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Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

DAY 1

INTRODUCTION BASICS

TYPES & CIVILIAN ROLES MILITARY OPERATIONS

SENSORS & CHARACTERISTICS ALTERNATIVE POWER

DAY 2

COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA LINKS UAS WEAPONIZATION UAS SYSTEM DESIGN

IMPROVING RELIABILITY REGULATIONS & DOD OPERATIONS

DAY 3

CIVIL AIRSPACE INTEGRATION SENSE AND AVOID SYSTEMS

HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE AUTONOMOUS CONTROL ALTERNATIVE NAVIGATION

CASE STUDY: UAS SWARMING FUTURE UAS DESIGNS & ROLES

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Dr Jerry LeMieux, Engineer and Pilot

Hometown: Fond du Lac, Wisconsin (Green Bay Packers)

40 Years Aviation Experience with Over 10,000 hours

BS EE, MS EE and PhD EE with 20 Years PM, Systems Engineer

30 Years USAF Experience: Commander & Fighter/Instructor Pilot

10 Years Flight Test Experience with AEW & Fighter Aircraft

Faculty & Staff; MIT, Boston University, UM, Daniel Webster College, ERAU

Patent Author, Book Author, Lecturer

Current Interests: Unmanned Aircraft

Lecturer Background

Course Description

• This 3-day classroom instructional program is designed to meet the needs of engineers, researchers and operators. Attendees will gain a working knowledge of UAS system classification, sensors, communications and data links

• You will learn about military operations and the UAS weapon design and integration process. You will learn the process for UAS system design as well as methods for improving reliability

• You will understand regulatory issues and civil airspace integration requirements including sense and avoid systems. You will learn the principles of how a UAS performs autonomous operations using intelligent control techniques

• Case studies are presented for alternative energy designs and multiple UAS employment using genetic swarming algorithms

• Finally, the bright future of UAS is discussed including space, pseudo-satellites, UCAS, BAMS and technology roadmaps

Why Are You Here

• Senior military leadership: Improve planning, organization and training. Develop new doctrine and make force planning decisions

• Pilot/Sensor Operator: Learn more about your job

• Researcher: Develop new concepts & technologies

• Engineer/Programmer: Design, integrate & test

• Acquisition Program Manger: Manage new programs an upgrades to existing programs

What You Will Learn

• Basic Definitions & Attributes

• Design Considerations & Life Cycle Costs

• ISR, Precision Strike, CAS, Air-to-Air

• Global Hawk, Predator, Reaper

• Small UAS & Tactical Missions

• UAS for Law Enforcement & Fire Mgt

• Sensor Resolution, EO/IR, Gimbal Pkgs

• LIDAR, CRBN, SIGINT, SAR

• Multi-Spectral, Hyper-spectral

• Weather Effects, Tech Trends

• LOS & BLOS Fundamentals, Lost Link

• CDL, TCDL, Link 16, STANAG 4586, UCGS

• Reliability, Redundancy, Fault Tolerance,

• Fault ID, Reconfigurable Flight Control

• UAS Regulations, DoD Operations

• Spectrum Allocation, Airspace Problems

• Civil UAS News, Civil Airspace Integration

• FAA Small UAS Rule, RTCA SC-203

• Civil Requirements, Equivalent Level of Safety

• Collision Avoidance Sensors: TCAS, ADS-B, Optical, Acoustic & Microwave

• Automatic Control, Automatic Air to Air Refueling

• Intelligent Control, Genetic Algorithms

• Alternatives to GPS Navigation: Sun Trackers, Image Matching, Video match to Stored Images

• Case Study 1: Alternative Power (Solar and Fuel Cell)

• Case Study 2: Multiple UAS Swarming

• Space UAS, Global Strike, Hypersonic Weapon

• X-45/X-47/NEURON/Taranis UCAS

• Submarine Launched UAS, Pseudo-Satellites

• High Altitude Airship, Global Observer

• Future Military Missions & Technologies

Where Are We

• Predator has become to the UAS world what Kleenex is to tissue

• Predator synonymous with long dwell time and lots of capabilities

• Technology is changing doctrine, centralized control is challenged

• Airspace control system is stressed, not ready for 1000s of new UAS

• Overstressed command and control system

• Overstressed intelligence system, more data than it can handle

• Lack of interoperability and low reliability, high mishap rate

• Information is not connected, platforms do not talk to each other

• Struggling with adequate staff to perform training, lack of UAS career path

• Jointness is lacking, AF & Army overlapping UAS, different dictrines

• Each UAS is a stovepiped system, operations, training & support

• No long term strategy, buying UAS to fight, not decide how we fight

Where Do We Want to Go

• Want more UAS, military wants 1/3 of vehicles to become unmanned

• Want one pilot to control multiple UAS to reduce manning requirements

• Want more armed UAS (UCAS) w reduced signatures for deep strike

• Want to employ for different missions such as SEAD/EA/Deep Strike

• Want swarms of UAS to make multiple unpredictable attacks on targets

• Want UAS to file and fly in the NAS for development, test & training

• Want more autonomy, change navigation, make decisions, reduce BW

• Want data processing on-board vs high BW data link for ground processing

• Want better reliability, fault tolerance, redundancy, adaptive flight control

• Civil agencies want UAS to improve capabilities, law enforcement, fire mgt

• Want to integrate all UAS into the NAS so we can “file and fly”

• Want solar/fuel cell power pseudo-satellites for 5-10 year endurance

How Do We Get There

• Lots of dollars, annual worldwide spending will reach $10 billion

• R&D at military labs, commercial companies Universities, military ACTD’s

• Increase processor throughput and memory storage, onboard processing

• Develop standardized, reliable, jam resistant data links, increase BW

• Add multi/hyper spectral sensors for chemical properties

• Use AESA (BAMS) for air surveillance, integrate air-to air missions

• Use phase data to improve SAR resolution to improve CCD (coh chg det)

• Use LIDAR for FOPEN and chem/bio agent detection

• Increase sensor FOV, WAAS, full motion HDTV video,

• Smaller more lethal weapons with precision guidance, SDB

• Alternative power, electric motors, solar/fuel cells, 5 year airborne time

• Develop airworthiness standards, add collision avoidance systems for NAS

• Improve adverse weather capabilities

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Basics

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Overview

• Definition, Attributes

• Manned vs Unmanned

• Design Considerations

• Acquisition & Life Cycle Costs

• UAS Architecture

• UAS Components

– Air Vehicle, Payload, Data Link, GCS

• Mission Profiles

• Survivability

11 11 Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Types & Roles

Overview

• Categories/Classification

• Military Missions

• Large UAS Platforms

• Small UAS for Tactical Missions

• Law Enforcement Small UAS Case Study

• Example Civilian UAS Roles

• Other Civil Roles

Categories Classification of UAS

• By US Military Group

• By Location

• By Physical Size

• By Weight

– Weight vs Altitude

• By Endurance

– Endurance vs Weight

– Endurance vs Altitude

– Endurance vs Payload

• By Altitude

– Altitude vs Speed

• By Wing Loading

• By Engine Type

• Bt Range/Altitude

• By Performance

• By Capabilities

• By Type

• Micro

• Small

• Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE)

• High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE)

• UK Classifications

• International Classifications

Civil Roles

Mission Complexity:

Low - Preplanned and/or simple operator interaction, readily pre-programmable

Medium -Frequent near-real time decisions, compatible with machine decision logic

High - Numerous complex, real-time decisions / reactions by operator. Highly situation dependent

Manned Aircraft

Safety Complexity

High

Low

Low High

Mission Complexity

Fire Fighting

Border & Drug Traffic Patrol

Search & Rescue

National Automated Vehicle

Highway

PAV

Passenger Transport

Cargo Transport Illegal Activity Monitoring

Infrastructure & Agriculture Inspections

Autonomous Construction

Atmospheric, Geological, Volcanic, Oceanic Monitoring

Riot Control

Investigative Journalism of Remote/Forbidden Areas

Satellite Repair

Comm Relay

Interior Inspection of Pipelines

Automated Distribution Warehouse

Crime Scene Investigation

Traffic Monitoring

Resource Exploration

Infrastructure Repair

Emergency Response

Fertilizer, Pesticide, Fire Retardant Application

Source: UAS Roadmap 2011 – 2036 & Boeing

Law Enforcement Small UAS Case Study

UAS 1: Falcon Fixed Wing Aircraft

Deputy Contacts Dispatch & Requests UAS

• Dispatcher assigns UAS 1 to the call and notifies the UAS operator who’s on scene and he begins his mission plan • Target and ditch location and waypoints are saved • Dispatcher activates an automatic notification system alerting the FAA and ATC of the intended UAS flight • Dispatcher heads to the roof, conducts a preflight and reports to the UAS operator that the Falcon UAS is ready • UAS operator states the mission plan is complete and asks if there are any mission provisions from ATC • Dispatcher reports FAA request to remain below 500 AGL

Home Invasion Investigation Scenario

• Its early morning and the Sheriffs office receives a report of a burglary in progress • Lights and sirens erupt and deputies are enroute • The supervisor directs the deputies to set up a perimeter and assess the situation • Deputies are able to confirm a home invasion is in progress and it has escalated to a barricaded subject

Deputy Contacts Dispatch & Requests UAS

• Yellow lights flash and an alarm sounds on the roof • The UAS is launched in the direction of the incident and the UAS is aloft and headed toward the scene • The UAS operator confirms the launch and reports to the supervisor an ETA to the target location • As the UAS nears the UAS operator announces on UNICOM that UAS operations will be conducted in the area • 15 minutes after the initial request the UAS appears • The UAS orbits overhead and units receive real time infrared video on their individual computers

Unmanned Air Systems Sensors & Payloads

Overview

• Electro Optical (EO)

• Infrared (IR)

• Infrared Linescan (IRLS)

• Multi Spectral Imaging (MSI)

• Hyper Spectral Imaging (HSI)

• Light Detection & Ranging (LIDAR)

• Laser Radar (LADAR)

• Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear (CBRN) Detection

• Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

• Moving Target Indication (MTI)

• Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)

• Atmospheric & Weather Effects

• Sensor Data Rates

• Future Sensor Trends

Sensor Range Calculation Nomo graphs

18

Uncooled 320 x 240 detector Cooled 320 x 240 detector

Source: FLIR

Black Body Radiation

• All matter emits electromagnetic radiation. Thermal radiation is conversion of a body's thermal energy into electromagnetic energy

• All matter absorbs electromagnetic radiation. An object that absorbs all radiation falling on it, at all wavelengths, is called a black body.

• A black body at a uniform temperature has a characteristic frequency distribution that depends on the temperature.

• Its emission is called blackbody radiation.

19

If you measure the intensity and you know wavelength you can determine the temperature

Planks Law

Atmospheric Absorption/Transmittance

20

Near IR 0.78-3 microns Mid IR 3-5 microns Far IR 8-12 microns NWIR MWIR LWIR

Infrared Spectroscopy Absorbance = a*b*c a= molar absorbtivity b= path length c= concentration T=Transmittance A=log10(1/T) T=e-abc

IR spectra are obtained by detecting changes in transmittance (or absorption) intensity as a function of frequency

Multispectral/Hyperspectral IR

21 Source: Penn State

Global Hawk SAR Images

22

Impact of two AC-130 weapons (bottom left and right). The pinpoints of light between and above the two impacts are heat from campfires of Taliban lookouts (left) and associated cave entrances (right). Enlarging the image shows people standing around the fires. They finally stopped building campfires, but the sensors still picked up the heat from individuals.

A Global Hawk's all-weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR) captured this message in Arabic that was bulldozed in the Earth. Roughly, it means "have mercy" and an arrow points to a nearby Iraqi military camp near Buhayrat Atn Tharthar reservoir, where the soldiers had decided they were ready to surrender to advancing U.S. forces. "They knew we were watching," said an industry official.

http://sgforums.com/forums/1164/topics/56536

Space Weather Impacts

23

Source: USAF

24 24 24 24 Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Alternative Power

Overview

• The Need for Alternative Propulsion for UAS

• Alternative Power Trends & Forecast

• Solar Cells & Solar Energy

• Solar Aircraft Challenges

• Solar Wing Design

• Past Solar Designs

• Energy Storage Methods & Density

• Fuel Cell Basics & UAS Integration

• Fuel Cells Used in Current Small UAS

• Hybrid Power

• Future HALE Designs

Propulsion Forecast

26 UAS Roadmap 2005 - 2030

Solar Energy Irradiance Model

• A good model of irradiance depending on variables such as geographic position, time, solar panels orientation and albedo was developed

• The maximum irradiance I max and the duration of the day Tday which are depending on the location and the date, allows to compute the daily energy per square meter as depicted in

27

ENERGY = I * T

28

Increased weight means higher wing loading. To calculate the corresponding increase in surface area. Solar powered aircraft closer to:

Great Flight Diagram Statistics for 62 Solar Planes Mass Models

Source: Noth

Fuel Cells Comparison

29 Source: US DOE

Fuel Cells PEM

• The Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing on the PEMFC as the most likely candidate for transportation applications

• High power density and a relatively low operating temperature (ranging from 60 to 80 degrees Celsius, or 140 to 176 degrees Fahrenheit).

• The low operating temperature means that it doesn't take very long for the fuel cell to warm up and begin generating electricity

30

Hydrogen is channeled through flow plates to the anode on one side. Oxygen flows through plates on the cathode side. At the anode the hydrogen splits into ions and electrons. The membrane only allows positive ions to flow through to the cathode. The electrons must travel through a an external circuit to the cathode creating an electrical current. At the cathode, the electrons and positive hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water which flows out of the cell. When the hydrogen and oxygen is used up, the fuel cell shuts down.

Anode side: 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e- Cathode side: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O Net reaction: 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

Used on Apollo mission and provided drinking water

31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Com & Data Links

Overview

• Current State of Data Links

• Future Needs of Data Links

• Line of Sight Fundamentals

• Beyond line of Sight Fundamentals

• UAS Communications Failure

• Link Enhancements

• Common Data Link (CDL)

• Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL)

• STANAG 4586

• VMF & Link 16 Integration

• Latest Ground Control Stations

LOS Fundamentals Link Budget Analysis

• Free space attenuation depends on frequency & distance

• Free space attenuation (or loss) increases with frequency

• The amount of free space attenuation can be computed using the following formula:

• FSL = 36.6 + 20 Log (F) + 20 Log (D)

• Where:

• F = Frequency in MHz

• D = Distance in Miles

• Example: A 2.4 GHz 5 mile path

• Log (2400) = 3.380211 (x20) = 67.604225

• Log (5) = 0.698970 (x20) = 13.979400

• Path Loss = (36.6 + 67.604225 + 13.979400) = 118.183625 dB

33

Link Enhancements Spread Spectrum

34

Narrowband Signal

Spreading Sequence

Noise Level

Digitized Signal

Wideband Signal

Source: National Instruments

Can spread original BW 20 -1 000 times

Makes Signal LPI

Adds ECCM or Anti jam or Jamming Immunity

Image Compression JPEG

• JPEG is a lossy compression format conceived explicitly for making photo files smaller

• JPEG stands for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, a committee set up in 1986

• The baseline uses an encoding scheme based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

• Compression ratios are normally 10:1

35 Source:www.fileformat.info

STANAG 4586

• Processes, procedures, terms and conditions for common military or technical procedures or equipment between member countries

• The objective of this standardization agreement is to specify and standardize elements that will be implemented in the UAS Control System The main elements that this agreement covers are:

– UAS Control System (UCS) Architecture (GCS = UCS)

– Data Link Interface (DLI).

– Command Control Interface (CCI).

– Human Control Interface (HCI)

• The UCS communicates with the UAS through message sets in a Data Link Interface (DLI) through the Vehicle Specific Module (VSM)

• STANAG 4586 does not regulate HW, SW, design or material solutions

– UAV systems manufacturers are free to implement design of software solutions while still being able to produce interoperable units

36

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Weaponization

Overview

• First UAS Air to Air Engagement

• Limitations & Desired Characteristics

• Desired Capabilities

• Acquisition Process

• 17 Design Considerations

• Current Weapons on UAS

Weaponization Common Techniques for Reconfigurable Flight Controllers

39

Source: Duchard

Weaponization 17 Design Considerations

• Degree of Autonomy

• Achieving Reliability

• CONOPS

• Cost

• Vehicle Scale

• Safety

• Vehicle Signature

• Mission Planning

• Support

40

• Command & Control

• Communications

• Sensors

• Weapon Type

• Weapon Characteristics

• Target Characteristics

• Targeting

• Defenses

Hellfire

• Anti-armor air-to-ground precision guided weapon

• 47 kg / 106 pounds, including 9 kg / 20 pound warhead, range of 8,000 m

• Laser guidance can be provided either from the launcher or another airborne target designator or from ground based observers

41

Single stage, single thrust, solid propellant motor, arming occurs between 150 to 300 meters after launch. Maximum velocity 950 miles per hour. 21,000 Hellfire IIs have been built since 1990, at a cost of about $68,000 each

VIDEO

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

System Design

Overview

• UAS Design Process

• Airframe Design Considerations

• Launch & Recovery Methods

• Propulsion Considerations

• Communications

• Navigation

• Control & Stability

• Ground Control System

• Support Equipment

• Transportation

Airframe Initial Weight Estimate

44

Baseline design: Initial estimate of max takeoff wt Textbooks do not have empty weight fraction chart Weight fraction: (empty/takeoff) obtained from statistical data 200 lb UAS = 120 lb empty wt Chart is a regression for 30 UAS currently in service

This fraction with estimates of fuel and payload weights can be used to compute a first iteration of takeoff weight

Source: Sobester

Propulsion 3 Variable Plot

45 Source: Sobester

Communications Antenna Types

• Most common types – Quarter wave length diploe

– Yagi

– Parabolic dish

– Lens antenna

– Phased array microstrip

• Quarter wavelength: vertically polarized. Receive antenna must also be vertically polarized. Angle differences = power loss

• Ominidirectional, rapid power loss w distance, model aircraft

• Yagi: One active element and rest are passive. Passive elements modify radiation pattern to keep the sidelobes low – Usually seen on rooftops for TV signals (500 MHz – 2 GHz)

46

Source: Austin

47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Improving Reliability

Overview

• Current State of UAS Reliability

• Fault Tolerant Control Architecture

• Fault Detection & Identification

• Reconfigurable Flight Controllers

• Non-Adaptive Controllers

• Adaptive Controllers

• Active System Restructuring

• Reconfigurable Path Planer

• Mission Adaptation

48

Predator Case Study

• The Predator design evolved from a DARPA program (FY84–FY90).

• In January 1994, the Army awarded General Atomics Aeronautical Systems a contract to develop the Predator system.

• The initial ACTD phase lasted from January 1994 to June 1996.

• During the initial ACTD phase, the Army led the evaluation program, but in April 1996, the Air Force replaced the Army as the operating service for the initial ACTD aircraft (RQ-1) (the “R” designates reconnaissance role)

• The Predator was designed to provide persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) coverage of a specified target area.

• As an ISR platform, the Predator carried either an electro-optics/infrared (EO/IR) sensor package or a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) package.

• In FY02, the RQ-1 migrated into MQ-1 (the“M” designates multirole) with the addition of a weapon-carrying capability.

49

Failure Mode Findings

50

This module will focus on improving Flight Control Reliability using Fault Tolerant Control Systems

Source: UAS Roadmap

#2

51

Unmanned Air Systems Civil Airspace Integration

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Overview

• Civil UAS News

• FAA Civil UAS Roadmap

• UAS Certificate of Authorization Process

• AFS-400 UAS Policy 05-01

• 14 CFR Part 107 Rule: Small UAS

• NASA UAS R&D Plan

• NASA Capability Needs & Technology Requirements

• RTCA SC 203

52

FAA Civil UAS Roadmap Evolution

• Accommodation

– COAs for Public Operators

– Experimental for Civil

– AC 91-57 for modelers

• Transition

• Integration

53

COA Process Certificate of Authorization

• In 1997 the FAA and DoD agreed upon and wrote the initial COA process

• FAA amended Order 7610.4 Special Military Operations to implement the current COA process that is used by the military today.

• Use and number of requests for UAS use has grown over the past 10 years

• The increase has caused a backlog and slowed down the COA process

• Need to examine the current process and determine how to improve

• The Application for COA should be submitted at least 60 days prior

• The FAA’s UAPO processes COA, determines updates or changes, either grants the request for a specified period of time, up to a year, or denies it

• Granted to DoD and other public agencies operating UA in the support of:

– National Defense COMPANIES WILL NOT BE APPROVED

– Disaster Relief

– Scientific Research

– Technological Development

54

SUAS FAA Regulation 107

• sUAS aviation rulemaking committee (ARC) proposed regulations

• Begins comment & review process that could see a final rule in mid 2013

• No COA required, Dayligt only, VMC, LOS, not over populated areas

• Must establish com and notify ATC if operating with 10 miles of airport

• Within 3 miles must notify the airport manager

• Greater than 400 ft or 30 minutes must issue a NOTAM (24-48 hrs in adv)

• Cant operated in special use airspace, on MTRs or Class B airspace

• Need an observer if the pilot is in a shelter or heads down, or > 400 ft

• Observer must have 2 way com with the pilot

• Must yield right of way to manned aircraft, maneuver early to prevent collision, must be able to descend 50 ft in 5 sec (for avoidance maneuver)

• Must monitor ATC voice com as instructed by ATC

55

56 Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jllemieux@unmannedexperts.com Phone: 920-744-7154

UAS Autonomous Operations

Unmanned Air Systems Autonomy & Alt Navigation

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Overview

• Vision

• Definitions

• Autonomy

• Automatic Control

• Automatic Air to Air Refueling

• Intelligent Control

• Neural Networks

• Bayesian Probability

• Fuzzy Logic

• Alternatives to GPS Navigation Systems

57

Automatic UAS AAR

58

DARPA/NASA program called KQ-X will perform UAS to UAS refueling

59

Sensor Navigation Control System

60

Noise

INS Error

Sensor Noise

Wind Gusts Measure position between receiver and drogue

Drogue INS position, INS error and sensor noise

Desired state estimate

Wind Gusts

For simplicity, only X,Y parameters shown

Control Laws

Combines feedback from aircraft with feedforward from sensor measurements to adjust UAS position

61

Unmanned Air Systems Human Machine Interface

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Overview

• Human Factors Engineering Explained

• Heron Tour at Suffield, Canada

• Human Machine Interface

• Voice Recognition & Control

• Haptic Feedback

• Spatial Audio (3D Audio)

• Synthetic Vision

• CRM

• Other Issues

62

Human Machine Interface Sensory Isolation of Operator

• One of the most prominent HMI issues is sensory isolation from operator

• UAS operators receive visual information from sensors

• Imagery collected is limited in terms of range and quality

• UAV operators do not have access to vestibular cues such as turbulence, weather conditions, aircraft movement and gravitational forces.

• Turbulence: manned aircraft detects immediate, UAS operator may only detect after noticing perturbation of the delayed video imagery

• Could result in a failure to detect and if the turbulence is severe enough, this could jeopardize the safe and effective control of the vehicle

• MCE operators for the 2001 GH demo rated ability to detect and diagnose abnormal conditions on the UAS via the HMI as poor

63

Human Machine Interface Sensory Isolation of Operator

• In 2002 one of the USAF GHs returning from a mission in support of OEF crashed after departing from controlled flight

• Part of the rudder mechanism failed

• If the failure had occurred on a manned aircraft, sensory feedback would alert the pilot immediately, may have been time to recover

• Installation of multisensory interfaces may be beneficial

• Tactile feedback: vibration on the wrists, forearms, or control stick

• Force feedback on the control stick

• Cockpit environmental noise and spatial audio cueing

• AFRL project called “multimodal immersive intelligent interface for remote operation (MIIIRO)

• Provides a sense of presence but needs more investigation

64

Improve SA in Urban Clutter

65

66

Unmanned Air Systems

Case Study: Swarming

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Overview

• UAS Swarming Concept

• History of Military Swarming Attacks

• Modern Military Swarming

• Single Operator Multiple UAS Control

• Swarming Characteristics & Concepts

• Emergent Behavior

• Swarming Algorithms

• Swarm Communications

• Latest Test Results from Boeing & JHU/APL

67

Swarming Algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization

• UAS Application: Navigation /route planning

• Mission Routing Problem (MRP): Start at a point, multiple UAS go through enemy territory defended by SAMs and AAA to get to the target and return

• Objectives: Find the shortest path, minimize flight time, minimize the possibility of being detected or shot down by enemy fire and minimize fuel

• Must meet the constraints of TOT, total mission time & optimize the path

• Two problems:

– Develop the flight paths to optimize cost and risk

– Develop the path order

• Cost: How much energy or time t takes to cover the path

• Risk: How dangerous the flight area is (SAMs, AAA)

• PSO has been shown to obtain the solution successfully and quickly

• Other names: Vehicle Routing Problem, Multi-Criteria Aircraft Routing prob

• Bird flocking is one of the best example of PSO in nature

68

69

Unmanned Air Systems Future Capabilities

Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

Overview

• Goals & Operational Issues

• Future Platforms

– Space, Hypersonic, Submarine Launched

– UCAS, Pseudolites, BAMS, Others

• Future Missions

• Technology Needs

– Airframe, autonomy, propulsion, interoperability

– Processor speed & memory, sensor capabilities

70

Space UAS Reusable VTHL Space Plane

71

FACTS

• Looks and acts like a miniature unmanned space shuttle • Demonstrator: airframe, avionics, autonomous guidance • X-37A (2005 drop tests), X-37B (launch 2010) • X-37C for USAF @ 165 – 180% times X-37B size • NASA: Possible astronaut x 6 transport in payload bay • USAF: Could be used as satellite for ISR from space

VIDEO

SPECIFICATIONS

• Manufacturer : Boeing with NASA/DARPA

• Cost: $8 Million

• Orbital Speed: 17,500 mph, LEO

• Endurance: Up to 270 days

• Ceiling: Low Earth Orbit (255 mi)

• Length: 29 ft Wingspan: 15 ft Height 9.5 ft

• Payload Bay: 7 x 4 ft

• Loaded Weight: 11,000 lb

Source: US Army

Future Military Missions Ultra-Long Endurance

72 Source: Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Dr Jerry LeMieux

Unmanned Air System Expert

920-744-7154

jetdoc2001@yahoo.com

Questions