Unlock SGCh28
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2. a. Label the diagram, which describes how bacteriophages replicate, with the following terms:
attachment
biosynthesis
integration
lysogenic cycle
lytic cycle
maturation
penetration
release
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prophage
_________________
_____________
_____________
_______________
bacterialchromosome
bacterialcell wall
capsid
nucleic acid
________________
__________
____________
_______________
Which cycle produces bacteriophages? b.____________________
Which cycle is dormant? c.____________________
Which cycle kills, or lyses, the host? d.____________________
3. Associate these portions of a retrovirus with the statements below: envelope, capsid, viral genome,
transcriptase, cDNA
a. integrated into host genome
b. composed of RNA
c. allows the virus to adhere to plasma membrane receptors
d. carries out RNA
e. enters the host cell (choose two)
4. Describe these additional steps needed for the virus to reproduce.
a. biosynthesis _____________________________________________________________________
b. maturation ______________________________________________________________________c. release _________________________________________________________________________
5. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):
a. Antibiotics are helpful for viral infections.
b. Antiviral drugs act by interfering with viral replication.
c. There are no vaccines for viral infections.
d. Prions are neither viruses nor bacteria; they are protein particles.
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28.2 K INGDOM MONERA (P. 577)
The monera are prokaryotes of small size but are very diverse metabolically.
Most bacteria are heterotrophic by absorption but the cyanobacteria are important photosynthesizers.
6. Label this diagram of a bacterial cell with the following terms:
capsule
cell wall
cytoplasm
fimbriaeflagell um
nucleoid
plasma membrane
plasmid
ribosome
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d.
e.
c.
b.
h.
i.
g.
f.
a.
7. Based on the diagram you labeled in question 6, which of these structures are present in eukaryoticanimal/plant cells but are not in a bacterial cell?
a. plasma membrane
b. nucleus
c. ribosomes
d. mitochondria
e. cell wall
f. chloroplasts
g. flagella
8. Based on the diagram you labeled in question 6, what three structures are present in a bacterial cell but absent
from a eukaryotic cell? What are their functions?
Structure Function
a. ____________________________ ____________________________
b. ____________________________ _______________________________c. ____________________________ ____________________________
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9. Match the descriptions with the following organisms:
1 chemosynthetic bacteria
2 cyanobacteria
3 obligate anaerobes
4 saprotrophic bacteria
a. decomposers
b. O2 given off
c. NH3 NO3-
d. cannot survive in O2 environment
10. Match the relationships with the following terms:1 commensalism
2 mutualism
3 parasitism
4 symbiotic
a. includes all the others
b. bacteria living in nodules of legumes
c. bacteria living on your skin
d. bacteria that cause strep throat
11. Label the three shapes of bacteria in the following diagram:
a.
b.
c.
12. Place a check next to all characteristics that are typical of cyanobacteria.
a. many forms of nutrition
b. always photosynthe ticc. have flagella
d. form lichens
e. associated with algal bloom
f. nitrogen fixing
13. Match the descriptions with the following terms pertaining to the reproduction of bacteria.
1 binary fission
2 conjugation
3 transformation
4 transduction
5 endospores
a. bacteria picks up free pieces of DNA
b. a means of survivalc. asexual division
d. male passes DNA to female
e. bacteriophages carry DNA from one cell to the next
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28.3 K INGDOM PROTISTA (P. 583)
The protists include eukaryotic unicellular organisms and some related multicellular forms.
Among protists, algae are the plantlike protists; protozoa are the animal-like protists; slime molds and water
molds are the funguslike protists.
Algae (p. 583)
14. Green algae are believed to be related to plants because they have a cell wall that
contains a.____________________, they possess ch lorophylls b.____________________
and c.____________________, and they s tore reserve food as d.____________________.
15. Complete the table describing the algae by placing the following terms in the appropriate columns (some
terms are used more than once):
I II
unicellular isogametes
filamentous heterogametes
colonial conjugation
multicellular alternation of generations
daughter colonies
zoospores
Algae I. II.
Volvox
Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra
Ulva
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16. Label this diagram of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas with the following terms:fertilization , meiosis,
zoospores , andzygote.
Which portions of this life cycle are haploid? e. _____________________________________________________________
Which portion is diploid? f. _________________________________________________________________________________
What type of life cycle is this? g. ____________________________________________________________________________
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17. Label this diagram of the life cycle of Ulva with the following terms:fertilization , gametophyte, meiosis, and
sporophyte.
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18. Match the traits with the following algae (some numbers are used more than once):
1 brown algae
2 diatoms
3 euglenoids
4 dinoflagellates
a. are numerous photosynthesizers in oceanb. have animal-like and plantlike characteristics
c. have chlorophylls a and c, and carotenoid pigment
d. have silica-impregnated valves
e. are used as filtering agents and scouring powders
f. cause red tide
g. have a symbiotic relationship with corals
h. are seaweeds
19. Label each of the following descriptions as identifying brown algae (B) or red algae (R):
a. Fucus, a rockweed
b. Laminaria, a kelp
c. adapted to cold, rough water
d. adapted to warm, gentle water
e. economically important as source of agar
Protozoans (p. 588)
20. Protozoans are typically a.____________________, b.____________________, and c.____________________
organisms. Some protozoans d.____________________and engulf their food; others are e.______________________
and absorb nutrients; others are f.____________________ and cause disease.
21. Complete the following table, classifying the protozoans by means of locomotion and giving an example
organism of each:
Classes Organelle of Locomotion Example
amoeboids
ciliates
zooflagellates
sporozoa
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22. Label this diagram of Paramecium with the following terms:
anal pore
contractile vacuole
food vacuole
macronucleus
micronucleus
oral groove
pel licle
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; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
; ;
f.
e.
b.
a.
d.
c.
g.
23. Ciliates, such as Paramecium, have hundreds of a.____________________tha t extend through a pell icle.
Beneath the pellicle are numerous oval capsules that contain b.____________________, which are used for
defense. Food is swept down a(n) c.____________________, at the end of which food vacuoles form. Ciliates
have two nuclei: a large d.____________________ that controls normal metabolism and one or more micronuclei
used during conjugation.
24. Concerning the life cycle of Plasmodium,
Where does sexual reproduction occur? a. ___________________________________________________________________
Where does asexual reproduction occur? b. __________________________________________________________________
What causes the cycle of recurring chills and fever? c. ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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25. Complete this table to describe slime molds and water molds.
Type of Mold Body Organization Nutrition Reproduction
plasmodial slime molds
cellular slime molds
water molds
28.4 KINGDOM FUNGI (P. 591)
Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes with a filamentous body.
Fungi are the most complex organisms to rely on saprotrophic nutrition.
26. Indicate whether the following statements about fungi are true (T) or false (F):
a. usually multicellularb. usually unicellular
c. composed of hyphae
d. saprotrophic
e. can be parasitic
f. can be photosynthetic
g. cell wall contains cellulose
h. cell wall contains chitin
i. have flagella at some time in their life cycle
j. do not have flage lla at any t ime in thei r life cycle
k. form spores only during asexual reproduction
l. form spores during both asexual and sexual reproduction
27. Fungi are mostly a.____________________ decomposers that assist in the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.
The bodies of most fungi are made up of filaments called b.____________________, a collection of which are
called a(n) c.____________________. They reproduce in accordance with the d.____________________ li fe cycle.
Classification is largely based on the mode of e.____________________.
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28. Label this diagram of the life cycle of black bread mold with the following terms (some are used more than
once):
asexual reproduction
gametangia fuse
meiosis
mycelium
nuclear fusion
sexual reproduction
sporangiophore
sporangiumspores
zygospore
zygote
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suspensor
diploid (2n)
haploid (n)
germinationof spores
sporangium
cytoplasmic
fusion
suspensors
+ mycelium
mycelium
stolon
rhizoid
mating type + mating type
5 m
a.
b.
c .
d.
f.
j.
k.
l.
m.
h.
g.
e.
i.
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29. Label each of the following as describing a free-living sac fungi (F) or a parasitic sac fungi (P):
a. powdery mildew that grows on leaves
b. red mold that grows on bread
c. cup fungi that grows on the forest floor
d. chestnut blight that grows on chestnut trees
e. ergot that grows on rye plants
f. unicellular yeasts
30. Why are all these fungi classified as sac fungi? _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
31. Explain what is happening in each of the following sequential drawings of asci:
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a. b. c. d.
32. What do mushrooms, puffballs, birds nest fungi, stinkhorn fungi, and bracket fungi have in common?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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33. Label this diagram of the life cycle of a mushroom with the following terms:
basidiospores gill (portion of)
basidium meiosis
cap monokaryotic
cytoplasmic fusion nuclear fusion
dikaryotic (n+n) nuclei
dikaryotic mycelium spore germination
diploid (2n) spore release
fruiting body stalk
gill zygote
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a. ________________ n. _________
q. ____________
r. ___________
m. __________
l. ____________
k. _____________
j. ______________
______________h. _____________
_____________
i. __________
__________g. ________
f. ________
e.
c. __________
b. ___________
p. ____________ o. ____________
d. __________
34. Complete the following table concerning imperfect fungi.
Fungus Significance Associated Disease
Penicillium
Asperg illus
Candida albicans
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35. Like sac fungi, imperfect fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores called a.____________________. Unlike
sac and club fungi, however, sexual reproduction b.____________________ in imperfect fungi.
36. Label this diagram of a lichen with the following terms: algal cells and hyphae of fungus.
37. Match the type of lichen with the following descriptions:
1 compact
2 leaflike
3 shrublikea. crustose
b. fruticose
c. foliose
38. a.____________________(fungus roots) , which are b.____________________ relationships between
a(n) c.____________________ and d.____________________roots, help plants acquire e.____________________
nutrients.
CH A P T E R TE ST
24
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test.
1. In the lytic cycle, the term maturation refers to
the
a. translation of RNA.
b. integration of cDNA.
c. assembly of parts into new viruses.
d. All of these are correct.
2. Which of the following is NOT a form of genetic
recombination in bacteria?
a. binary fission
b. conjugation
c. transduction
d. transformation3. The function of the bacterial endospore is to
a. increase the rate of anaerobic respiration.
b. promote asexual reproduction.
c. protect against attack from immune systems.
d. withstand harsh environmental conditions.
4. A bacterium that can exist in the presence or ab
sence of oxygen is a(n)
a. autotroph.
b. facultative anaerobe.
c. obligate anaerobe.
d. saprotroph.
5. Viruses are not in the classification system
because
a. they are obligate parasites.
b. they are noncellular.
c. they can integrate into the host genome.
d. All of these are correct.
6. Chemosynthetic bacteria
a. give off oxygen just like plants do.b. are exemplified by the nitrifying bacteria tha
oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrites (NO2-).
c. are decomposers like all bacteria.
d. Both b and c are correct.
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7. Why cant cyanobacteria be classified with the
eukaryotic algae?
a. They fix atmospheric nitrogen.
b. They form a symbiotic relationship with fungi.
c. They cause disease.
d. They do not have a nucleus.
8. Classification of algae according to color
a. can no longer be justified.
b. is based on the type of pigments they contain.
c. suggests that they do not have chlorophyll.d. means that some algae are colorless.
9.Volvoxis a colonial alga that
a. does not reproduce.
b. produces heterogametes.
c. produces daughter colonies.
d. Both b and c are correct.
10. Diatoms
a. reproduce sexually.
b. have a cell wall impregnated with cellulose.
c. are flagellated.
d. resemble a pill box.
11. Which is (are) true of euglenoids?
a. They have flagella.
b. Some have chloroplasts.c. They reproduce asexually.
d. All of these are correct.
12. Both red algae and brown algae
a. have the same pigments.
b. are delicate in appearance.
c. are seaweeds.
d. are economically unimportant.
13. Amoebas
a. have pseudopods.
b. never have a shell.
c. always live in fresh water.
d. All of these are correct.
14. Ciliatesa. have a macronucleus and a micronucleus.
b. do not move.
c. are parasitic.
d. are usually saprotrophic.
15. A trypanosome causes
a. malaria.
b. trichinosis.
c. an intestinal infection.
d. African sleeping sickness.
16. In the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, a cause of
malaria,
a. sexual reproduction occurs in a mosquito.
b. red blood cells burst causing chills and fever.
c. spores and gametes form.
d. All of these are correct.
17. Slime molds
a. are exactly like fungi.
b. have a body composed of hyphae.
c. produce spores.d. All of these are correct.
18. Club fungi
a. include the mushrooms.
b. have a basidiocarp that looks like a cup.
c. include more parasites than all the other types
of fungi.
d. All of these are correct.
19. In fungi, the gametes are
a. heterogametes.
b. flagellated.
c. the ends of hyphae.
d. produced by meiosis.
20. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of
lichens?a. soil formers
b. algal cells and fungal hyphae
c. form a type of moss
d. can live in extreme conditions
21. A fruiting body is
a. a special type of vacuole found in fungi.
b. a symbiotic relationship between algae and
bacteria.
c. a reproductive structure found in fungi.
d. always the same shape.
22. Sexual reproduction in a bread mold involves
the production of
a. a sperm and an egg.b. flagellated zoospores.
c. zygospores.
d. fruiting bodies.
23. In a mushroom, the _______ is (are) analogous to
the asci of a sac fungus.
a. stalk
b. cap
c. basidia
d. spores
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243
THOUGHT QUESTIONS
STUDY EXERCISES
1.
Viruses
capsid plus nucleic
acid core
in host cell
always
2. a. See Figure 28.2, page 575, in text. b. lytic c. lyso-
genic d. lytic 3. a. cDNA b. viral genome c. enve-
lope d. transcriptase e. capsid, viral genome 4. a. Viral
components are synthesized. b. assembly of viral com-
ponents c. Budding gives virus an envelope 5. a. F
b. T c. F d. T 6. a. cytoplasm b. ribosome c. nucleoid
d. plasmid e. flagellum f. capsule g. cell wall h. plasmamembrane i. fimbriae 7. b, d, f 8. a. plasmid, ac-
cessory ring of DNA b. fimbriae, attachment to a sub-
stratum c. capsule, protection 9. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3
10. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 11. a. spirillum b. coccus
c. bacillus 12. b, d, e, f 13. a. 3 b. 5 c. 1 d. 2 e. 4
14. a. cellulose b.a c.b d. starch
15.
I. II.
colonial heterogametes, daughter colonies
unicellular isogametes, zoospores
filamentous conjugation
multice llular isogametes, a lternation of
generations, zoospores
16. a. fertilization b. zygote c. meiosis d. zoospore
e. zoospores, adult, gametes f. zygote g. haplonti
17. a. meiosis b. gametophyte c. fertilization d. sporo
phyte 18. a. 2, 4 b. 3 c. 1, 2 d. 2 e. 2 f. 4 g. 4 h.
19. a. B b. B c. B d. R e. R 20. a. heterotrophi
b. unicellular c. motile d. capture e. saprotrophic f. par
asitic 21. See page 588 in text. 22. See Figure 28.19
page 589, in text. 23. a. cilia b. trichocysts c. gul
let d. macronucleus 24. a. in the mosquito b. in th
human c. Toxins, or poisons, enter the blood when re
blood cells release spores.
Answer in complete sentences.
24. Algae and protozoa are in the same kingdom. Do they seem closely related? Why or why not?
25. How do you think the earth would change ecologically if fungi were not present?
Test Results: ______ Number right 25 = ______ 100 = ______ %
AN S W E R KE Y
25.
Body Organization Nutrition Reproduction
2n plasmodium phagocytosis sporangium produces spores by meiosis, which
produce flagellated haploid cells that fuse
individual amoeboid cells phagocytosis sporangium produces spores
2n f ilamentous, cel l walls are cel lulose parasit ism meiosis produces haploid gametes; otherwise
asexual by zoospores
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26. a. T b. F c. T d. T e. T f. F g. F h. T i. F j. T
k. F l. T 27. a. saprotrophic b. hyphae c. mycelium
d. haplontic e. sexual reproduction 28 . See Figure
28.23, page 592, in text. 29. a. P b. F c. F d. P e. P
f. F 30. because they form asci during sexual repro-
duction 31. a. Ascus with two nuclei is forming. b. Nu-
clei have fused, and zygote has formed. c. Meiosis has
occurred. d. A mitotic division has resulted in eight as-
cospores 32. They are all basidiomycetes. 33. See
Figure 28.25, page 594, in text.34.
Significance Associated Disease
makes penicillin none
makes various chemicals none
yeastlike vaginal infections
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35. a . conidiospores b. has never been observed
36. a. algal cells b. hyphae of fungus 37. a. 1 b. 3
c. 2 38. a . Mycorrhizae b. symbiotic c. fungus
d. plant e. mineral
CHAPTER TEST
1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. d
10 . d 11 . d 12 . c 13 . a 14 . a 15 . d 16 . d
17 . c 18 . a 19 . c 20 . c 21 . c 22 . c 23 . c
24. They do not seem related in that algae are photo-
synthetic and protozoa are heterotrophic. They do seem
related in that some of the algae are motile in the same
way protozoa are. 25. Recycling would be reduced and
organic waste would accumulate. Without efficient recycling,
the carrying capacities of ecosystems would diminish.