UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA · Phyllosilicate Classification . 1:1 Structure (kaolinite, serpentine...
Transcript of UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA · Phyllosilicate Classification . 1:1 Structure (kaolinite, serpentine...
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GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy
Lecture 24: Phyllosilicates 2 Serpentine and Clays
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
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Last Time
Phyllosilicates 1 General chemistry/structure Phyllosilicate classification
Mica, chlorite and talc groups
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Phyllosilicate Minerals
(excludes clays, serpentine groups, and others)
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Phyllosilicate Structure Phyllosilicate Structure
(Mica)
Si4O104-
cross sectional view
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Phyllosilicate Classification
1:1 Structure (kaolinite, serpentine halloysite,
Chrysotile, allophane)
2:1 Structure (Most micas and clays)
1:1 & 2:1 Interlayered (Chlorite Group)
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Phyllosilicate Structure
Perfect Basal Cleavage
C-axis
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Today’s Agenda
Phyllosilicates 2 1. Serpentine Group
2. Other Phyllosilicates 3. Clay Minerals (Chemistry, modes of analysis)
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More Phyllosilicate Minerals
Mineral Formula System “Clay” Minerals Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Triclinic ”Smectite” (Na,Ca)0-3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O) Monoclinic *Bentonite (Na,Ca)0-3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O) Monoclinic Illite (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2·(H2O) Monoclinic Serpentine Group (17 minerals) ”Serpentine” (Mg, Fe, Ni)3Si2O5(OH)4 Monoclinic Antigorite Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Monoclinic Chrysotile Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Monoclinic Other Phyllosilicates Stilpnomelane (series) ~K(Fe, Al)10Si12O30(OH)2 Triclinic Prehnite (series) Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Orthorhombic Sepiolite Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6(H2O) Orthorhombic Garnierite (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2·6(H2O) Orthorhombic Apophylite KCa4(Si4O10)2F·8(H2O) Tetragonal *Astrophyllite** K2Na(Fe++,Mn)7Ti2Si8O26(OH)4 Triclinic
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Phyllosilicates Si:O ratio = 2:5 (3 shared oxygens)
Anion component: Si4O10
-4 or Si8O20-8
With Al substitution: AlSi3O10-5 or Al2Si2O10
-6
General Formula: XYAlSi3O10(OH)2 X = K+, Na+, Li+, Ca2+
Y = Fe2+/3+, Mg2+, Al3+, rarely Cr3+, Ni3+, Mn3+
Example (“Smectite”): (Na,Ca)0-3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O)
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Phyllosilicate Structure Tetrahedral layers
(mostly SiO44-)
Octahedral layers (variable; Al/Mg/OH)
Cation layers (K+, Mg2+, Na+ etc.)
also H2O (clays)
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Phyllosilicate Structure The octahedral layers are given specific names according to the nature of the “filling”. Need 6 x OH for octahedral coordination
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Phyllosilicate Structure The octahedral layers are given specific names according to the nature of the “filling”. Need 6 x OH for octahedral coordination Al2(OH)6 = Gibbsite Layer (Al(OH)3) 2 x Al = dioctahedral coordination Mg3(OH)6 = Brucite Layer (Mg(OH)2) 3 x Mg = trioctahedral coordination
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Phyllosilicate Classification Is rather nasty, but most are either monoclinic or triclinic. Classification is further done of the basis of: 1. composition of octahedral layer 2. repeat distance (distance between T-O-T “sandwiches”) 3.Whether structure is expandable (clays) 4. Number of layers in the “sandwiches” (2 versus 3)
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Phyllosilicate Minerals (Serpentine Group)
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Phyllosilicate Minerals (Serpentine Group)
Named because of its resemblance to snake skin
http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1377
Occurrence: alteration of ultramafic minerals
“Serpentine” (antigorite)
[(Mg, Fe, Ni)3Si2O5(OH)4 ] Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: m Habit: Acicular (“fibrous”) SG: 2.5 to 2.6; H: 3.5 to 4 L: silky, greasy, waxy; Str: green- white Col: white, yellow, green to black Clev: good [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.005-0.006 nα=1.555; nβ=1.56, nγ=1.56
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Chrysotile [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4]
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: Acicular (“fibrous”) SG: 2.53; H: 2.5 L: silky; Str: grey Col: green Clev: good [110], [010] Optics: Biaxial (?); bir=0.010 nα=1.569; nβ=?, nγ=1.57
Phyllosilicate Minerals (Serpentine Group)
Named from the Greek chrysos - "gold" and tilos - "fiber."
http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1377
(Incl. clinochrysotile and orthochrysotile)
Occurrence: metamorphic rocks (Quebec, Canada)
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“Tiger’s Eye” [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4]
Crystal: N/A Pt. Group: N/A Habit: Acicular (“fibrous”) SG: 2.65; H: 7 L: silky; Str: N/A Optics: N/A Col: yellow gold to red Clev: N/A
Phyllosilicate Minerals (Serpentine Group)
http://www.twistedtree.org.uk/Tigers_Eye_2.JPG
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Prehnite [Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2]
Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2mm (or mm2) Habit: globular, stalactitic SG: 2.87; H: 6 to 6.5 L: vitreous, waxy, pearly; Str: white Col: colourless (yellowish, greenish) Clev: good [001] Optics: Biaxial (+); bir=0.022-0.033 nα=1.61; nβ=1.615, nγ=1.632 Occurrence: hydrothermal
Ino-Phyllosilicate “Hybrids*”
http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1377
Named after Dutch Colonel, H. Von Prehn (1733-1785).
* A mixed inosilicate-phyllosilicate mineral
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Okenite [Ca3Si6O15)•6H2O]
Crystal: Triclinic Pt. Group: 1 Habit: fibrous (spherical aggregates) SG: 2.31; H: 5 L: pearly; Str: white Col: white (yellowish, bluish) Clev: good [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.003-0.010 nα=1.512; nβ=1.514, nγ=1.515 Occurrence: secondary alteration of basalt
Ino-Phyllosilicate “Hybrids*”
Named for Lorenz Oken(1779-1851).
* A mixed inosilicate-phyllosilicate mineral
http://webmineral.com
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Astrophyllite Group K2Na(Fe++,Mn)7Ti2Si8O26(OH)4
Crystal: Triclinic Pt. Group: 1 Habit: bladed (radiating) SG: 3.34; H: 3 to 3.5 L: vitreous, pearly; Str: yellowish-brown Col: brown-bronze (yellow-green) Clev: perfect [001] Optics: Biaxial (+); bir=0.050 nα=1.680; nβ=1.700, nγ=1.730 Occurrence: igenous syenites (zircon-bearing)
http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1377
* A mixed inosilicate-phyllosilicate mineral
From the Greek aster - "star" and fyllon - "leaf."
Ino-Phyllosilicate “Hybrids*”
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Kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4 ]
Crystal: Triclinic Pt. Group: 1 Habit: platy (microscopic) SG: 2.6; H: 1.5 to 2 L: earthy; Str: white Col: white (variable shades) Clev: perfect [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.007 nα=1.553; nβ=1.559, nγ=1.56 Occurrence: sedimentary alteration
Phyllosilicate Minerals (“Clay” Group)
Named after Kao-Ling, China in reference to porcelain pottery
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Phyllosilicate Minerals (“Clay” Group)
SEM image Kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4 ]
Crystal: Triclinic Pt. Group: 1 Habit: platy (microscopic) SG: 2.6; H: 1.5 to 2 L: earthy; Str: white Col: white (variable shades) Clev: perfect [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.007 nα=1.553; nβ=1.559, nγ=1.56 Occurrence: sedimentary alteration
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Phyllosilicate Minerals (“Clay” Group)
Named in 1937 for the state of Illinois where the mineral was first described.
SEM image Illite (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2·(H2O)
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: wispy (microscopic) SG: 2.75; H: 1 to 2 L: earthy; Str: white Col: white (variable shades) Clev: perfect [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.030-035 nα=1.535; nβ=1.555, nγ=1.565 Occurrence: sedimentary (marine) alteration
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Smectite (Montmorillonite) [(Na,Ca)0-3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O) ] Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: platy (microscopic) SG: 2.35; H: 1.5 to 2 L: earthy; Str: white Col: white (variable) Clev: perfect [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.015-0.020 nα=1.485; nβ=1.504, nγ=1.505 Occurrence: sedimentary
Phyllosilicate Minerals (“Clay” Group)
Named after Veinne, Montmorillone, France
SEM image
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Chlorite (Chlinochore) (Mg,Fe)3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6
Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: scaly, platy (microscopic) SG: 2.65; H: 2 to 2.5 L: vitreous/pearly; Str: white Col: green to black Clev: perfect [001] Optics: Biaxial (-); bir=0.005-0.011 nα=1.571; nβ=1.571, nγ=1.576 Occurrence: low grade-metamorphism, epithermal diagenesis
From the Greek klino - "oblique" and chloros - "green”
Phyllosilicate Minerals (chlorite group)
SEM image
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Diatomite SiO2 (rock, not mineral)
Crystal: N/A Pt. Group: N/A Habit: N/A SG: 0.2-0.3!; H: 1 L: earthy; Str: white Col: white, cream Clev: N/A Optics: N/A Occurrence: sedimentary
Phyllosilicate Minerals
Name Derivation: From its diatom content
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Phyllosilicate Geochemistry
1:1 Structure (kaolinite, serpentine halloysite,
Chrysotile, allophane)
2:1 Structure (Most micas and clays)
1:1 & 2:1 Interlayered (Chlorite Group)
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Clay Geochemistry (1:1 structure)
kaolinite (Non-expandable)
K+
Halloysite (Expandable)
H2O
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Clay Geochemistry (1:1 structure)
kaolinite (Non-expandable)
K+
Halloysite (Expandable)
H2O
70nm 100 nm
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Clay Geochemistry (1:1 structure)
kaolinite (Non-expandable)
K+
Halloysite (Expandable)
“glycol” 70nm
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Illite/Muscovite (Non-expandable)
K+
Smectite (Expandable)
H2O
Clay Geochemistry (2:1 structure)
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Illite/Muscovite (Non-expandable)
K+
Smectite (Expandable)
Clay Geochemistry (2:1 structure)
100 nm 170 nm
“glycol”
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Clay Mineral Analysis
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Clay Mineral Analysis
Is primarily done using XRD (X-ray diffraction). In order to understand how this works, you need to consider physics (yuck).
All images in the latter part of this lecture, unless otherwise stated, are stolen from:
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-041/htmldocs/clays/kaogr.htm
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Clay Mineral Analysis
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Clay Mineral Analysis
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Clay Mineral Analysis
Is primarily done using XRD (X-ray diffraction). In order to understand how this works, you need to consider physics (yuck).
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Clay Mineral Analysis
Is primarily done using XRD (X-ray diffraction). In order to understand how this works, you need to consider physics (yuck).
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Clay Mineral Analysis
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Clay Mineral Analysis
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Clay Mineral Analysis
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Clay Mineral Analysis CHLORITE
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Today’s Stuff To Do 1. Posters in for printing: One Week Today - 5:00 PM
2. Inosilicates minerals quiz 12:15-12:45 PM 3. No online lecture this week
Next Time 1. No Lecture……
2. Final exam 100 mineral list next Thursday
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GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy
Lecture 24: Silicates 7: Clays and XRD
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick [email protected]
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes.
For personal use only.