Unknown - Full employment or “ All Employment ”

8/22/2019 Unknown - Full employment or All Employment

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Full employment or All Employment?


2/20

Unemployment rate

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1948 53 58 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98

%

U.S.A

Germany

Japan

Figure 1

Source: Japan Productivity Center, Katsuyo Rodo Tokei (Practical Handbook of Labor Statistics), each year.


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Employed persons

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1953 57 61 65 69 73 77

(ten thousand)

Source: Labor force survey

employees

Self-employed and family workers

Figure 2


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Discouraged workers (1993)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Japan U.S. UK France

Note: Data on Germany are not available.

Source: OECD Employment Outlook, July 1995.

%

involuntary

part-timers

discouraged

workers

unemployed

Figure 3


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Employment status of

married women

self-employed and

family workers

30%

regular workers28%

part-timers and

arubaito

31%

others

11%

Source: Basic survey on employment structure 1992.

Figure 4


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Three employment models

big-firm model small-and-

medium-sized-

firm model

self-

employment

model

employment lifetime-employment

not long-term

employment

will to continue

business

income family wage Quasi familywage

income by allfamily members

wife full-timehousewife

part-timer family worker

Table 1


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Wage difference

No. of employees Japan U.S. Germany

1 9 43.4 ----

10 49 54.7 71.4

50 99 58.4

64.9

74.5

100 499 71.0 80.1

500 999 84.0

81.0

86.1

1000 - 100 100 100

Table 2

Note: Japan in 1985, U.S. in 1977, West Germany in 1977.

Average wage = total wage / total number of employees

Source: Japan Productivity Center, Katsuyo Rodo Tokei 1998.


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The employed by industry

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1920 30 40 44 47 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

(ten thousand)

Source: Until 1950 National Census, from 1955 labor force survey

Figure 5

Tertiary industry

Secondary industry

Primary industry


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Self-employed and

family workers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1956 61 66 71 76 81 86 91

Ratio of self-employed and family workers among the civilian employed

For Germany, until 1990 only West Germany.

Source: OECD, Labour Force Statistics

%

Japan

Germany

U.S.A

Figure 6


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Stable peripheral workforce

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

(ten thousand)

Part-timers are those whose working hours in the week are below 35 hours.

Source: Labor force survey.

total

self-employed and family workers

female part-timers

Figure 7


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Women who lost jobs(self-employed, family workers, pieceworkers at home)

0%10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1992 93 94 95 96 97

Present status of women who lost jobs within a year (former self-employed, family workers, pieceworkers at home)

Source: Special survey of the labor force survey

not in labor

force

unemployed

employed

Figure 8


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Women who lost jobs(part-timers and arubaito)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1992 93 94 95 96 97

Present status of women who lost jobs within a year (former part-timers and arubaito)


not in labor

force

unemployed

employed

Figure 9


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Labor force participation of married women

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1962 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

GDPgrowthrate

Laborforcepaticipation

Source: Labor force survey

Labor force participation rate = married women in labor force / total married women

GDP growth rate (%)Labor force

participation rate (%)

Figure 10


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Launching and quitting of SMEs

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1966-69 69-72 72-75 75-78 78-81 81-86 86-89 89-91 91-94

Source: White paper on SMEs 1997

%

Launching

quitting

Figure 11


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Female workers to be not in labor force

(part-timers and arubaito)

40

45

50

55

60

65

1986 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Note: The ratio of former part-timers and arubaito who lost job within a year and became not in labor force


Figure 12


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Labor force participation of married women

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1962 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

Economic growthrate

labor forceparticipation rate

Source: Annual report on national accounts and Labor force survey

Labor force participation rate = married women in labor force / total married women

Economic growth rate = year-to-year increase rate of GDP at constant prices

GDP growth rate (%)Labor force

participation rate (%)

Figure 13


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Ratio of social security

expenditures to national income

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

65 70 73 75 80 86 88 90 92 94

Source: Health and Welfare Statistics in Japan

Germany

U.S.A

Japan

Figure 14


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Aging society

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995

Japan

U.S.

Germany

Sweden

%

Note: Proportion of the people over 65 in the total population

Source: Management and Coordination Agency, Aging society in figures 1997, Tokyo 1997.

Figure 15


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Divorce rate

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1972 76 80 84 88 92 96

%

U.S.A

Sweden

FranceJapan

Figure 16

Source: Japan, Jinko Dotai Tokei (Dynamic Population Survey),

France and Sweden, U.N. Demographic Yearbook

U.S.A., Statistical Abstract of the U.S.


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Single mothers

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1960 65 70 75 80 85 90

Notes: For the U.S., single-mother household with under 18-year-old children.

For Japan, single-mother household in the age over 20 and younger than 60 with children younger than 20 years old.

Source: U.S. Nakada (1997), Japan Trend of Welfare in Japan 1997.

(in thousand households)

U.S.A

Japan

Figure 17

Unknown - Full employment or “ All Employment ”

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