-
1.
Main
En
tries
. >
The
mair
. -.-
.::*ies
ar
e di
scus
sed
in
bri=
f ar
ticle
s co
ntai
ning
al
l
the
nece
ssar
y le
xical
inf
orm
ation
. >i
2.
Cr
ose
Befe
renc
es.
1 Cr
oss
refe
renc
es
inclu
de:
varia
nt
form
s su
ch
2s
Isper
for
Ys
per
(river
); in
br
oken
en
tries
su
ch
as’D
ache
tein,
Ho
her
refe
renc
e is
. m
ade
to
Hohe
r Da
chste
in;
nam
es
for
parts
of
to
wns
and
the
like.
Alph
abet
ical
Arra
ngem
ent.
R)
the
custo
mar
y se
quen
ce
of
lette
rsof
th
e m
alp
habe
t is
us
ed:
2bcd
efgh
ijklm
nopq
rs
t u
v
WXY
~.
,,
‘2
-13-
ij an
d il
are
alpha
betis
ed
just
2s
th
e
corre
spon
ding
vowe
l let
ters
2,
o
2nd
u.
c)
ae,
oe
and
ue
are
alpha
betis
ed
as
2 pl
us
e,
o pl
us
e 2n
d
u pl
us
e re
gard
less
of
their
pr
onun
ciatio
n.
Exam
ple:
Oed
=
----
---
-___
__.
a>
5 is
alp
habe
fized
2s
8s
. __
__--
.
spac
es,
the
use
of
capi
tal
2nd
smal
l let
ters
2n
d
conz
as
are
disre
gard
ed
for
the
purp
oses
of
th
e al
phab
etica
l
arra
ngem
ent.
Exam
ples
&oBg
lockn
erho
chalp
enstr
aDe;
L2
2 an
de
r Th
aya
2s
Leaa
nder
thay
a;
J Dach
stein,
Ho
her
firos
s re
fere
ncg
2s
Dach
steinh
oher
. .
.
c .
- 14
-
0 0
II.
Pron
unci
atio
n.
S'&'
&&
u ,
*AZ.
'
, 1.
G
ener
al
Prin
cipl
es.
In
the
pres
ent
work
the
stan
dard
G
erm
an
pron
unci
atio
n ("
stag
e
pron
unci
atio
n")
of
each
geo
grap
hica
l na
me
is
indi
cate
d by
mea
ns
Of
the
sym
bols
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l P
hone
tic
Ass
ocia
tion
alph
abet
(IP
A/A
PI).
Th
e fo
llow
ing
cons
ider
atio
ns
have
pla
yed
a ro
le
in
this
co
nnec
tion:
4 of
th
e F
irst
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
C
onfe
renc
e on
the
Gen
eva
1968
, in
w
hich
the
prep
arat
ion
of
gaze
tteer
s is
su
gges
ted,
al
so
reco
mm
ends
(in
Rec
omm
enda
tion R
) th
at
thes
e pu
blic
atio
ns
shou
!3 us
e an
int
er.:
hatio
nal
phon
etic
tr
ansc
riptio
n to
in
dica
te
the
pron
unci
atio
n
anyt
hing
ab
out
stre
ss
or
vow
el
leng
th;
with
so
me l
ette
rs
or
grou
ps o
f le
tters
it
is
not
alw
ays
certa
in
whi
ch
soun
d th
ey
repr
esen
t (e
.g.,A
. A
ll th
is
is
true
of
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
to
an e
ven
high
er
degr
ee t
han
of
the
&en
eral
vo
cabu
lary
, si
nce
mos
t of
th
ese
nam
es ar
e na
tura
lly
less
w
ell
know
n an
d si
nce
nam
es
ofte
n sh
ow c
onve
ntio
nal
spel
lings
de
viat
ing
from
th
e pr
esen
t
just
as
the
w
ritte
n la
ngua
ge i
s su
bjec
t to
th
e no
rms
.*in
Rec
htsc
hrei
bdud
en),
.
lang
uage
fol
low
s ce
rtain
pr
onun
ciat
ion
rule
s w
hich
are
appl
ied
whe
n it
is
nece
ssar
y to
ke
ep s
peec
h fre
e fro
m
any
regi
onal
di
alec
tal
over
tone
s'.
The
Ger
man
%te
naar
d pr
onun
ciat
ion”
(“st
age
pron
unci
atio
n")
is
set
out
in
orth
oepi
c di
ctio
narie
s
(de
Gru
yter
, B
erlin
),
Dud
en.
Aus
srre
chew
orte
rbuc
h (D
uden
verle
g,
Ken
nhei
m),
w
der
deut
sche
n A
usso
rach
e (V
EB
Bib
liogr
aphi
sche
s In
stitu
t, Le
ipzi
g).
Fun
dam
enta
lly
the
orth
oepi
c no
rms
also
ap
ply
to
prop
er
nam
es
-_ .>-c
an
d ce
rtain
ly
to
thos
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es w
hich
ar
e of
G
erm
an
orig
in.
Thi
s al
so
hold
s tru
e fo
r th
e G
erm
an g
eogr
aphi
cal
nam
es
reco
rded
in
th
is
gaze
tteer
.
of
phon
etic
tr
ansc
riptio
n em
ploy
ed i
n th
e ab
ove-
. !,
4 i?
&tio
ned
auth
orita
tive
orth
oepi
c re
fere
nce
book
s is
th
e ph
onet
ic
. al
phab
et
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l P
hone
tic
Asa
oiat
ion
(IPA
;
- A
PI)
whi
ch
is
wid
ely
used
int
erna
tiona
lly.
In
the
reno
wne
d re
fere
nce
wor
k D
e,
Wdr
terb
uch
Reo
grap
hisc
her
Nam
en th
e ph
onet
icia
n M
. E
?ang
ola
appl
ies
the
sam
e sy
stem
. W
ithou
t do
ubt
it is
de
sira
ble
that
in
a ga
zette
er
of
Aus
tria
the
phon
etic
tr
ansc
riptio
n of
G
erm
an
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
shou
ld f
ollo
w
a pr
oced
ure
whi
ch
guar
ante
es
com
men
sura
bilit
y,
i.e.,
mut
ual
com
para
bilit
y an
d cl
assi
fiabi
lity
of
phon
etic
no
tatio
ns
in
diffe
rent
pu
blic
atio
ns.
The
IPA
ph
onet
ic
tran
scrip
tion
prov
ides
a
"com
mon
deno
min
ator
".
It is
th
eref
ore
j.
felt
that
th
e ad
ditio
nal
burd
en
impo
sed
on r
eade
r en
d ed
itor
by
the
us,e
of
the
IPA
sys
tem
is
certa
inly
ju
stifi
ed.
r$)?
$abo
ve
cons
ider
atio
ns
are
rele
vant
fir
st
of
all
in
resp
ect
Ger
man
es a
nat
ive
or
as a
for
eign
la
ngua
ge.
they
ap
ply
even
mor
e to
pr
ospe
ctiv
e no
n-G
erm
an-s
peak
ing
user
s of
th
is
refe
renc
e w
ork.
Fo
r th
ose
amon
g the
m w
ho u
se a
in
thei
r la
ngua
ge
the
phon
etic
no
tatio
n
..-
- 16
- 0
it fo
rms
the
basis
fo
r th
e tra
n=
scrip
tion
of
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
, a
proc
ess
of
cons
ider
able
im
-p
porta
nce
in
geog
raph
y an
d ca
rtogr
aphy
. In
la
ngua
ges
with
no
n-
Rom
an a
lpha
bets
th
e tra
nscr
iptio
n of
fo
reig
n na
mes
te
nds
to
follo
w
the
pron
unci
atio
n ra
ther
th
an
the
spel
ling
so
that
info
rmat
ion
on
the
phon
etic
fo
rm
of
the
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
is
2.
Spec
ial
Prob
lem
s.
The
task
of
tra
nscr
ibin
g th
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es
of
Aus
tria
cont
aine
d in
th
is
wor
k in
ac
cord
ance
w
ith
the
IPA
sys
tem
gav
e
rise
to
a va
riety
of
pr
oble
ms:
IPA
sy
stem
is
not
free
of
certa
in
shor
tcom
ings
whi
ch
have
take
n in
to
acco
unt
and,
in
m
ost
case
s,
acce
pted
in
its
prac
tical
ap
plic
atio
n.
.Por
rea
sons
of
sp
ace
thes
e sh
ortc
omin
gs
only
be
brie
flydn
dica
ted:
yet
unre
solv
ed
conf
lict
betw
een
phon
etio
an
d,ph
ono=
inci
ples
in
th
e IP
A
syst
em;
that
ce
rtain
"q
uasi
-orth
ogra
phic
al"
conv
entio
ns
have
in
the
appl
icat
ion
of
the
IPA
sy
stem
to
indi
vidu
al
incl
udin
g G
erm
an;
colla
tera
l ru
les
whi
ch
are
perh
aps
not
quite
fo
rtuna
te
[w?t
he
plac
ing
of
the
stre
ss
sym
bol
befo
re
the
stre
ssed
(syl
labl
et.
ther
e ar
e m
ore
serio
us
prob
lem
s re
sulti
ng
from
th
e
cont
ridic
tion
inhe
rent
in
th
e pr
esen
t ta
sk:
) O
n%he
one
han
d it
is
a fa
ct
that
ib
a
geog
raph
ical
na
me
is
defin
itely
G
erm
an it
has
to
be a
ssig
ned
a ph
onet
ic
form
co
nsist
ent
with
its
co
nven
tiona
l sp
ellin
g an
d ca
pabl
e of
be
ing
inco
rpor
ated
into
th
e ph
onol
ogic
al
and
phon
etic
sy
stem
of
stan
dard
G
erm
an
c.
'..
dron
unci
atio
n.
- 17
-
On
the
othe
r ha
nd m
any
geog
raph
i cal
na
mes
in
Aus
tria
(as
wel
l
as r do
ther
G
erm
an-s
peak
ing
area
s)
are
clos
ely
asso
ciat
ed
with
the
rura
l en
viro
nmen
t an
d th
e re
gion
al
dial
ecta
l ba
se b
ecau
se
of
the
very
fe
atur
e to
w
hich
th
ey
refe
r so
tha
t a
trans
fere
nce
of
such
nam
es in
to
a ph
onet
ic
form
of
th
e st
anda
rd
pron
unci
atio
n
wou
ld a
ppea
r to
be
ina
ppro
pria
te
(and
pos
sibl
y ev
en r
idic
ulou
s).
Mor
eove
r, in
m
any
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
the
conv
entio
nal
andW
pzffi
cial
spel
ling
is
base
d on
a d
iale
ctal
ph
onet
ic
form
whi
ch
cann
ot
easi
ly
be t
rans
crib
ed
into
th
e st
anda
rd
pron
unci
atio
n sy
stem
cont
radi
ctio
n is
so
mew
hat m
itiga
ted
if th
e st
anda
rd.
'
sort
of
id
eal-t
ype
form
ula
or
code
whi
ch
in
its
actu
al
appl
icat
ion
has
to
take
'into
acco
unt
the
resp
ectiv
e si
tuat
ion,
i.e
., th
e de
gree
of
appr
oxim
atio
n
of
the
collo
quia
l or
in
form
al
pron
unci
atio
n le
vel
tow
ards
th
e
stan
dard
no
rm.
Thi
s is
ex
actly
w
hat
the
user
of
an
orth
oepi
c
dict
iona
ry
of
the
Ger
man
lang
uage
is
incl
ined
to
do
-
usua
lly
with
out
- In
cide
ntal
ly,
the
cont
radi
ctio
n po
inte
d ou
t
in
2 b
CL
and
p:is
of
lit
tle
relev
ance
to
th
e us
er
from
out
side
the
Sou
th G
erm
an a
rea
and
even
les
s im
porta
nt
for
the
non-
Ger
man
-
and
doub
ts w
ere'
rais
ed
in
the
proc
essi
actu
ally
pr
onou
nced
in
non-
dial
ecta
l, i.e
.,in
info
rmal
sp
eech
? A
fter
all,
it is
th
is
pron
unci
atio
n w
hich
fo
rms
the
basi
s fo
r th
e st
anda
rd
phon
etic
no
tatio
n.
Thu
s th
ere
are
man
y na
mes
with
tw
o or
m
ore
each
with
tw
o va
riant
st
ress
ings
(e
.g.,
BE
irnha
rdst
al,
Ofte
n it
was
not
ea
sy t
o de
cide
w
hich
'of
the
two
,’
- .A
” -
d shou
ld
be
used
in
de
term
inin
g th
e st
anda
rd
prO
nUnC
iatio
n*
Here
the
crite
rion
shou
ld
be
which
fo
rm
is m
ore
frequ
ently
us
ed
by
loca
l re
siden
ts
or
which
fo
rm
they
re
gard
as
clo
ser
to
the
stan
dard
. In
so
me
case
s it
seem
ed
appr
opria
te
to
give
tw
o
optio
nal
varia
nt
pron
unci
atio
ns
for
one
nam
e.
It al
so
happ
ens
that
in
th
e pl
ace
to
whi
ch
a ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
e ref
ers,
and
in
the
surr
ound
ing
regi
on
the
pron
unci
atio
n (a
%
stre
ssin
g)
of
this
na
me
diffe
rs
from
the
us
age
outs
ide
the
imm
edia
te a
rea,
i.e
., in
the
larg
er
rem
aini
ng
part
of
the
Ger
man
-spe
akin
g ar
ea
(e.g
.,
h'al
lein
ve
rsus
e)
. In
su
ch c
ases
bo
th
the"
loca
1"
and
the
"non
-loca
l" pr
onun
ciat
ion
varia
nts
are
given
. +I
d)_p
f th
e cr
iteria
un
der
which
st
anda
rd
pron
unci
atio
ns
wer
e
to
the
vario
us
geog
raph
ical
na
me,
form
s th
e fo
llow
ing
/ I m
ust
be d
eriv
able
fro
m
the
writ
ten
form
on
(i.e.
,rule
s go
vern
ing
the
conv
ersi
on
; as
are
ge
nera
lly
valid
in
st
anda
rd
Ger
man
-
* b
+)In
ga
ther
ing
auth
entic
in
form
atio
n on
the
pr
onun
ciat
ion
of
nam
es
. I--
tn
e au
thor
ha
s re
ceiv
ed
valu
able
as
sist
ance
fro
m
com
pete
nt e
xper
ts
G
and
pers
ons
fam
iliar
w
ith
the
resp
ectiv
e lo
calit
ies;
to
al
l th
ose'
k
.in
the
(alp
habe
tical
) lis
t be
low
and
man
y ot
her
help
ers
who
G
supp
lied
info
rmat
ion
and
advi
ce
the
auth
or
wou
ld l
ike
to
offe
r hi
s I-
hear
tiest
th
anks
: D
r. J.
B
reu;
D
r. A
. E
ts;
Dr.
K.
Fin
ster
rald
er;
C
Dr.
H.-J
. G
antn
er;.a
nd
espe
cial
ly
Pro
fess
or
M.
Hor
nung
. A
ny
I- er
rors
or
m
ista
kes
- wh
ich,
alas
, w
ill
prob
ably
be
ine
vita
ble
- p
are,
of
co
urse
, th
e au
thor
's
excl
usiv
e re
spon
sibi
lity.
: .
- r;r
-
4 ou
tsid
e th
e re
alm
of
na
mes
. (E
xam
ple:
P
Eg
viith
[p]
and
not
with
Geo
grap
hica
l na
mes
and
part
s of
na
mes
whi
ch
are
defin
itely
VI
id
entif
iabl
e w
ith
wor
ds b
elon
ging
to
th
e ge
nera
l vo
cabu
lary
O
f
stan
dard
G
erm
an m
ust
be a
ssig
ned
the
sam
e st
anda
rd
pron
unci
atio
n
form
as
the
se w
ords
. (E
xam
ple:
E
rdbe
rg
with
k:
] in
th
e fir
st
part
of
the
nam
e, s
ince
th
e st
anda
rd
pron
unci
atio
n of
I?
&
r
-aJ)
.
iaiio
ns
from
th
e cr
iteria
m
entio
ned
in
2 d
here
A
cons
ider
ed
nece
ssar
y an
d ju
stifi
ed
in
two
grou
ps
Of
Cas
es:
~)in
m
any
Sou
th
Ger
man
nam
es th
e le
tters
gg
bet
wee
n vo
wel
s -
stan
d fo
r a
voic
eles
s an
d un
aspi
rate
d ve
lar
occl
usiv
e un
know
n
in
the
sam
e fo
rm
and
posi
tion
in
stan
dard
G
erm
an p
ronu
ncia
tion;
it is
an
una
spira
ted&
soun
d.
In
this
'wor
k gg
bet
wee
n vo
wel
s-
- is
as
a r
ule
assi
gned
th
e pr
onun
ciat
ion
[g]in
ac
cord
ance
w
ith
the
gene
ral
stan
dard
pr
onun
ciat
ion
rules
an
d w
ith
the
pron
unci
atio
n
I
I'd
( so
to
spea
k as
an
addi
tiona
l op
tiona
l pr
onun
ciat
ion
rule
for
g& i
n S
outh
G
erm
an an
d A
ustri
an
nam
es).
2)in
w
este
rn
Aus
tria
ther
e ar
e na
mes
spel
led
with
ie
, w
hich
is
pron
ounc
ed a
s a
diph
thon
g pe
]not
on
ly
in
dial
ecta
zut
also
!in
collo
quia
l-inf
orm
al
cont
exts
. S
ince
in
th
e re
spec
tive
regi
ons
I th
e di
phth
onga
l pr
onun
ciat
ion
of
such
nam
es e
njoy
s a
defin
itely
ihig
her
pres
tige
than
th
e st
a,nd
ard@
;],it
was
als
o ta
ken
into
! ac
coun
t in
th
e ph
onet
ic
nota
tion.
1
3.
Pro
nunc
iatio
n K
ey.
.
In
the
follo
win
g -
unde
r a)
..-
each
IP
A
sym
bol
used
in
the
pres
ent
wor
k is
re
cord
ed
with
th
e co
rres
pond
ing
soun
d va
lue.
(Seq
uenc
e:
9 fo
llow
s b,
L fo
llow
s e,
apr
eced
es
f,l.
follo
ws
i,
____
_.
____
._“.-
_.
.“.--
.-._l
.l.“l .
.--
shor
t ce
ntra
l "c
lear
" [a
] -v
owel
i -
20 -
3 fo
11ow
s n9
J
follo
ws
0,
15 fo
llows
0
and
a,
@pr
eced
es
p,
5
follo
ws
s, W
'follo
w?
u,
r fo
llows
y;
ot
her
sym
bols
follo
w 2)
. I
as i
n th
e wo
rd(s
)’ P
hone
tic
deSC
riPtio
n
The
pron
unci
atio
n fo
rm
indi
cate
d by
th
e ph
onet
ic
nota
tion
j co
rres
pond
s to
th
e st
anda
rd
pron
unci
atio
n (s
ee 1
b[5
, 2
bP
ana
$).
f 4
The
rem
arks
in
b)
conc
ern
the
way
in
whi
ch
spea
'ker
s fro
m
the
Sou
th
J! *
!, lo
ng
cent
ral
"cle
ar"
Ger
man
and
Aus
trian
ar
ea
tend
to
re
plac
e ce
rtain
ch
arac
teris
tics
r: 3
ing
mov
emen
t
L of
st
anda
rd
Ger
man
pron
uncia
tion
in
educ
ated
inf
Drm
a1 o
r i'i
f!
;;
collo
quia
l sp
eech
(w
hich
, ho
wev
er,
show
s di
ffere
nt
regi
onal
d ::I
!
varia
nts)
. ):i
b fa
lling
m
ovem
ent
id
4
psi
s
diph
thon
g be
fi in
ning
w
ith
back
La
and
endi
ng
in
0pen
Lvj
r..
b or
cl
ose
Co3
Eb&
voic
ed
labi
al
plos
ive
: ic
h :-
voic
eles
s pa
lata
l as
pira
nt
da,
drei
vo
iced
de
ntal
a-
pl
osiv
e
re&
, M
etha
n -
shor
t cl
ose
[e'j-
vow
el
e:
See
lo
ng
clos
e k]
-vow
el
fet&
sh
ort
open
[C]-v
owel
E:
spat
-
long
op
en [
EJ -
vowe
l
sing
en
shor
t in
dist
inct
ly
- pr
onou
nced
vow
el,
betiv
eenb
] an
d 6
soun
ds
voic
eles
s la
biod
enta
' sp
irant
voic
ed
vela
r-pa
lata
l pl
osiv
e
h vo
icel
ess
brea
thed
so
ma
i Li
neal
, 9
- sh
ort
clos
e li]
-vow
el
:thog
raph
ic
luiv
alen
ts
a a,
aa,
ah
ei,
ey,
ai,
ay
b,
bb
(E'th
ge
suffi
-2
,
a.
da
e ’
e,ee
,eh
e,
a
I, ilh
e’ f,
ff,
v,
Ph
SP
gg
h i, Y
- 23
- 'hon
etic
desc
riptio
n LS
in
the
word
(s)
1 I--
2s
in
the
word
(s)
IPA
sym
bol
IPA
sym
bol
Orth
ogrz
phir
equi
vzle
nts
p,
pp,
in
certe
po
sitio
ns
b
Pf
Phon
etic
desc
riptio
n O
rthog
raph
ic eq
uiva
lent
s
i: ia
vi.e
l - Ce
rmsn
to
ll.:
i, ie
, ih
, ie
h,
Y,
yh
Appe
V-
ro
icele
ss
labi
al
olos
ive,
in
m
ost
posit
ions
as
pira
ted
com
bina
tion
of
voic
eles
s la
bial
pl
osiv
e 2n
d La
bia-
dent
al
spira
nt
voic
ed
apica
l (o
r uv
ular
) vi
bran
t
voic
eles
s "n
arro
w"
dent
al
sibila
nt
(hiss
)
voic
eles
s "b
road
" pa
late
-alve
olar
sib
ilant
(h
ush)
voic
eles
s de
ntal
pl
osiv
e,
in
mos
t po
sitio
ns
aspi
rate
d
long
close
li)-v
owel
in
fallin
g di
ht
hong
co
mbi
ning
i]
and
open
[a
l P
ie
(see
2
dg)
hJ2 Sout
h En
glish
: he
re
Pf
ts
tS
U:
Y:
'frop
fen
wee-
-
shor
t op
enhI
-vow
el
voic
ed
pala
tal
spira
nt
voic
eles
s ve
lar-
pala
tal
plos
ive,
in
m
ost
posit
ions
as
pira
ted
voic
ed
late
ral
sylla
bich
](afte
r co
nson
ant)
voic
ed
labi
al
nasa
l
sylla
bic
m](a
fter
5 co
nson
ant
voic
ed
dent
al
nasa
l
sylla
bic
n)(a
fter
5 co
nson
ant
voic
ed
vela
r na
sal
shor
t clo
seb]
-vow
el
lom
g clo
se
/oJ
-vow
el
s 9i
k 1 m
n 'J 0 1 # 'a
wiss
en
-- i,
ie,
Y,
yh
j
r, rr,
rh
s,
88,
I3
d&en
, irr
en
wh
ccz
ES,
w&B
Sa
kslt,
Ki
& -U
W
k,
ck,
gg,
kk;
in
certa
in
posit
ions
c,
q;
chs,
x
= ks
1,
11
t 1,
el
scho
n,
zn
- sc
h;
s be
fore
PI
t
col1
.i sm
t,
tt,
th,
dt,
in
certa
in
posit
ions
d
-
2,
tz;
c be
fore
e,
i,
Y
m,
mm
xl n,
M
com
bina
tion
of
voic
e le
ss
dent
al
occl
usiv
an
d *V
n2rro
w"
sibila
n (d
enta
l af
frica
te)
com
bina
tion
of
voic
e le
ss
dent
al
occl
usiv
2n
d "b
ro2d
" sib
ilant
(p
alat
e-al
veol
ar
affri
cate
)
shor
t clo
se[u
]-vow
el
long
close
El
-vow
el
voic
ed
labi
a-de
ntal
sp
irant
voic
eles
s ve
lar
spira
nt
shor
t clo
se
ii
long
close
ii
shor
t op
en
ii
voic
ed
"nar
row"
sib
ilant
toll.
: d.
.in
?%?
tsch
n,
en
to
ll.:
i3u.
v.
s
lange
, W
ink
-- -
hoch
-
ng;
n be
fore
k
0 o,
00,
oh
0 eu,
au,
oi
I
UJ
ch
.Y
63%
wohl
- Lo
ch
shor
t op
en
[3&v
owel
fallin
g m
ovem
ent
diph
thon
g be
ginnin
g wi
th
open
L'
J]
2nd
endin
g in
op
en
Up]
or
clo
se
is [
IS]
i ne
un
shor
t clo
se
'6
long
close
5
shor
t op
en
6
Pz
ge
wtln
sche
n
Rose
ijkon
omisc
h -
6 6,
0h
a
schb
n - ko
nnen
t. -
24
- .2
+x ’
6 Ph
onet
ic
desc
riptio
n ’
Orth
ogra
phic
, eq
uiva
lent
s
voic
eles
s gl
otta
l pl
osiv
e
The
sign
*
mea
ns th
at
the
follo
win
g sy
llabl
e ca
rrie
s th
e m
ain
stre
ss
in
the
wor
d (i.
e.,
is
the
mos
t str
ongly
str
esse
d
sylla
ble)
, e.
g.
The
sign
,
mea
ns th
at
the
follo
win
g sy
llabl
e ha
s se
cond
ary
stre
ss
(i.e.
, is
le
ss
stro
ngly
st
ress
ed
than
th
e m
ain-
stre
ss
sylla
ble,
bu
t m
ore
stro
ngly
st
ress
ed
than
th
e
unst
ress
ed
sylla
bles
),
scha
ft -
~dam
pf~l
ffa:rt
sga,
srlla
ft].
(The
sam
e sig
n pl
aced
be
low
a c
onso
nant
le
tter
mea
ns
that
th
e co
nson
ant
is
sylla
bic)
.
The
sign
-
in
p-f,
t-j
mea
ns th
at
p an
d f
and
t an
d s
are
tojb
e
pron
ounc
ed s
epar
atel
y,
as i
n A
Pfa
ll La
p-fa
ll,
Kat
tsch
eibe
cm
at-J
aIbJ
].
In
a fe
w g
eogr
aphi
cal
nam
es w
hich
co
ntai
n fo
reig
n pr
oper
na
mes
othe
r so
unds
occ
ur
as w
ell:
IPA
sy
mbo
l as
in
the
wor
d P
hone
tic
desc
riptio
n
W
Eng
l.:
wel
l la
bial
gl
ide
3 Fr
.: jo
urna
l. vo
iced
"b
road
" si
bila
nt
(zh-
soun
d)
0 E
ngl.:
th
ank
voic
eles
s de
ntal
sp
irant
;I E
ngl.:
th
is
voic
ed
dent
al
spira
nt
. h
Eng
l.:
puzz
le
half-
open
ce
ntra
l, un
roun
ded
vow
el
betw
een
@j,
&I
and[
a]
The
sign
N
pl
aced
ov
er
a vo
wel
le
tter
deno
tes
nasa
lisat
ion.
e !.
- 25
-
*u
b)
Not
es o
n so
me
soun
d sy
mbo
ls g
iven
in
a)
:
collo
quia
l an
d in
form
al
spee
ch-v
aria
nts
of
the
Ger
tan-
spec
king
area
nu
mer
ous
devi
atio
ns
from
th
e (la
rgel
y ar
tific
ial)
Ger
man
i stan
dard
pr
onun
ciat
ion
may
be
foun
d.
The
follo
win
g de
viat
ions
are
parti
cula
rly
sign
ifica
nt
in
sout
hern
G
erm
any
and
Aus
tria:
Sta
ndar
d pr
onun
ciat
ion
/" 1
Aus
tria
and
sout
hern
G
erm
any
I in
so
me a
reas
not
or
no
t fu
lly
voic
ed
at
the
be i
nnin
g of
a
wor
d (s
ound
sym
bol:
$j)
in
som
e ar
eas
not
or
not
fully
vo
iced
at
th
e be
&in
ning
of
a
wor
d (s
ound
sym
bol.$
$]).
ofte
n re
plac
ed
by k
:]
ofte
n re
plac
ed
by L
C]
i
u%ia~
re
place
d by
[+I
at
th
e en
d of
a
wor
d
at
the
end
of
a w
ord
repl
aced
by
[r
i]unl
ess
prec
eded
byb
j,(jr]
or[j'
j
in's
ome
area
s re
plac
ed
by
a' d
ark
neut
ral
vow
el
(sou
nd s
ymbo
l:[A
] or
r4
)
fully
vo
iced
at
th
e of
a
wor
d (s
ound
sym
bol;
In
this
w
ork
the
pron
unci
etio
n of
,g
dg-J
'fo
;; ~a
$y;;e
g;;;
!yrs
k2
rz;;;
iatio
n is
a
voic
eles
s .
repl
aced
by
[i]
repl
aced
by
lul
repl
aced
by
[y]
in so
me
aree
s no
t or
no
t fu
lly
voic
ed
at
the
begi
nnin
g of
a
wor
d (s
ound
sym
bol+
])
- 2b
-
. *
III.
Des
crip
tion
0% F
eatu
res.
1.
Indi
catio
n of
th
e to
pogr
aphi
c ca
tego
ry
such
as
river
,
lake
, gl
acie
r, m
ount
ain,
m
ount
ain
grou
p,
mou
ntai
n ra
nge,
tow
n,
villa
ge,
alpi
ne
hut,
etc.
W
ith
popu
late
d pl
aces
th
ose
topo
grap
hic
dest
iatio
ns
are
used
whi
ch
are
appl
ied
to
part
s of
settl
emen
ts
or,
whe
re t
hese
do
not
ex
ist,
to
settl
emen
ts
in
the
offic
ial
stat
istic
s:
zf,
z,
z,
3,
i(
sers
treu
te
Cau
ser,
S
chut
shau
s,
etc.
ii
- !i
2.
Sho
rt de
scrip
tion
of
the
loca
tion
in
wor
ds.
3.
Indi
catio
n of
th
e un
its
of
settl
emen
t or
ad
min
istra
tive
unit
in
whi
ch
the
geog
raph
ical
fe
atur
e is
si
tuat
ed.
With
th
e na
mes
' of
popu
late
d pl
aces
th
e fo
llow
ing
deta
ils
are
give
n:
settl
emen
t, co
mm
une,
adm
inis
trativ
e di
stric
t an
d
prov
ince
(*
a);
with
ot
her
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
onl
y th
e c
. pr
ovin
ce
is
<Nam
es
of
cada
stra
l
,in
spel
ling
or
wor
ding
fro
m
c ~m
t*nCs
j
they
ar
e th
en
give
n in
sq
uare
bra
cket
s,
e.g.
, A
lt-P
rera
u
&Z
Altp
rera
z$,
Alb
rech
tsbe
rg
and
der
Gro
Aen
Kre
ms
&G
A
l=
brec
htsb
erg.
4.
Geo
grap
hica
l co
-ord
inat
es.
The
long
itude
s ar
e m
easu
red
in
degr
ees
east
of
G
reen
wic
h.
The
.
figur
es
are
roun
ded
off
to
min
utes
.3
<In
the
case
of
popu
late
d pl
aces
th
ey
refe
r to
the
cent
re,
in
the
;: 1;
case
of
river
s to
th
e m
outh
or
the
plac
e w
here
rth
e riv
er
leav
es
1 ;i -
..__
.-....
..--
.---
-- -I-
/
--..--
_Ic_-
-- ..-
. __
-.
_._-
.._.._
.. -
____
._ --
_ -.
.._
_-__
___
_ .__
_ _ .
--.
1 I
- 27
-
of
popu
late
d pl
aces
ar
e re
gard
ed
as f
emin
ine
has
not
been
take
n in
to
acco
unt.
In
nam
es de
sign
atin
g fe
atur
es
othe
r th
an
popu
late
d pl
aces
th
e ge
nder
is
only
m
entio
ned
whe
re i
t do
es n
ot
clea
rly
follo
w
from
th
e ap
pella
tive
nam
e co
mpo
nent
or
from
an a
ttrib
utiv
e ad
ject
ive
as i
n K
ahle
nber
g or
H
oher
Nec
k.
Whe
re th
e pl
ural
fo
rm o
f a
nam
e is
no
t un
mis
taka
bly
reco
gnis
able
as s
uch
the
abbr
evia
tion
"Keh
rz
I' ha
s be
en a
dded
. /u
uwL
Geo
grap
hica
l N
ames
in
Aus
tria.
I. Le
gal
Fou
ndat
ions
.36
?M~,
&
&
.&&
a.$-
'
Sin
ce
ofte
n on
e an
d th
e sa
me g
eogr
aphi
cal
feat
ure
has
diffe
ren+
.
nam
es o
r th
e na
me
is
spel
led
in
diffe
rent
w
ays,
th
e qu
estio
n .
for
the
lega
l fo
unda
tions
'is
of
som
e im
porta
nce.
In
this
re
spec
t th
e le
gal
com
pete
nce
is
dist
ribut
ed
as f
ollo
ws:
1.
Fed
eral
A
utho
ritie
s.
The
nam
e of
th
e R
epub
lic
and
the
nam
es o
f th
e pr
ovin
ces
are
set
dow
n in
th
e F
eder
al
Con
stitu
tion.
F
eder
al
adm
inis
trativ
e
auth
oriti
es
rend
er
deoi
sion
s on
cha
nges
and
rea
rran
gem
ents
of
cada
stral
com
mun
es; m
oreo
ver,
the
nam
es o
f fe
dera
l ro
ads
are
laid
do
wn
in
fede
ral
acts
(s
ee B
II
2).
The
fede
ral
stru
ctur
e
of
.4us
tria
an
d th
e au
tono
my
of
the
com
mun
es ha
ve
prec
lude
d th
e
b es
tabl
ishm
ent
of
a "n
atio
nal
nam
es au
thor
ity"
in
acco
rdan
ce
'.
with
th
e U
.N.
reco
mne
ndat
iCO
n of
19
67.
Inst
ead,
th
e De
partn
ent
of
Car
togr
aphi
c Tp
onym
y of
' th
e A
ustri
an
Car
togr
aphi
c C
omm
issi
on
of
the
Aus
trian
G
eogr
aphi
cal
Soc
iety
, w
hich
w
as fo
unde
d in
~$
&vd
z ~~
~&&
.U7
1969
, ac
ts
as a
coo
rdin
atio
n ce
nt=v
Tor
all
.the
fede
ral
and
prov
inci
al
bodi
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
reco
rdin
g of
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es.
The
follo
wing
bo
dies
ar
e re
pres
ente
d in
th
is
Depa
rtmen
t:
Lopub& cp’llc; Lcu*AG b,IU.-d LA G U.2L.u *l-_&i__ -* & ‘̂ +-2-- - - . _ -.
settlements or, where these do not exist, to settlements
the official statistics: Dorf, Weiler, Rotte, Einschicht, /vccrr--v
scription of the location in words.
3. Indicati of the unity of settlement or administrative
unit in which geographical,feature is situated.
With the names of ulated places the following details
are given: settlemen administrative district and
province (&a); with o geographical names only the
province is indicated> .- \ ------------ ----i-d LKames of cadastral commune given when they differ
in spelling or wording fro paa' or
Alt-Prerau
&G AltpreraE7, Albrechtsberg and der Gr Krems ,&G Al=
brechtsber&T.
4. Geographical co-ordinates. . \
The longitudes are measured in degrees east of Greenkh. The
figures are rounded off to minutes.7 __Ic_._-- mG=e of populated placesmy refer to the ten
case of rivers to the mouth or the place where She ri r Austrian territory, in the case of lakes to the middle of the
lake. T In the case of rivers
they refer to the mouth or to the place where the river leaves
Audtrian territory. I
5. Indication of the sheet numbers 6f the kterreichische Rarte
1: 50,000. .
IV. Grammatical Infdrmation. $$$ hi+, *A'& Cp ' /
c
l
Where necessary the gender is indicated by mans of the . .
definite article. For the names of populated places no articles
are given, since in standard German such names are all treated
as neuter.. The fapt that in the various dialects many names I
C’ 4,
- 28
-
Bnnd
esam
t fii
r Ei
ch-
und
Verm
essu
ngsw
esen
(F
eder
al
Bure
au
of
Viei
ghts
, M
easu
res
and
Surv
eyin
g),
Cste
rreich
ische
s St
atist
ische
s
Zent
rala
m_t
(A
ustri
an
Cen
tral
Offi
ce
of
Stat
istics
), Hy
dra=
Pors
twirt
scha
ft (C
entra
l H
ydro
grap
hic
Bure
au
in
the
Fede
ral
Kini
stry
of
Ag
ricul
ture
an
d Fo
rest
ry),
rung
(
Liai
son
Offi
ce
of
the
Fede
ral
Prov
ince
s wi
th
the
- Offic
e of
th
e Pr
ovin
cial
G
over
nmen
t of
Lo
wer
Aust
ria),
the
topo
nym
ic
com
mitt
ees
of
the
prov
ince
s an
d th
e O
ffice
s of
the
Prov
inci
al
Gov
errm
ents
of
th
ose
prov
ince
s in
wh
ich
ther
e
are
as
yet
no
topo
nym
ic
com
mitt
ees.
O
ther
m
embe
rs
of
the
Dep
artm
ent
of
Car
togr
aphi
c To
pony
my
incl
ude
expe
rts
in
geog
raph
ical
and
lingu
istic
re
sear
ch
as
well
as
repr
esen
tativ
es
of
Aust
rian
, pr
ivat
e ca
rtogr
aphy
an
d of
th
e C
eAm
tska
lend
er.
The
aim
s of
th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
C
arto
grap
hic
Topo
nym
y ar
e:
(1)
the
reco
rdin
g of
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es
in
Austr
ia in
a
lingu
istic
ally
co
rrect
fo
rm
and
(2)
the
elim
inat
ion
of
dis=
agre
emen
ts
in
spel
ling
in
the
vario
us
sour
ces
- in
sh
ort,
the
natio
nal
stan
dard
isatio
n of
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es a
s un
ders
tood
by
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
.
lega
l so
urce
s m
entio
ned
belo
w th
e
alte
ratio
n of
ex
istin
gpod
uctio
n of
ne
w n
ames
for
; ’
L.
uyrw
sr
.-
“7-
,rrur
rr.rs
;r,
-he
alter
ation
of
ex
isting
or
th
e ind
rodu
ction
of
ne
w na
mea
.
for
com
mun
es
(e.g
. w
hen
com
mun
es
are
mer
ged)
fal
ls w
ithin
the
com
pete
nce
of
the
prov
inces
ins
ofar
aa
the
ne
w na
mes
+ at
tain
valid
ity
only
by
divu-
ation
in
the
Prov
incial
Lega
l 4
Gaze
ttes.
The
lega
l sit
uatio
n dif
fers
in
de
tail
from
pr
ovinc
e
to
prov
ince.
As
a
rule,
alt
erat
ions
of
the
nam
es
of
com
mun
es
are
prop
osed
by
th
e co
mm
unes
to
the
"P
rovin
cial
Jove
rnne
nta
C
which
ca
n re
fuse
th
eir
fb/
appr
oval
only
with
a
refe
renc
e
to
publ
ic in
tere
stis.
In
Vo
rarlb
erg
the
Prov
incial
Go
vern
-*e"*r
i
men
t ia
en
titled
to
de
term
ine
the
nam
es
of
featur
es
that
are
of
mor
e th
an
mer
ely
loca
l im
porta
nce
such
as
im
porta
nt
mou
ntain
s, riv
era,
gacie
ie,
etc.
as
we
ll as
im
porta
nt
popu
-
lated
pl
aces
. .
.___
. . .._
_-.
--
, S
l'nce
195
3 to
pony
mic
co
mm
ittee
s ha
ve b
een
esta
blis
hed
in
a nu
mbe
r of
!pio
vinc
es;
they
ac
t as
adv
isor
y bo
dies
to
th
e
Pro
vinc
ial
Gov
ernm
ents
. S
o fa
r th
e fo
llow
ing
com
mitt
ees
have
been
ins
titut
ed:
h=>>
enkl
atur
konu
$ss~
~n>i
m
..-..
.- he
n La
ndes
regi
erun
g,
foun
ded
in
1969
; .-m
- -
--
L S
teiri
sche
O
rtsn
amen
kom
mis
s&,
,. e-
-d-
-._. -
fo
unde
d in
19
70;.T
+l~r
Nom
enkl
atur
kom
mis
sion
bei
m d
mt
der
Tiro
ler
Land
esre
gier
ung,
w
/ --
.--
-c
-.---
-m
foun
ded
in
1969
; N
omen
klat
urko
mm
issi
on i
m A
mte
der
V
orar
l=
b---
1 g,
fo
unde
d in
19
53.
The
esta
blis
hmen
t of
a'to
pony
mic
co
mm
ittec
for
Upp
er A
ustri
a is
fo
rthco
min
g an
d si
mila
r
., ,
.
effo
rts
are
unde
r w2
y in
Lo
wer
com
mitt
ees
are
ende
avou
red
to
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
in
th
e re
spec
tive
prov
ince
s.
Und
er
the
perti
nent
le
gal
prov
ision
s th
ey
are
calle
d up
on
to
coop
erat
e Cl
Osely
wi
th
the
com
mun
es i
n ca
rryin
g ou
t th
is ta
sk.
Syst
emat
ic co
vera
ge
is pr
ovid
ed
for:
(1)
all
nam
es
of
popu
late
d
, ed
ited
by
the
este
rreich
ische
s St
atist
ische
s Ze
ntra
lam
t an
d (2
) th
e en
tire
1 :
50,0
00.
N;o
reov
er,
the
topo
nym
ic
com
mitt
ees
of
Rur
genl
and
and
the
Tyro
l al
so
occu
py
them
selve
s wi
th
the
field
na
mes
of
the
land
re
gist
er:
wher
ever
th
e co
nsol
idat
ion
of
land
ho
ldin
gs
or
new
cada
stra
l su
rvey
s re
quire
a
revis
ion
of
the
cada
stra
l
map
s,
the
field
na
mes
ar
e in
vest
igat
ed
by
expe
rts
and
then
laid
do
wn
with
th
e co
nsen
t of
th
e co
mm
unes
.
3.
Com
mun
es.
T.se
com
mun
es a
re
resp
onsib
le
for
the
offic
ial
auth
oris
atio
n
or
alte
ratio
n of
th
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es
with
in
thei
r
terri
torie
s un
less
th
is fa
lls
with
in
the
com
pete
nce
of
the
Fede
ratio
n or
th
e pr
ovin
ces
as
men
tione
d in
D
I 1
and
D I
2
or
unle
ss
D I
4 ap
plie
s.
For
lega
l so
urce
s se
e ab
ove
all
the
LCp
Prov
inci
al
E&a+
& G
azet
tes
liste
d in
D
I 2.
4.
Own
ers.
Gen
eral
ly
sing
le
build
ings
su
ch
as
villa
s,
alpi
ne
huts
,
isol
ated
fa
rms,
et
c.
are
nam
ed b
y th
eir
owne
rs.
II.
Offi
cial
So
urce
s.y@
7%
&&+,
6&
,//L%
.
1.
Offi
cial
G
azet
teer
of
Po
pula
ted
Plac
es
in
Aust
ria
(m
verz
eich
nis
von
bste
rreich
), ed
ited
by
aste
rreich
ische
s
__
- 31
-
Stat
istisc
hes
Zent
rala
mt,
Vien
na,
revis
ed
on
the
basis
of
th
k
cens
uses
wh
ich
are
held
ev
ery
ten
year
s.
2.
Land
R
egist
er
(m),
revis
ed
by
the
Bund
esam
t fii
r
The
cada
stra
l m
ap w
ith
'Rie
diib
ersi
cht',
&
etch
of
na
med
com
plex
es o
f fie
lds,
m
eado
ws,
WO
OdS
, etc
.1
is
Sup
plem
ente
d
by
a lis
t of
la
nd
hold
ings
. Th
e la
nd
regi
ster
iS
au
thor
itativ
e
as f
ar
as t
he
spel
ling
of
field
na
mes
is
conc
erne
d;
it al
so
cont
ains
th
e na
mes
of
bodi
es
of
wat
er
and
even
, un
like
the
Offi
cial
G
azet
teer
of
P
opul
ated
P
lace
s in
A
ustri
a,
the
nam
es
of
isol
ated
fa
rms.
Th
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es o
f th
e la
nd
regi
ster
are
take
n up
int
q th
e cs
dast
re
(with
ca
dast
ral
map
), a
gene
rally
~-
&
crcP
cc
acce
ssib
le
offic
ial
regi
ster
av
aila
ble
for
m
at
the
loca
l co
urts
. S
ince
th
e na
mes
of
mou
ntai
ns,
valle
ys
and
othe
r
terr
ain
feat
ures
ar
e al
so
used
to
desi
gnat
e vi
llage
la
nds
and
field
s,
know
ledg
e of
th
e na
mes
of
field
s,
mea
dow
s, w
oods
, et
c.
is
of
gene
ral
impo
rtanc
e in
th
e ev
alua
tion
of
the
geog
raph
ical
nam
es o
f an
are
a.!
_ . 3.
Reg
iste
r of
A
ustri
an
Riv
er
Bas
ins
(Flll
chen
verz
eich
nis
der
aste
rrei
chis
chen
F
lufig
ebie
te).
4 Th
e fir
st
volu
me
appe
ared
und
er
the
title
G
ener
al M
ap a
nd
Reg
iste
r of
A
ustri
an
Riv
er
Bas
ins,
fir
st
issu
e,
volu
me
XII
of
the
Con
trib
utio
ns
to
the
Hyd
gogr
aphy
of
A
ustri
a,
edite
d by
th
e
Cen
tral
Hyd
rogr
aphi
c B
urea
u in
th
e Im
peria
l-Roy
al
Min
istry
of
Pub
lic
Wor
ks,
Vie
nna
1913
. Th
e w
ork
was
con
tinue
d un
der
the
' tit
le.R
egis
ter
of
Aus
trian
R
iver
B
asin
s,
volu
mes
22,
24
, 28
,
33,
36,
43 o
f th
e C
ontr
ibut
ions
to
th
e R
ydro
grap
hy
of
Aus
tria,
edite
d by
th
e C
entra
l H
ydro
grap
hic
Bur
eau
in
the
Fed
eral
M
inis
try
':
I-r*
-c
i .
- 32
-
of
Agric
ultu
re
and
Fore
stry
, Vi
enna
19
49-1
970.
A
final
Vo
lum
e,
which
w
ill re
plac
e vo
lum
e XI
I of
19
13,is
be
ing
prep
ared
.
4.
Reg
ister
of
U
sabl
e W
ater
s (s
).
A re
gist
er
of
usuf
ruct
uary
rig
hts
in
resp
ect
of
bodi
es
of
wate
r wh
ich
is kd
pt
avai
labl
e.fo
r ge
nera
l ab
y th
e
dist
rict
auth
oriti
es.
5.
Gaz
ette
of
V
orar
lber
g N
o.
6/19
60,
No.
U
/196
1 an
d N
o. 5
2/19
61;
spel
ling
of
nam
es o
f ge
ogra
phic
al
feat
ures
.
The
se a
re
lists
of
al
l ca
tego
ries
of
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
arra
nged
by
co
mm
unes
. The
spe
lling
of
th
e na
mes
is
bind
ing
for
the
auth
oriti
es
of
the
Pro
vinc
e of
V
orar
lber
g.
A ne
w e
ditio
n is
bein
g pr
epar
ed.
6.
The
topo
grap
hic
map
s of
th
e F
eder
al
Bur
eau
of
Wei
ghts
,
Mea
sure
s an
d S
urve
ying
(B
unde
sam
t fiir
E
ich-
un
d V
erm
essu
ngss
wes
en) ,
- es
peci
ally
th
e
cont
inue
d at
sh
ort
inte
rval
s,
offe
r th
e m
ost
com
preh
ensi
ve
sele
ctio
n of
A
ustri
an
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
. Th
e na
mes
cont
aine
d
in
thes
e m
aps
may
be
cons
ider
ed
as o
ffici
al
beca
use
they
form
pa
rt of
an
offi
cial
pu
blic
atio
n.
The
Cst
erre
ichi
sche
Ear
te
1:
50,0
00
take
s th
e na
mes
of
popu
late
d pl
aces
fro
m
the
Orts
verz
eich
nis
von
Cst
erre
ich,
Zk
ed
ited
by,O
ster
reic
hisc
hes
Sta
tistis
ches
Z
entra
lam
t, bu
t us
es
the
nam
e for
ms
give
n in
th
e
sour
ces
liste
d in
2
- 5
only
as
gui
delin
es
in
dete
rmin
ing
the
nam
es of
fe
atur
es
othe
r th
an
popu
late
d pl
aces
. Th
e na
mes
of
feat
ures
o'
thrr
th
an p
opul
ated
pl
aces
w
hich
ar
e en
tere
d in
the
bste
rrei
chis
che
Kar
te
1 :
50,0
00
are
the
resu
lt of
re
liabl
e
and
accu
rate
in
vest
igat
ions
ca
rrie
d ou
t by
th
e La
nd S
urve
y.
.
- 33
-
III.
Gen
eral
G
erm
an S
pelli
ng
Rul
es f
or
Geo
grap
hica
l n'
ames
.~.L
&~.
!
The
follo
win
g ru
les
wer
e w
orke
d ou
t in
19
66 a
t B
ad G
odes
berg
coop
erat
ion
with
th
e A
ustri
an
Aca
dem
y of
S
cien
ces
and
wer
e fir
st
publ
ishe
d in
D
uden
, -
revi
sed
and
edite
d by
th
e
Nam
en, N
annh
eim
196
6. A
fter
repl
acem
ent
of
the
gene
ral
exam
ples
- by
Aus
trian
ex
ampl
es th
ese
rule
s w
ere
adop
ted
in
Febr
uary
19
69
Tec
hnis
che
Wei
sung
Nr.
2 of
th
e
On
24 N
ovem
ber 1
970
all
the
prov
inci
al
and
fede
ral
bodi
es
repr
esen
ted
in
the
Dep
artm
etit
of
Car
togr
aphi
c To
pony
ny
form
ally
ac
cept
ed
thes
e ru
les
in
the
form
su
bmitt
ed
by
the
k-l*G
eogr
aphi
cal
nam
es a
re
norm
ally
no
t su
bjec
t to
th
e,
I- ge
nera
l sp
ellin
g ru
les.
Th
ey a
re,
rath
er,s
pelle
d in
b--
the
offic
ially
ap
prov
ed
or
cust
omar
y fo
rm.
How
ever
,
I--^-
- in
th
e fo
llow
ing
resp
ects
th
e G
erm
an ge
ogra
phic
al
e na
mes
' com
ply
with
th
e ge
nera
l sp
ellin
g ru
les
exce
pt
k-
for
indi
vidu
al
case
s w
here
ano
ther
of
ficia
lly
appr
oved
-ver
sion
ex
ists
.
v 1.
C
apita
lisat
ion.
+..
a)
Adj
ectiv
es
and
part
icle
s fo
rmin
g pa
rt of
ge
ogra
phic
al
b-na
mes
ar
e ca
pita
lized
. T
his
also
ho
lds
true
for
the
L -is
ch
deriv
ativ
e.
I- E
xam
ples
: G
roS
er P
riel;
Hoh
e T
auer
n;
Gro
Res
Wal
ser-
t-tal
; Ia
hris
che
Thay
a;
Ste
irisc
he
Kal
kspi
tze.
., -
34
-
b)
Wor
d fo
rms
with
fin
al
-er
whi
ch a
re
deriv
ed
from
d ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es a
re
capi
talis
ed.
v E
xam
ples
: G
urkt
aler
A
lpen
; W
iene
r B
ecke
n;
Mill
s
3
stltt
er
See
.
. U
se o
f on
e w
ord,
tw
o w
ords
or
hyph
en.
a)
Geo
grap
hica
l an
d ot
her
nam
es 2s
dete
rmin
ativ
eele
men
ts
6)
Gen
eral
ly
com
poun
ds co
nsis
ting
of
a si
ngle
or
com
poun
d geo
grap
hica
l na
me
or
a pe
rson
al
nam
e
plus
a
prim
ary
wor
d ar
e w
ritte
n in
on
e w
ord.
Bxa
mpl
es:
Kar
wen
delg
ebirg
e;
Glo
ckne
rgru
ppe;
Ebe
rhar
dsba
ch;
Leop
olds
berg
. I
p) T
he h
yphe
n is
of
ten
used
-
eith
er
in
orde
r to
impr
ove
inte
lligi
bilit
y or
to
em
phas
ise
the
nam
e -
whe
n th
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
e is
fo
llow
ed
by a
com
poun
d prim
ary
wor
d w
hio+
orm
s th
e
dete
rmin
ativ
e el
emen
t.
Exa
mpl
e: G
roB
gloc
kner
-Hoc
halp
enst
ralje
.
Whe
re in
telli
gibi
lity
is
not
impa
ired,
w
ritin
g
in
one
wor
d is
pr
efer
able
.
Exa
mpl
e: A
lpen
vorla
nd.
1) H
yphe
ns a
re u
sed
whe
n th
e de
term
inat
ive
elem
ent
cons
iets
of
se
vera
l ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es.
Exa
mpl
e: D
onau
-Ode
r-K
anal
.
5) H
yphe
ns a
re
mor
eove
r us
ed w
hen
the
dete
rmin
ativ
e
elem
ent
cons
ists
of
se
vera
l w
ords
.
Exa
mpl
e:
Otto
-Lud
wig
-Hau
s.
- 35
-
b)
Der
ivat
ives
w
ith
final
-e
r.
o()
Two
wor
ds a
re
used
whe
n th
e de
rivat
ives
w
ith
final
-e
r of
ge
o&ra
phic
al
nam
es de
sign
ate
the
loca
tion.
.
Exa
mpl
es:
Zill
erta
ler
Alp
en;
Neu
mar
kter
S
atte
l;
Tuxe
r Jo
ch;
Zie
rsdo
rfer
Bac
h;
Lunz
er
See
.
Exc
eptio
ns:
Boh
mer
wal
d, W
iene
rwal
d.
$ T
here
are
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es w
ith
final
-e
r
whi
ch
are
not
deriv
ativ
es
in
the
abov
e se
nse.
i -
The
se n
ames
are
writ
ten
solid
in
ac
cord
ance
w
ith
2 a.
Exa
mpl
es:
Glo
ckne
rgru
ppe;
B
renn
erpa
B.
Whe
re th
e de
rivat
ives
w
ith
final
-e
r of
ge
ogra
phic
al-
nam
es de
sign
ate
pers
onsw
ritin
g in
on
e w
ord
is
pref
erre
d.
Exa
mpl
e:
Jlge
rkap
elle
; Lu
nzer
kreu
z (a
fter
a pe
asan
t
C
by
the
nam
e of
"L
unze
r");
Ste
iner
scha
rte
(afte
r
a m
ount
aine
er
by
the
nam
e of
"S
tein
er")
.
r)!If
th
e sy
llabl
e -e
r is
at
tach
ed
to
a ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
e en
ding
in
-e
e,
only
tw
o e'
s ar
e w
ritte
n.
Exa
mpl
es:
Alta
usse
er
See
; E
gels
eer
Bac
h.
c)
Adj
ectiv
es
as d
eter
min
ativ
e el
emen
ts.
d)
Spe
lling
in
:o
ne w
ord
is
gene
rally
us
ed f
or
com
poun
ds
cons
istin
g of
no
n-in
flect
ed
adje
ctiv
es
such
as
"gro
l3,
klei
n,
alt,
neu'
* or
po
ints
of
th
e co
mpa
ss
plus
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es.
Exa
mpl
es:
Mitt
ieur
opa;
O
sttir
ol;
Obe
rste
ierm
ark;
Nie
dera
ster
reic
h;
Gro
Bgl
ockn
er;
Hoc
hkar
.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd o
ffici
al
usag
e pr
escr
ibes
:
Gro
S-N
ondo
rf;
Kle
in-U
lrich
schl
ag;
Alt-
Urfa
hr.
- 36
-
The
hyph
en
is us
ed
with
co
npou
nds
cons
istin
g O
f un
injitii
c~
w ad
ject
ives
en
ding
in
-is
ch
which
ar
e *
.
deriv
ed
from
th
e na
mes
of
pl
aces
, co
untri
es
and
peop
le
plus
ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es.
-Exa
mpl
e:
Stei
risch
-Tau
chen
.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd
offic
ial
usag
e pr
escr
ibes
:
Kroa
tisch
M
inih
of;
Stei
risch
La
Snitz
; W
indi
sch
l- Bl
eibe
rg.
-da)
C
ompo
unds
co
nsist
ing
of
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
*
}-The
hy
phen
is
used
wh
en
a ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
e is
*com
pose
d of
tw
o ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es.
i-Exa
mpl
es:
Rud
olfs
heim
-Fiin
fhau
s;
Wtis
chen
dorf-
?irc
hing
.*'
[Or
/I So
muc
h fo
r th
e sp
ellin
g ru
les.
._
On
wor
d-fo
rmat
ion:
,
Here
a
few
rule
s fo
r th
e,fo
rmat
ion
of
deriv
ative
s m
ust
be
men
tione
d wh
ich
resu
lt fro
m
the
addi
tion
of
-er
to
a ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
e.
The
trend
is
towa
rds
reta
inin
g th
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
e
to
which
th
e de
rivat
ive
sylla
ble
-er
is ad
ded
in
an u
ncha
nged
form
, al
thou
gh
alte
red
form
s lo
ng
esta
blish
ed
by
usag
e ar
e
reco
gniz
ed
as
corre
ct
stan
dard
. In
so
me
case
s us
age
pron
ounc
es
agai
nst
unch
ange
d na
me
form
s in
de
rivat
ives
endi
ng
in
-er:
Wie
ner
Neus
tadt
er,
Naud
erse
r in
stea
d of
th
e co
rrect
fo
rms
Wie
ner
Neu
stad
ter,
Nau
dere
r.
The
follo
win
g ru
les
have
to
be
ob
serv
ed:
1)
-en
may
be
elim
inat
ed
or
shor
tene
d to
-n
i
Def
ereg
gen/
Def
ereg
ger;
Bade
n/Ba
dner
.
2)
-er
may
be
elim
inat
ed
or
shor
tene
d to
-r:
Arda
gger
/Ard
agge
r; M
auer
/Mau
rer.
- 37
-.
3)
-el
may
be
sho
rtene
d to
-1
:
Eise
nkap
pel/E
isenk
appl
er.
4)
-e
is de
finite
ly
elim
inat
ed
befo
re
-er:
Neu
mU
le/N
eum
iihle
r.
The
pure
ly
orth
ogra
phic
el
imin
atio
n of
th
e se
cond
e
in
nam
es
with
fin
al
-ee
has
been
di
scus
sed
unde
r sp
ellin
g ru
les
III
2 y:
Alta
usse
e/Al
taus
seer
.
5)
Fina
l -s
follo
win
g a
cons
onan
t is
elim
inat
ed
in
man
y ns
mes
from
th
e Ty
rol
and
Vora
rlber
g:
Nau
ders
/Nau
dere
r; W
atte
nsT-
‘
Wat
tene
r.
6)
In
som
e ca
ses
the
addi
tion
of
deriv
ativ
e -e
r pr
oduc
es
an
umla
ut
in
the
prim
ary
word
: W
iene
r Ne
usta
dt/W
iens
r N
eust
ldte
r. L
7)
Apar
t fro
m
the
chan
ges
occu
rring
in
de
rivat
ives
with
fin
al
-er
. th
ere
may
be
othe
r m
odifi
catio
ns
whLc
h sh
ould
be
ta
ken
over
__
-
prov
ided
th
at
they
ar
e es
tabl
ished
by
lo
cal
usag
e in
th
e
deriv
ed
geog
raph
ical
na
me.
Xa
ltenb
ach/
Kalte
nbsc
ker,
hlal
lebe
rn/
Mal
lebe
r, Py
hra/
Pyhr
inge
r, H
ippl
es/H
ippl
inge
r, et
c.
IV.
The
Geo
grap
hica
l Na
mes
of
Min
ority
4
Lang
uage
s.~&
&&,r
yhC
The
Firs
t U
nite
d N
atio
ns
Con
fere
nce
on
the
,Sta
dard
izat
ion
of
Geo
grap
hica
l Na
mes
, G
enev
a 19
67,
reco
mm
ende
d th
at
the
adm
inis
trativ
e au
thor
ities
of
th
e va
rious
co
untri
es
shou
ld
lay
down
th
e ge
ogra
phic
al
nam
es
in
mul
tilin
gual
ar
eas
in
the
min
ority
la
ngua
ges
as
well
and
shou
ld
publ
ish
them
in
m
aps
and
1.
gaze
tteer
s.
In
Aust
ria
this
has
rele
vanc
e in
re
spec
t of
Sl
oven
e,
Cro
atia
n an
d H
unga
rian
geog
raph
ical
na
mes
. An
offi
cial
de
cisi
on
on m
inor
ity-la
ngua
ge
nam
es
of.p
opul
ated
pl
aces
ex
ists
only
fo
r
the
Slov
ene
nam
es
in
Car
inth
id.
The
basis
fo
r th
is re
gula
tion
is th
e Fe
dera
l Ac
t as
of
6
July
19
72,
Fede
ral
Lega
l G
azet
te
for
the
Rep
ublic
of
Au
stria
, N
o.
270/
1972
, on
th
e us
e of
bi
lingu
al.
- 38
-
90
topo
grap
hic
nam
es
and
signs
. Th
e ac
t co
ntai
ns
a lis
t of
pl
aces
to
which
it
appl
ies.
Th
e co
rresp
ondi
ng
Slov
ene
nam
es
of
popu
late
d
plac
es
are
inclu
ded
in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n pr
ovisi
on
of
the
Fede
ral
Chan
celle
ry,
GZ
83.8
18-2
-2a/
72
of
25
July
19
72.
At
the
mom
ent
the
entir
e m
atte
r is
be
ing
revi
sed
so
that
th
e lis
t
is
of
prov
ision
al
impo
rtanc
e on
ly.
For
plac
es
and
com
mun
es
in
Burg
enlan
d wi
th‘cr
oatia
n an
d Ka
gyar
po
pula
tions
th
ere
are
no
offic
ially
ac
know
ledge
d m
inor
ity-la
ngua
ge
nam
es;
here
th
e
only
so
urce
is
a
Verz
eich
nis
der
Burg
enlln
disc
hen
Orts
nam
en
mit
Anga
be
der
deut
sche
n,
mag
yaris
chen
Fo
rmen
, ed
ited
by
the
Burg
enlln
disc
hes
Land
esar
chiv
on
beha
lf of
th
e Pr
ovin
cial
Gov
ernm
ent
of
Burg
enla
nd,
Eise
nsta
dt
1854
, for
re
sear
ch
and
info
rmat
ion
purp
oses
. Th
e pr
esen
t .
gaze
tteer
co
ntai
ns
only
of
ficia
lly
ackn
owled
ged
nam
es
of
popu
late
d pl
aces
. Si
nce
at
pres
ent
no
defin
itive
fo
rms
exis
t fo
r
any
of
the
min
ority
la
ngua
ges,
Sl
oven
e,
Croa
tian
and
Hung
aria
n
nam
es
of
popu
late
d pl
aces
ha
ve
not
been
in
clude
d.
As
far
as
nam
es
for
feat
ures
ot
her,
than
po
pula
ted
plac
es
are
conc
erne
d th
e lan
d re
gist
er
and
the
Fede
ral
Surv
ey
in th
eir
also
in
vest
igat
ions
lfollo
w do
min
ant
loca
l us
age
in
min
ority
ar
eas
& e
so
that
in
th
e of
ficia
l m
aps
and
abov
e al
l in
th
e
- 45
-
‘, -,
V.
Glo
ssar
ge
ogre
phisc
her
Gat
tung
swsr
ter
I G
loss
ary
of
Geo
grap
hica
l
Amtlic
he
Beze
ichnu
ngen
fur
Si
edlun
gs-
und
Verw
altun
gsein
heite
n O
fficia
l De
signa
tions
of
Un
its
of
Settle
men
t an
d Ad
mini
strat
ion
Amtlic
he
Beze
ichnu
ng
: De
utsc
he
Defin
ition
i ,
i: En
glisc
he
Defin
ition
t$
Offi
cial
Desig
natio
n De
finitio
n in
Ge
rman
j
Defin
ition
in
Engl
ish
'------
------
.---
{I.
Bund
eslan
d --+
Land
8' Do
rf
, ] Zu
sam
men
hYng
ende
r Si
ed-
con^
tzous
se
ttlem
ent
with
I
lung
spla
ts
mit
10
und
10
or
mor
e ho
uses
m
ehr
Haus
ern
I ‘I
.
i Ei
nsch
icht
I Ge
mein
de
(Orts
ge-
i
mein
de)
Gcric
htsb
esirk
Kata
stralg
emein
de
2 HY
user
in
en
ger
Lage
.l;t
ed
hous
es
kleins
te
politi
sche
Ve
r-j
smal
lest
ad
mini
stra
waltu
ngse
inheit
un
it t i clo
se
ive
tory
of
Spre
ngel
eine
s Be
zirks
- j
juris
dict
iona
l ter
r ge
richt
es
a I0
001
cour
t rB
umlic
he
Einh
eit
des
area
1 un
it of
th
e lan
d re
- _
- .~
Ci
rund
kata
sters
; sie
ist
gis
ter;
the
tota
l of
al
l :
die
Gesa
mth
eit
der
Ciru
nd-
real
esta
te
hold
ings
Jo
ine
stiic
ke,
die
durc
h ein
e !
toge
ther
by
co
mm
on
num
beri
a ge
mein
sam
e Gr
unds
tiicks
- of
ho
ldin
gs
L&
num
erier
ung
zusa
mm
enge
-' fa
Rt
sind
Y LL
4s.J~
?. I
’-izt
ral
map
s a.
host
of
su
ch
min
ority
-lang
uage
na
mes
ar
e fo
und;
.t, :
‘?ve
r, th
ese
nam
es
usua
lly
desig
nate
fe
atur
es
not
impo
rtant
en
ough
for
inclu
sion
in
this
ga
zette
er.
6
. La
nd
, Gl
iedsta
at
der
Repu
blik
subd
ivisio
n of
th
e Re
publ
ic of
Austr
ia,
in
turn
div
ide
into
ad
mini
strat
ive
dis-
tri
cts
(and
St
atut
arsta
dte
plac
e wi
th
mar
ket
right
com
mun
e wi
th
the
title
7
tota
l of
ho
uses
wi
th
com
mon
"c
onsc
riptio
n"
num
berin
g
a’
part
b of
se
ttlem
ents
sit
ua-
ted
in
diffe
rent
co
mmun
ed
Markt
*
Nark
tgem
einde
Ortsc
haft
Bste
rreich
, ge
glied
ert
in
Politi
sche
Be
zirke
(u
nd
Stat
utar
stPdt
e)
I Or
tscha
ft m
it M
arktr
echt
\ Ge
mein
de
mit
dam
Ti
tel
1 M
arktg
emein
de
Gesa
mth
eit
von
HPus
ern,
di
e du
rch
eine
gem
ein-
sam
e Ko
nskr
iption
snum
e-
rieru
ng
zusa
mm
enge
fallt
ist
Ortsc
hafts
ante
il Or
tscha
ftsan
teile
sin
d .T
eile
vo
n Or
tscha
ften,
di
e in
ve
rsch
ieden
en
Gem
einde
n (O
rtsge
mein
- de
n)
liege
n
Ortsc
hafts
besta
ndte
ile
Im
Sinn
e de
r,sta
atlic
hen
Stat
istik
ein
Teil
einer
Or
tscha
ft,
der
durc
h se
ine
abge
trenn
te
Lage
un
d be
sond
ere
lokale
Be
deut
ung
bem
erke
nswe
rt ist
in
term
s of
of
ficia
l sta
- tis
tics
a pa
rt of
a
settl
e m
ent
rem
arka
ble
for
its
sepa
rate
lo
catio
n an
d sp
e-
cial
lo
cal
impo
rtanc
e
Geog
rapb
irche
Ga
ttu?&
srijrt
er
aulie
rhalb
de
s all
gem
einen
.
'l-6
Wor
tschs
tzes.
.‘, L
%
+4
*
I
' Ce
ogre
phica
l /,p
pella
tives
bu
ts&
the
Gen
eral
Voca
bulzr
y-
(/+!
~&ts
z!
. Es
hs
ndel
t sic
h do
bei
nur
urn
eine'
besc
hrsn
kte
Aus-
uahl,
di
e vo
r al
lem
de
m
frem
dspr
achig
en
Benii
trer
eine
Hilfe
bia
ten
~011
. Di
e Sc
hreib
ung
der
\<6r
ter
folgt
&
& .m
w P .~
.--_
-
don
land
esiib
liche
n Sc
hreib
tradit
ionen
> '&
&-4&
,y,*d
zy+Z
*~r
*'*-rc
.
This
is
on
ly a
limite
d se
leci<
+in
dgs&
ned
abov
e al
l to
he
lp
the
non-
Germ
an-sp
ezkin
g us
er.
The
spel
ling
of
the
word
s ge
nerel
ly
follo
w 10
~1
spel
ling
conv
entio
ns
which
, ho
aeve
r, er
e no
t .-
irli
fIrnly
es
tebl
ished
.
2.
- 46
-
Ortsg
amein
de
i +G
emein
de
~Gem
einde
Or
tsver
waltu
ngste
il :'
, Be
i gr
6Rer
en
burg
enliin
- su
bdivi
sion
of
the
adm
ini-
' !
disc
hen
Gem
einde
n VO
X--,
I--
strat
ivc
dist
rict
of
the
t ? ko
mm
ende
Un
terte
ilung
co
mm
une
for
adm
inistr
ative
j
des
Verx
altun
gssp
ren-
j
purp
oses
, in
lar
gsr
conm
lu-
gels
$es
Gem
einde
gebie
- ne
s in
Bu
rgen
land
tes
zur
Erlei
chte
rung
de
r Ve
rwalt
ung
Politi
sche
r Be
zirk
Politi
sche
Ve
rwslt
ungs
- i
(V.w
waltu
ngsb
ezirk
) ad
mini
strat
ive
unit
betw
een
einh
eit
zwisc
hen
Land
pr
ovinc
e an
d co
mm
une
und
Gem
eindc
.,
Rotte
2
und
meh
r Hi
iuser
in
ga
- tw
o or
m
ore
non-
cont
iguou
s ,:
trenn
ter
Lsge
ho
uses
i.l
St
adt
*
Stad
tgem
einde
Gem
einde
m
it de
m
Tite
l '
com
mne
wi
th
the
title
St
adt"
Stad
t (n
ur
in
Vora
rlber
g)(to
wr)
only
in
Vora
rlbsv
:! _
Gem
einde
m
it da
m
Tite
l St
adtg
emein
de
-e-.
.’ j
<’
,eom
mun
e wi
th
the
title
St
sdt-:
Ga
ttung
swor
t De
utsc
he
Defin
ition
j En
glisc
he
Defin
ition
gem
einde
(u
rban
co
mm
unr;;
Ap
pelat
ive
Defin
ition
in
Ger
man
De
finitio
n in
En
glish
.
Stat
utar
stadt
, su
ch
Gem
einde
, ve
lche
auRe
r St
sdt
mit
eigen
em
der
Gem
einde
verw
eltun
g sta
tut
such
di
e Ag
ende
n ein
er
Bezir
ksve
rwalt
ungs
be-
.._ .
h&-d
e se
lbst
be
sorg
t; sie
ist
de
n Po
litisc
hen
Bezir
ken
gleich
rang
ig Ve
rwalt
ungs
bezir
k +P
olitis
cher
Be
zirk
, W
eil4r
3-9
Ha
user
in
enge
r La
ge
com
mun
e no
t on
ly in
ch
arge
:.l
of
th
e m
unici
pal
adm
inistr
a-
I di
e Ac
he
tion
but
also
ex
ercis
ing
i: E
Alm
, Al
pe,
Alp
the
adm
inistr
ative
fu
nctio
h' of
a
Politi
sche
r B&
irk
" ir g
W&
HlvJ
e /
c -
7Pol
itisch
er
Bezir
k ..I
3-9
hous
es
close
to
geth
er
i?
# e
Aste
I !
i ' di
e Au
'
- iy
. Im
Sa
men
buch
se
lbst
sin
d di
e Be
zeich
nung
en
Markt
un
d St
adt
gem
iin
der
Hand
habu
ng
des
Ortsv
erze
ichnir
ses
von
6ste
rreich
vo
m
Jahr
e
_I j
das
Bann
holz
1 G
Ba
nnwa
ld !j
-
1965
un
d de
r as
terre
ichisc
hen
Karte
1:
50
000
zur
K4nn
zeich
nung
je-
ner
Ortsc
hafts
besta
ndte
ile
verw
ende
t wo
rden
, in
we
lchen
sic
h in
der
Rega
l de
r Si
tz
der
entsp
rech
ende
n Ge
mein
deve
rwalt
ung
befin
drt.
: >
/ .' z
der
Barg
dz
Beun
de,
Poin
t
s va
n Bs
terre
ict
of
: ]
r&s
Birk
)ach
, Bi
ra
1965
an
d th
e 6s
terre
ichisc
he
Karte
1:
50
000
the
desig
natio
ns
dz
Blaik
e,
Bleik
e
Harkt
an
d St
adt
are
us4d
in
th
e ga
zette
ar
indi
cate
of
settle
men
ts
in
which
th
e co
mm
unal
auth
oritie
s ha
ve
thos
e pa
rts
their
se
at.
der
Bode
n F-
8 .
'dTe
Breit
e - da
s Br
ett
;: -
flieRe
ndes
Ge
viiss
er
runn
ing
water
‘1
y&n&
&,
i Be
rgwe
ide;
Senn
hiitte
m
it al
pine
pa
sture
: al
pine
co
wher
d’s
Vieh
stal
l un
d Tr
iinke
hu
t wi
th
stab
le
and
drdn
king
troug
h kle
ine
Alm
sm
all
alpi
ne
pastu
re
Gras
land;
Gr
aspla
tz,
be-
gras
sy
land:
a
plot
of
gr
assy
sa
nder
s au
f ds
m
Dorfp
latz
grou
nd,
espe
c.
villag
e gr
een
Weid
eplat
z, be
sond
ers
ala
graz
ing
area
, es
pecia
lly
as
(L
Zwisc
hens
tatio
n cu
r Ho
ch-
sort
of
inter
med
iate
stop
on
slm
(i Ai
m)
the
way
to
the
high-
alpine
pa
sture
c*
&I
Wies
en-
oder
W
aldl
and
in
fore
sts
and
mea
dows
of
th
e flo
od
der
FluD
niede
rung
; In
sel;
plai
n;
islan
d:
peni
nsul
a Ha
lbin
sel
- .
Bann
wald
Wald
, de
ssen
Nu
tzung
ei
nst
der
Grun
dher
r- sc
haft
vorb
ehslt
en
war
Erhe
bung
; St
raRe
nrte
ile,
PaB,
Sa
ttel;
Wein
berg
m
eist
ein
geza
unte
s Gr
uid-
stiic
k fiir
So
nder
kultu
ren
in
der
Niih
e de
r Si
edlu
ng
Birk
enge
hslz
durc
h Ru
tschu
ng
gras
freie
Stel
le
am
Berg
hang
eb
enes
St
iick
Land
ein
zelne
s gr
6Rer
es
brei-
te
s Ac
kers
tiick
zum
eist
sines
Gr
otigr
undb
esitz
ers
aben
e Gi
pfelf
lur,
felsi
g,
4 Ba
nnva
ld -.I
.-..%
-,-..
fore
st for
mer
ly re
serve
d for
- rr
-mrG
- -
der
Briih
l W
iese,
Au4
) ’
aTs
Briin
dl
Trink
wass
erqu
elle
& Bu
chac
h,Bu
chet
,Buc
henw
ald
7 de
r Bu
;gst
all
+'.
- das
Dorn
sch
c%%
Ec
k, Eg
g.-
das
Eich
, Ei
chac
h,
'%ich
et
+a%
Bi
gen
'die
Elni
jd
G Ei
sfel
d )
.&i
Elen
d :
u-
Stiitt
e ein
er
jetzig
en
oder
ei
nstig
en
Weh
ran-
lag
e
site
of an
ex
isting
or
for
mar
forti
flcst
ion
Dorn
gebii
sch
t-hor
ny
shru
bber
y Be
rg-
odet
Hi
igelka
nte;
&u
ntain
or
hi
ll cr
est;
mou
ntain
Be
rg
mit
scha
rfen
Grate
n; wi
th
shar
p rid
ges;
peni
nsul
a
the
use
of
the
lord
of
the
man
or
eleva
tion:
ste
ep
road
pa
ssag
e,
pass
, sa
ddle
: vin
eyar
d us
ually
en
close
d pt
ot
for
spe-
ci
al
cultu
res
close
to
th
e se
ttlem
ent
birch
co
pse
! gr
ass-
free
area
on
a
slope
, ca
used
by
la
ndsli
p fla
t pi
ece
of lan
d a
fairly
lar
ge,
wide
fie
ld,
usua
lly
owne
d by
bi
g lan
ded
Droo
rieto
r fia
t- -
(sub
equa
lity
of
sum
mits
in
lof
ty m
ount
ains)
. ro
cky
mea
dow,
riv
erina
m
eado
w dr
inking
-wat
er
sprin
g be
ech
fore
st ,
hill
Haliin
sel
's,
Eich
enua
ld
! oa
k fo
rest
eins
t ni
cht
abga
benp
flich-
real
esta
te
form
erly
not
subj
ect
tiger
Gr
undb
esitz
. 1
to
rate
s, fe
es
and
dutie
s Ge
hijft
in
Einz
ellag
e :
isola
ted
farm
stead
Gl
etsc
her
glac
ier
aune
rhalb
de
r Ge
matk
ung
land
outs
ide
the
boun
dary
liece
ndes
La
nd
mar
kers
. I
<
d&
Eng
d_ks
Er
lech,
Er
la <a
s Es
wn
'$iEf
;;hta
ch,
da
ferne
r cl=
filz
de
er
first
d&
q flu
h di
e flu
r *C
c
‘L -
Talen
ge;
schm
ales
Gr
unds
tiick
. Er
lenge
halz
Vieh
wkide
W
eide
flPch
e fic
hten
wald
- 34
- na
rrow
part
of a
valle
y; na
rrow
strip
of
grou
nd
alder
co
pse
lives
tock
pa
sture
pa
sture
lan
d sp
ruce
fo
rest
das
Gsen
g Kq
Gs
tKtte
n,
Gste
tten
Rodu
ng
clear
ed
land
Abha
ng;
Stuc
k un
kulti-
slo
pe;
plot
of
un
cultiv
ated
vie
rten
Land
es
nebe
n lan
d ne
xt to
bu
ilt-up
ar
eas
FlYc
hen
von
Sied
lungs
- ,
and
cultiv
ated
1
und
Ku1t
urlar
.d
tiefe
W
asse
rste
lle;
ner
See;
Ve
rtief
ung
klei-
deep
wa
ter
hole;
! de
pres
sion
Berg
kupp
e do
me-
shap
ed
sum
m
1 ta
in,
knoll
G
ebiis
ch;
Einf
riedu
ng;
' sc
rub;
en
closu
re
einge
fried
etes
Gr
und-
of
gr
ound
stu
ck
and
- !
smal
l lak
e;
i t
of
a m
oun-
i en
close
d lo
t,
Glet
sche
r M
oor,
Sum
pf
Berg
grat
jgh
er
felsa
bhan
g Nu
tzlan
d au
Ber
Wald
; Do
rfgem
arku
ng
Fijhr
enwa
ld Hu
tweid
e Ha
mm
erwe
rk,
-sch
mied
e 1
pastu
re
for
graz
ing
ham
mer
m
ill'
Wald
; He
idelan
d m
it fo
rest;
pa
sture
lan
d wi
th
splrl
ichem
Ba
umwu
chs
scat
tere
d tre
es
durc
h An
schw
emm
ung
ent-
stand
ene
FluD
inse
l riv
er
islan
d fo
rmed
by
ag
gra-
da
tion
Burg
berg
, zu
meis
t kii
nst-
cast
le
mou
nd,
usua
lly
artifi
- lic
h au
fgew
orfe
ner
oder
'
cially
ra
ised
or
form
ed
hill
gefo
rmte
r Hi
igel
eh
emals
for
mer
ly wi
th
wood
en
forti-
m
it hij
lzern
em
Weh
rbau
fic
atio
ns
eben
es,
mei
st
sand
iges
, fla
t, us
ually
sa
ndy
uncu
ltiva,
un
beba
utes
La
nd
ted
tract
of
land
Feld
mit
Hirs
eanb
au
mille
t fie
ld
Hoch
weide
Ge
hdz,
Wal
d hig
h-ap
line
pastu
re
smal
l wo
od,
fore
st Be
rgsp
itze;
vo
rspr
ingen
- m
ount
ain
peak
; po
inted
, ju
tti;
de
Berg
form
dd
er La
nd-
cliff
or
prom
ontor
y zu
nge
Gem
einde
gren
ze,
-geb
iet;
boun
dary
or
area
of
a
com
mun
e fe
ld-,
Besit
zgre
nze
boun
dary
of
a fie
ld
or
lot
o gr
ound
Ba
uern
gut
von
besti
mm
ter
farm
stead
of
ce
rtain
size
GrijR
e Hu
ge1
kleine
s ste
hend
es
Ge-
;hill sm
all
stagn
ant
body
of
wa
ter
wlss
er
Weid
eplat
z gr
azing
ar
ea
_
d&r
Gum
pen
d&r
Gupf
dAr
Hag
glac
ier
bog,
sw
amp
mou
ntain
cr
est
prec
ipito
us
rock
y slo
pe
prod
uctiv
e lan
d ex
cept
ing
wood
land;
lan
d an
d fie
lds
belon
ging
to
one
villag
e pin
e fo
rest
das
Forc
hach
, %
rche
t de
r Fr
onwa
ld W
ald
im
Besit
z de
r eh
ema-
fo
rest
owne
d by
for
mer
lor
d I:
ligen
Gr
undh
errs
chaf
t of
th
e m
anor
,
die
Galle
---
St
elle
, wo
Gr
undw
asse
r au
stritt
1 pl
ace
wher
e gr
ound
water
em
erge
s ii
d&
Galta
lm,
Galt-
Alpe
nweid
e fiir
da
s Ga
lt- alp
0 -
. vie
h (k
eine
Milc
h ge
ben-
al
pine
pa
sture
for
no
n-da
iry
)'l ca
ttle
I de
n Ri
nder
) i,i
Gand
e Sc
huttf
eld,
Gera
llhald
e '
talu
s,
I: sc
ree
t!
dAF
Halt
ds
Ham
mer
ds
Ha
rt
d&r
Hauf
en
ds
Haus
berg
dz
Heide
c$z
Hirs
chlan
d Qe
-r Ho
chleg
er
9"
Holz
das
Horn
?-
..k
&r
Gang
{
FluR
lauf
oder
-a
rm,
I W
asse
rgra
ben
ss
Gebir
ge,
birg,
Bi
rg
Ge---
i du
rch
T;ile
r ge
glied
erte
Ge
sam
theit
vo
n Be
rgen
:
und
Hoch
flach
en;
Grup
pe
__
. .
river
co
urse
or
br
anch
, gu
lly'
i *'
' da
s Ge
hau
.A.- ds
Ge
m,
Gere
n
serie
s of
m
ount
ains
and
pla-
teaux
br
oken
by
va
lleys
; vo
n we
lnoer
gen
grou
p of
vin
eyar
ds
Wald
abte
ilung
de
r Fo
rst-
sect
ion
of
wood
in
for
estry
e Ge
stade
wirts
chaf
t ;
- sp
itz
zulau
fend
e fe
ldstiil
c-ta
pere
d fie
ld
or
land
plot
s I<
? de
r Ho
tter
ke
oder
Ge
lande
teile
1;
-
Ufer
an
gr
iiner
en
GewH
s- s
ern
bank
of
a
large
r bo
dy
of
water
1:
di
e Hu
be
y. I( Nr
r da
s Ge
wand
, Ge
wann
Un
tera
bteil
ung
der
Feld-
1 a
divis
ion
of
the
com
mun
al lan
ds':
flur
mit
einem
St
reife
n of
a
villag
e wi
th
a str
ip of
d=
Hi
ibel
i fiir
je
des
Gehii
ft lan
d for
ea
ch
farm
ti
die
Hiilb
e :
- kr
GieR
bach
de
r Gr
aben
- da
s Gr
assa
ch
s Gr
at
rasc
h flie
nend
er
Bach
fa
st-ru
nning
br
ook
t: en
ges
Gebir
gsta
l oh
ne
narro
w m
ount
ain
valle
y wi
thou
t ti
die
Hut
Talso
hle;
re
gulie
rter
valle
y flo
or;
Zi+k
It3
Bach
lauf
le
d br
ook
bed
of
cont
rol-
;i, !;;
zs
Joch
h'ade
lholzg
ebiis
ch
conif
erou
s sc
rub
is
Gebir
gswe
ide
alpi
ne
pastu
re
Feldm
aa;
hoch
geleg
ener
m
easu
re
of
land;
hig
h pa
ss;
Gebir
gspa
R;
Gebir
gsriik
- m
ount
ain
ridge
ke
n Fe
ldman
; ho
chge
legen
er
mea
sure
of
lan
d;
high
pass
; Ge
birgs
paB;
Ge
birgs
- m
ount
ain
ridge
riic
ken
Berg
vorsp
rung
sp
ur,
proje
cting
cr
ag
or
clif
Gebir
gske
ssel,
Be
rgm
ulde
cirqu
e,
circu
lar
hollo
w On
.
. .
! Ka
mm
linie
de
s Be
rges
, rid
ge
of
a m
ount
ain,
mou
ntain
I<
*
Berg
kante
cr
est
das
Joch
I r\,
ge
rode
tes
Land
cle
ared
lan
d ;
Sand
, Sc
hutt;
Sc
hotte
r- sa
nd,
detri
tus;
grav
el ba
r ba
nk
-il 1:
Tahls
ohle;
‘Gru
ndstt
ick
dz
Kanz
el va
lley
floor
; lo
t of
gr
ound
%
Kar
Was
sers
chei
de;
Weg
sche
i- wa
ters
hed;
ro
ad
fork;
boun
dary
mou
ntam
sia
e
de;
Gren
ze
i" -
Karre
n (M
4.)
durc
h Re
genw
asse
r ge
scha
f-gro
oves
in
th
e su
rface
s of
li
Rodu
ng
clear
ed
land
fene
Ri
llen
an
*der
Ob
er-0
.st
one
rock
s fo
rmed
bv
ra
in w
flach
e vo
n Ka
lkges
tein
1 ter
gl
acie
r go
rge,'
narro
w va
lley
defile
; de
vice
for
dam
ning
up
water
in
lo
g dr
iving
das
Greu
t Kr
Gr
ieD
der
Grun
d E
Gsch
eid
e Gs
chwe
nd
f m
a
4
cone
or
do
me-
shap
ed
mou
ntain
das
Kees
f/ /.j
d%
Xl
amm
:
dE
Klau
se
?J
der
Kofe
l -
Glet
sche
r Fe
lseng
e,
Engt
alstre
cke
Engp
aR;
Vorri
chtu
ng
sum
St
auen
de
s W
asse
rs
fiir
die
Holzt
rift
Kege
l- od
er;h
aube
nfSr
mi-
ger
Berg
d&
xogc
l
die
Lack
e d>
e.
Lahn
da
s La
nd
.h-
Berg
kupp
e
Lath
e,
kleine
r Se
e I
dom
e-sh
aped
su
mm
it of
a
mou
n-
tain
,
pudd
le,
smal
l lak
e av
alanc
he
Lawi
ne
kleine
res
mit
Hack
e od
er
Spat
en
best
ellte
s La
nd-
stiick
La
ndun
gspla
tz,
Ufer
weg
Lerc
henw
ald
,I Le
gfCi
hren
gehB
lz
small
er
piec
e of
lan
d wo
rked
with
th
e ra
ke
or
spad
e
clip
LX
nde
I i d&
La
rche
t,Lar
ch'
d&I.a
;::hs
ch,
! a
SC
4-a-
s La
ub
I
der
Leeb
erg
I I . od
er
Fest
ungs
hiig
el
d_a*
Le
ger
das
Lehe
n ;
Alpe
nweid
e Ba
uern
gut
von
besti
mm
ter
h--
i Gr
SDe
land
ing
plac
e,
'emba
nkm
ent
larch
fo
rest
dwar
f pin
e sh
rubs
Laub
wald
kiins
tlich
aufg
ewor
fene
r od
er
gefo
rmte
r Gr
ab-
. _
decid
uous
fo
rest
artif
icial
ly ra
ised
or
form
ed
grav
e-
or
castl
e-m
ound
alpi
ne
pastu
re
farm
stead
of
ce
rtain
size
d_i_?
Le
hne
gtf
Leim
gi
e Le
ite,
Leite
n .fh
Lettc
n/
&r22
de
r Le
ver,
Lebe
r G
Loh,
Lo
ch
- dz
Luck
e
'dA9
Lueg
de
r Lu
B -
4 sc
hwac
h ge
neigt
er
Hang
ge
ntle
slope
Le
hm
loam
Be
rgha
ng,
Berg
lehne
slo
pe,
side
of
a hi
ll to
nhalt
ire
Erde
cla
yey
soil
: bo
rder
hi
ll !
grov
e, wo
od;
tract
of
land
co-
vere
d wi
th
shru
bber
y j
narro
w hig
h-alp
ine
pass
; ca
ve
Gren
zhiig
il Ha
in,
Wald
; m
it G
ebiis
ch
bewa
chse
nes
Land
sc
hmale
r po
chge
birgs
paR;
HG
hle
HGhle
, sc
hkpf
wink
ei
Besit
zstre
ifen
inner
halb
d2
Mah
d
ds3
IIsie
nsgB
d&
r M
ail3
das
Hand
1 dT
3 Ha
rk Ifa
s M
oos.,
M
ies
c-
der
Mug
el,
Mug
1 &e
Hu
re
-.-
dze
Nied
erleg
er
der
Neck
&&
Ob
erleg
er
gz
6de
der
Ofen
ci
S Or
t 'Zs
Pa
lfen
* &3
Pa
rt -
cave
, de
n i
strip
of
grou
nd
with
in
a pi
ece
8 ei
nes
Flur
stiic
ks
of
villag
e lan
d _
' .H
euwi
ese;
W
iesen
maB
I
fodd
er
mea
dow;
m
easu
re
of
mea
- do
wlan
d ,
Friih
lings
weide
sp
ring
pastu
re
v Ho
lzsch
lag;
Jung
wald
!
fellin
g ar
ea:
stand
of
yo
ung
trees
St
einse
tzung
au
f Gi
pfeln
sto
ne
pile
on
m
ount
ain
peak
Gr
enze
m
arch
, bo
unda
ry I
Sum
pflan
d sw
ampla
nd
Hiig
el
hill
Schu
tt-
und
Schla
mm
strom
ro
ck
and
mud
str
eam
in
th
e :
im
Gebir
ge
mou
ntain
s Al
penw
eide
auf
den
unt-r
al
pine
pa
sture
in
low
er
mou
n- Ge
birgs
lagen
ta
in
regio
ns
<.le
c Pl
an
der
Rain
die
Ram
--.
- da
s Re
isach
, Re
i- ?e
t, Re
is di
e Re
mise
r\N
d&F
Reut
das
Ried
d%
Ri
ed
.
d>T
Ried
el
d-c:
Rieg
el da
s Ro
hrac
h &
Runs
e N/
.-
' q;
;lE;la
ch.
Sale
t
. dz
Sa
lland
die
Sal3
die
SliR
-- e
Satte
l
der
Scha
chen
a&
Sc
harte
%
Sc
heib
e -
Berg
, Fe
lskop
f m
ount
ain,
crag
Ho
chalm
hig
h-alp
ine
pastu
re
unbe
baut
er
Ciru
nd
'land
no
t oc
cupi
ed
for
any
purp
ose
;: Fe
ls;
Hb;h
le cli
ff;
cave
Sp
itze,
En
de,
Rand
t
point
, en
d,
mar
gin
der
Schl
acht
iib
erhln
gend
er
Fels
: ov
erha
nging
cli
ff kle
ine
flach
e Er
hijhu
ng
i sm
all
flat
eleva
tion
in
flat
ii c
der
Schl
ag
im
eben
en
Celiin
de;
mei
st
terra
in,
usua
lly
cove
red
G Sc
hlat
tach
m
it G
ebiis
ch
oder
ho
hem
wi
th
shru
bs
or
long
gras
s dz
Sc
hlie
r Gr
as
bewa
chse
n ii
, fre
ier,
eben
er
Plat
z :
flat
open
ar
ea
Gren
zstre
ifen;
Be
rg-
und
i bo
rder
str
ip;
mou
ntain
slo
pe,
Ufer
hang
slo
ped
bank
Ri
iumun
g,
abge
holzt
es
Wald
-clea
ring,
cu
t-ove
r wo
odlan
d;
stiic
k;
Rodu
ng
clear
ed
land
Gehij
lz;
Geb
iisch
sm
all
wood
, co
pse;
sh
rubb
ery
Wal
dstiic
k in
mitte
n eb
e-
patch
of
wo
od
in
flat
field
s ne
n Ac
ker-
oder
W
iesen
- or
m
eado
wlan
d la
ndes
du
rch
Rode
n ur
bar
gem
ach-
cle
ared
lan
d te
s La
nd
Sum
pflan
d sw
ampla
nd
Teile
de
r Ge
mein
dege
mar
- pa
rts
of
the
used
..are
a of
a
vf ku
ng,
die
durc
h W
ege,
lag
e se
t of
f by
pa
ths,
bodi
es
GewY
sser
, Ku
lturg
renz
en
of
wate
r, cu
ltivat
ed
land,
et
un
d Ph
nlich
es
abge
gren
zt es
p.
piec
es
of
villag
e lan
d i
sind,
ins
beso
nder
e Flu
r- fie
lds
and
viney
ards
st
iicke
im
Ac
ker-
und
Wein
land
sc
hmale
r er
hijht
er
eben
er
narro
w ele
vate
d fla
t str
ip be
St
reife
n zw
ische
n zw
ei we
an
two
valle
ys
. Ti
i1eI
-n
d
Anhb
;he,
Be
rgab
satz
emine
nce,
m
ount
ain
ledge
Ri
jhric
ht
reed
s -.
Was
serri
nne,
Ba
chbe
tt,
rill,.
bed
of
broo
k, gu
lly;
Grab
en;
Felss
palt;
ste
ep
slope
wh
ere
timbe
r is
st
eile
r Ge
lPnd
eteil
, m
oved
to
th
e va
lley
auf
dem
Ho
lz zu
Ta
1 be
- fiir
dert
wird
Sa
lweid
enge
hGlz
' sa
llow
shru
bs
Grun
dstiic
kp,
die
sich
die
lots
of
gr
ound
re
serve
d for
Gr
undh
errs
chaf
t zu
m
cultiv
atio
n by
th
e lor
d of
Eige
nbau
vo
rbeh
alten
th
e m
anor
hatte
Ra
stplat
z, Ve
rste
ck,
Schlu
nfwi
nkel
resti
ng
plac
e,
hidea
way,
refu
Alpe
nweid
e m
it Se
nn-
alpi
ne
pastu
re
with
al
pine
hi
itte
cowh
erd's
hu
t br
eiter
Ge
birgs
paR;
Ei
n-elw
ide
mou
ntain
pa
ss;
depr
essio
se
nkun
g zw
ische
n Be
rgen
'
betw
een
mou
ntain
s al
lein
steh
ende
s.W
alds
tiick
isola
ted
wood
lo
t i
enge
r Ho
chge
birgs
pafi
narro
w hig
h-alp
ine
pass
I
Weg
- od
er
FluR
kriim
mun
g;
bend
of
pa
th
or
river
; fla
t !
von
einer
Fl
uRkr
iimm
ung
piec
e of
lan
d su
rroun
ded
by
umsc
hlos
sene
s eb
enes
riv
er
bend
La
nd
Ufer
befe
stigu
ng
aus
Holz
'woo
den
cons
truct
ions
to
pr
o-
tect
riv
er
hnnk
--.
---
Holzs
chlag
fe
lling
area
Ri
jhric
ht
reed
s leh
mige
od
er
mer
gelig
e loa
my
or
mar
ly de
posit
Ab
lager
ung
. .
..-
dLr
Schl
ipf
. de
r Sc
hrof
fen
~~
Schi
itt
d,5;
p Sc
hwaig
e .
*
d_i,e
Sc
hwen
de
j.g
zy;f;z
5 Sp
itz
*r St
auf
d,$T
St
eig
d.er
St
ein
das
Stoc
kach
, -S
G'sto
cket
92
e St
rub
die
Sulz
-. -
die
Sutte
2-
1
_d3?
Tr
ata
der
Tria
t xe
Tr
ift
Xek
Ursp
rung
$j
Vo
rsiiD
cl
el
wag
df
Wag
ram
ds
Wan
g di
e W
art
GT
Was
en
- _
ds
Wer
d
3.
Wild
e,
Wild
dA
s Za
inet
50s
Zinka
n *
Zvi
*se1
Stel
le,
wo
die
Erde
ab
- ru
tsqht
ze
rkllft
eter
Fe
ls du
rch
Ansc
hwem
mun
g en
t- sta
nden
e Fl
uSin
sel
Senn
hiitte
m
it zu
gehij
ri-
ger
Alpe
nweid
e Ro
dung
da
uern
d fe
ucht
es
GelY
nde
kleine
Be
rgsp
itze,
Ha
lbin
sel,
Land
zw
ische
n zw
ei sic
h ve
reini
gend
en
flieSe
n-
’ de
n Ci
ewiis
sern
Fe
ls Fu
Rveg
fe
lsige
r Gi
pfel
Rodu
ng
'.
/foot
path
iro
cky
peak
-c
leare
d lan
d
--
I
plac
e wh
ere
the
soil
is
slipp
ing
i. cra
ggy
rock
riv
er
islan
d fo
rmed
by
ag
gra-
I,
datio
n al
pine
co
wher
d's
hut
with
al
pinc
, "
pastu
re
clear
ed
land
perm
anen
tly
moi
st
terra
in /
smal
ler
farm
stead
m
ount
ain
peak
, pe
nins
ula,
lan
d *
situa
ted
betw
een
two
river
s ,:
at
their
co
nflu
ence
,! $
E.
Abkii
rzun
gen
und
Zeich
en
Abbr
eviat
ions
and
Sign
s
Abkii
rzun
gen,
Ze
ichen
Ab
brev
iation
, sig
n
'Bgl.
!s
Dtl.
cliff
!!
h
Was
serfa
ll; vo
n W
asse
r jw
ater
fall;
gorg
e th
roug
h wh
ich
:A
Ktn.
du
rchf
losse
ne
Berg
- a
strea
m
runs
i'
1.
schl
ucht
i!
JAL.
'.
Salzl
ecke
; sc
hlam
mig
e sa
ltlick
; m
uddy
pu
ddle
' ;I
p&j;&
Pf
iitze
/ ?$
++.
Bode
nmuld
e,
Lath
e,
.holl
ow
in
the
grou
nd,
pudd
le ;?
m
s Pf
iitze
I N
* I
Senn
hiitte
al
pine
co
wher
d's
hut
n.
Wald
; Ta
nnen
wald
.fore
st;
fir
fore
st Ge
birgs
tiber
gang
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