UNIX & Linux For Oracle Developers & DBAs Version 11.1  

General

Command Syntax command [option] [source file(s)] [target file]

Whatiswhatis <command>

whatis grep

Manual

man

man ls

man -k ls

man -k ls | grep list

 

Directory Structure

/ Root

/bin Commands that can be accessed by all users

/boot Static boot loader files

/dev Device files

/etc Host-specific configuration files

/home User home directories

/lib Shared libraries and kernel modules

/mnt Mount point for temporary file systems

/opt Add on application software

/root Home directory for root user

/sbin System binaries

/tmp Temporary files

/usr Shareable, read-only

/var Variable data files

 

User

Change Usersu <user_name>

su root

su oracle

exit

exit

Become root

su -

su -

exit 

Current user account

whoami

whoami

su -

whoami

exit

whoami 

 

NavigationChange Directory ... down one level

cd <directory_name>

cd etc

Change Directory ... up one level

cd

cd ..

Change To Root Directory

cd

cd /

 

File Handling

Make Directorymkdir <directory_name>

mkdir morgan

Remove Directoryrmdir <directory_name>

rmdir morgan

Remove Directory & Subdirectories

rm -i <directory_name>

cd $HOME

ls -al

mkdir morgan

ls -al

cd morgan

mkdir subdir

ls -al

cd ..

rm -ir morgan

Create Filetouch <file_name>

touch psoug.ora

Remove A Filerm <file_name>

rm psoug.ora

Copycp <old_name> <new_name>

cp psoug.ora /

Copy with Confirmation

cp -i <old_name> <new_name>

cp psoug.ora /

Recursive Copycp -ir <old_name> <new_name>

cp -ir psoug.ora /

Secure CoPy

scp <user_name>@<server_name>:<source_path_and_file_name> <target_path_and_file_name>

scp oracle@bigdog:/home/oracle/*.gz .

Delete

rm <file_spec>

touch delfile

ls -l

rm delfile

List

ls <switches> <file_spec>

ls

ls *ora

ls -l *ora

ls -larn

ls -larn *ora

ls -lt

Move mv <starting_file> <resulting_file>

touch myfile

ls -l

mv myfile /home/myfile

ls -l 

Rename

mv <starting_file> <resulting_file>

touch file1.aaa

ls -l

mv file1.aaa file1.bbb

ls -l

Wildcards: Multiple Characters

*

mv

cp

del

Wildcard: Single Character

?

mv

cp

del

Change Owner

chown <owner_name> <directory_or_file_name>

touch chngdemo

ls -l

chown oracle chngdemo

ls -l

Change Group

chgrp <group_name> <directory_or_file_name>

touch chngdemo

ls -l

chgrp dba chngdemo

ls -l

Change Mode ROOT - GROUP - USER

Triplets drwxrwxrwx

Change Mode

chmod <code> <file_name>

touch chngdemo

ls -l

chmod 755 chngdemo

ls -l

CHMOD and UMASK Codes and Results

Code UMASK Result111 666 ---x--x--x222 555 --w--w--w-333 444 --wx-wx-wx444 333 -r--r--r--555 222 -r-xr-xr-x666 111 -rw-rw-rw-777 000 -rwxrwxrwx124 653 ---x-w-r--644 133 ---wr--r--755 022 -rwxr-xr-x

 

Demo

Navigation Exercise

-- navigate to root directorycd /

-- verify locationpwd

ls -l

-- navigate to home directorycd home

-- make a some directoriesmkdir  morgan

cd morgan

pwd

mkdir destmkdir src

ls -l

cd src

pwd

touch psoug

ls -l

mv psoug psoug.src

mv psoug

 

Environment Manipulation

rename host server

Rename a Linux server's name

su

cd /etc/sysconfig

-- change the host name entry

unameList hardware/operating system environment

uname -a

envList environment variables for the current session

Same as set. See export demo

export

Sets environment variables

set

export ORACLE_SID=orabase

set

setList environment variables for the current session

Same as env. See export demo

command history $HISTSIZE

$HISTSIZE

!10

!-4

$HISTSIZE=100

$HISTSIZE

command history

$HOME

echo $HOME

cd $HOME

cd /

cd ~

 

File Backup & Restore

Tape Archive (tar)tar <switches> <file_spec> <tarball_name>

tar -cvf * beta1RAC.tar

Compressed TARtar <switches> <file_spec> <tarball_name>

tar -cxvf * beta1RAC.tar.gz

UNTARtar <switches> <file_spec> <tarball_name>

tar -xvf beta1RAC.tar

UNTAR Compressed

tar <switches> <file_spec> <tarball_name>

tar -zxvf beta1RAC.tar.gz

UNJAR A Java File

jar <switches> <file_spec> <jar_name>

jar -xf patch.jar

CPIOcpio -ivf <file_name>

cpio -idv < as_linux_x86_101300_disk1.cpio

 

Cron Commands

crontab cronfileSubmits jobs to be scheduled

?

crontab -eMakes changes to an existing chron schedule

?

crontab cronfileSubmits jobs to be scheduled

?

 

ApplicationsConcatenate (CAT)

An obscure word meaning "to connect in a

cat <file_name>

cat ?

series"

Disk Free Space

df <switches>

df -kdf -mdf -h (Linux only)

View environment variable's value

echo <environment variable>

echo $ORACLE_SID

Find Filesfind . -name "<file_name>" -print

find . -name "grep" -print

Find archive logs older than 3 days and delete them

find

find . -name *.arc -type f -ctime +3 -exec rm {} \;

Delete files over 14 days old

find $WORKDIR -name "<filemask>" -mtime+<days> -exec rm {}\;

find $WORKDIR -name "*.dat.*" -mtime + 14 -exec rm {} \;

Find and delete trace files more than 7 days old

find . -name "<file_name>" -print

find $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID -name "*.trc" -mtime +7 -exec rm -f {} \;

Global regular expression print (GREP). Prints all lines matching a certain pattern

grep [-options] pattern [filename]

grep

Disk i/o Memory Statistics

iostat

iostat

More

more

cd /etc

more protocols

Processor related statistics

mpstat

mpstat

Processes

ps <switches> grep <filter>

ps -ef

ps -ef | grep ora

System Activity Statistics (Paging)

sar

sar -B

Tee

Splits the output of

tee <file_name>

cd $HOME

another command, sending it to a file and to the terminal.

ls -larn

ls -larn | tee zzyzx

ls -larn

more zzyzx

Top CPU processes

top

top

q

Virtual Memory Statistics

vmstat

vmstat

View the full path of shell commands

which <shell command name>

which grep

which id

which which

 

System Management

Wireless Configuration

iwconfig <switches>

iwconfig wifi0 power off

Shared Library Dependencies

ldd <program_name>

ldd ?

Display Loaded Kernel Modules

lsmod

lsmod

Display Open Fileslsof

lsof

Display Formatted Process Tree

pstree <switches>

pstree -ca

 

User ManagementChange Password and Expiration Information

chage

chage ?

Force Password Change At Next Logon

chage

chage -d0

Create Groupgroupadd <group_name>

groupadd 

Display All Resource Limits for the Current User

ulimit <switches>

ulimit -a

Display data about one or more users

finger <switches> users

finger -l oracle

 

vicreate a new file or open a file for editing

vi

vi initSID.ora

quit without saving:q!

:q!

save and quit:wq

:wq

insertEsc i

i

append Esc A

A

open a new lineEsc o

o

replace a single character

Esc r

r

replace a multiple characters

Esc R

R

delete a single character

Esc x

x

delete lineEsc dd

dd

delete wordEsc dw

dw

undoEsc u

u

 

SQL*Plus Shell Script Demo

bash demo-- log onto Linux as the user oracle

-- verify the UNIX user[oracle@gamma2 home]$ whoamioracle

-- log into Oracle as scott/tiger[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:18:37 2006

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options

-- create a test tableSCOTT@orcl > create table test (  2  testcol VARCHAR2(30));

Table created.

-- exit SQL*PlusSCOTT@orcl >exit;

[oracle@gamma2 ~]$Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 Production With the Partitioning Option, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options

-- verify location is Oracle's home directory[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ pwd/home/oracle

-- create a file named "morgan"[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ touch morgan

-- look at the file's permissions[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan-rw-r--r--  1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan

-- make it executable[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ chmod 755 morgan

-- verify it is executable[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan-rwxr-xr-x  1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan

-- open the file using vi[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan-- insert the following w/o quotes: "touch cline"

-- verify the file's contents[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgantouch cline

-- execute it[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan

-- verify the cline file was created[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al cline-rw-r--r--  1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 16:04 cline

-- delete the "cline" file[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ rm cline

-- open morgan with vi, remove the TOUCH command-- and put in what you see after "more morgan" below[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan

[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgansqlplus scott/tiger@orcl <<EOFINSERT INTO test (testcol) VALUES ('Cline');COMMIT;EXITEOF

-- execute it ... everything else is what scrolls on screen[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:20:16 2006

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options

SCOTT@orcl >1 row created.

SCOTT@orcl >Commit complete.

SCOTT@orcl > exit;Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options[oracle@gamma2 ~]$

 

Rescue

In the event of failure boot from the Linux CD or DVD

boot: linux rescue

# chroot /mnt/sysimage

# cd /boot/grub

use vi to edit/configure files

 

Example Configuration Files

Export Display

export DISPLAY=localhost:0:0

echo $DISPLAY

 .bash_profilealias ob='cd $ORACLE_BASE'alias oh='cd $ORACLE_HOME'alias cm='cd $ORACLE_HOME/oracm/log'alias sql='sqlplus "/ as sysdba"'

 hosts.equiv# Comment/Uncomment those entries for your cluster below.alpha1 oraclealpha2 oracle#beta1 oracle#beta2 oracle#gamma1 oracle#gamma2 oracledelta1 oracledelta2 oracle

alpha-node1 oraclealpha-node2 oracle#beta-node1 oracle#beta-node2 oracle#gamma-node1 oracle#gamma-node2 oracle#delta-node1 oracle#delta-node2 oracle# DO NOT Comment out this entry!topdog oracle