University of Oxford Department for Continuing Education From Civilisation To Barbarism?
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University of Oxford Department for Continuing Education
From Civilisation To Barbarism? Western Britain in the Early
Middle Ages
Tutor: Dr Kirsten Jarrett
Week Two:Urban Settlement
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Student InformationContinuing Education Library
Rewley House, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2HY http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/facilities/library/
Opening hoursTerm-time (to 14th Dec.): Mon–Thurs: 9am - 8.30 pmFri: 9am - 5 pmSat: 9.30 am - 5.30 pmSun: 1pm - 4pm
Vacation (to 7th Jan.):Mon – Fri: 9am - 5pmSat & Sun: ClosedClosed 22nd Dec.-1st Jan.
Necessary for Homework & Assignments!
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AssignmentsOption A:• To enable feedback between each assignment: to tutor
ASAP • Complete portfolio (four answers, each x 250 words):
Preferably to tutor by 27th Nov.Final deadline: 4th Jan. (submissions after final class - to OUDCE)
Option B:• Essay plan to tutor before final class
• Final deadline: 4th Jan. (submissions after final class - to OUDCE)
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Part One
• Group discussion: Home-study review and key questions • Written evidence and place names: settlement • Urban decline and change: dark earth & decay• Group exercise: placing place names (depending on
time taken on group discussion: if short of time, undertake as homework)
[Handout: p. 8, Worksheet 2A p. 9]
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De Excidio Britanniae (‘D.E.B.’)
3:2. [Britain] is ornamented with twenty-eight cities….
24:3. All the major towns were laid low by the repeated battering of enemy rams…
26:2. But the cities of our land are not populated even now as they once were;
right to the present day they are deserted, in ruins and unkempt.
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Towns of later Roman Western Britain
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‘Nennius’s’ ‘Ancient Cities’
Cair gurcoc (Anglesey?)Cair custeint (Caernarfon)Cair guoranegon (Worcester)Cair merdin (Carmarthen)Cair lion (Caerleon-upon-Usk)Cair ceri (Cirencester)Cair gloui (Gloucester)Cair britoc (Bristol)Cair ligion (Chester?)
Cair guent (Caerwent)Cair guorcon (Warren, Pemb.?)Cairteimm (Teigngrace, Devon)Cair urnahc (Wroxeter)Cair colemion (?‘Camelet’)Cair meguaid (Meifod, Powys)Cair guorthegern (Salisbury?)Cair daun = dauri (Dorchester?)
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Urban Transformation: ‘Decline’ or change?
General late 4th century trends in major towns:• Changing use / contraction of public buildings • Increased wealth of private buildings and
encroachment onto roads• Increased industrial activity• Enhanced defences and control of movement
Small Towns: Late C4: Commercial and industrial centres - Few indicators of continuity
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Late 4th – 7th Century Transformation of Urban
Centres• Contraction of town walls• Possible intra-mural agriculture• Demolition of public buildings • Construction in timber• Intra-mural burial and / or construction of
ecclesiastical buildings in some towns
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Place names
(Handout 2A, p. 7, & Worksheet 2A, p. 8)
Pen = Headland Avon = River
Wic = settlement
Creech = cruc
Coyd = wood
Ham = homestead
Tre = Farmstead
Caer = walled settlement
Chester = (Roman) Walled town
Walh = ‘foreigner’
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Part Two
• Regional case studies • Session review / Home-study guidance [Week 2:
Session review sheet] • Group exercise: analysing urban settlements,
(depending on time taken on group discussion: if short of time, undertake as homework) [Worksheet 2B: p.9-10]
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Wroxeter basilica
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Gloucester
Castle
St OswaldsTilery
>LC4 <C6
>EC5
New Market Hall site:• Ash & molten lead = metalworking• Spearhead & human jaw on
mosaic• Hoard including early C5 coin• Late Roman ‘military ‘buckle,
bracelet & penannular brooch• Continued use of some later
Roman ceramics• ‘Dark earth’
Tilery:• Post-holes = timber building• Dark earth• Continued presence of some
later Roman ceramics• Early C5 coin• ‘Grass-tempered’ pottery
Castle Site:• Building continued use C5+(TPQ = 374 C14: TAQ =C6)• Post-holes cut into floor• Build up of loam• Hearths, lead ingot, &
charcoal = metalworking• C5 pottery• Human / animal bone
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Caerwent
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Group Exercise: Urban Settlements