University of Kassel Department of Developement Economics...

University of KasselDepartment of Developement Economics, Migration and

Agricultural Policy

Contents

1Requirements of the German Economy2 Foreigners in Germany3 DEMAP research project

Number of people moving to and from Germany between 1991 and 2008

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt

Moving in

Moving out

Year

Peop

le

3

Determining factors of in-migrationChain migrationDemand for highly skilled professionalsDemographic profileGovernment regulationsScholarships and grants Internationalization of UniversitiesStudy + job oppurtunitiesBusiness

4B.Knerr, Univ. of kassel, DEMAP

German demographic profile

Increasingly older population 0.7% p.a. of reduced labour supply

between 2010 and 2040 Those over 60 will be 36% in 2030

5

(Christina Boswell and Thomas Straubhaar, 2005)

B.Knerr, Univ. of kassel, DEMAP

07.05.2010 6

Age structure of the German populalation

Quelle: Statistisches Bundesamt 2010

Lack of highly skilled professionals

Stagnation of Germans‘ enrollment for professional studies (from 1990s)

Lack of IT experts Lack of engineers (40,000 in 2010) Lack of health care personell

7

(Christina Boswell and Thomas Straubhaar, 2005)


Government migration policies

Green card Initiative in 2000 German immigration law 2005 Blue card (EU level) in 2009 Attracting students from abroad (master

programs; courses in English; scholarships)) Attracting back highly qualified Germans from

abroad Improved conditions for temporary labour

contracts


2 Foreigners in Germany


Foreign population in Germany, 2006


Foreign students in Germany


Subjects studied by foreigners in Germany

Germany tries to attract foreignstudents, however …. it has a language problems many leave after their studies even more so if they have studied in

English


3 DEMAP research project on the situation of highly skilled foreigners in Germany

Run entirely by DEMAP PhD students Seven research projects (to be

published as book format in International Labour Migration series)

Mostly survey-based case studies on

Iranians (Sudeh Denavi) Turks (Alexander Bürgin) Indians (RebeccaTlatlik) Nepalese (Ranjita Nepal) Jordanians (Rasha Isaitheyeh) Indonesians (Wildan Syafitri) Chinese (Zhao Xi)

S

3,1 Eductional profiles and return behaviour of Iranian students in Germany

Number of Iranians moving in and out of the German boundaries

Source: statistics of the German Federal Office, 2008

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Moving from Iran to GermanyMoving from Germany to IranIranians moving to GermanyIranians moving out of Germany

17

Iranians starting to study, 1999 to 2008*

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Iranian begin to study in Germany

Source: statistics of the German Federal Office, 2008* Iranian Students coming from Iran for Study purpose

20

Iranian students according to the study field (winter semester 2008/2009)

Iranian students Language and cultural sciences

Law, economics and social science

Mathematoc and natural science

Engineering

Medicin

Art and fine Art

Total Foreigner students Language and cultural sciences

Law, economics and social scienceMathematoc and natural science

Engineering

Medicin

Art and fine ArtSource: statistics of the German Federal Office, 2008*(Iranian Students, Iranian Studentscoming from Iran for Study purpose)

21

Online Survey Number of Interviews: 45 Interviewees: People who moved from Iran

to Germany with the purpose of study or with a student visa

Year of entering Germany: 1997 to 2010

22

Characteristics of the interviewees 1

23

Person PercentageGender

Male 16 36Female 29 64

Marital StatusSingle 31 69Married 14 31

Student or employed Student 39 87Working 4 9Other 2 4

In which language you began your studies in GermanyEnglish 24 53%German 19 42%Both 2 4%

If the study field in Germany is in continues of pervious study fieldYes 28 62%No 17 38%


24

Age of the Interviews Average 28Min. 23Max. 37Average Age of the Interviews at the time of leaving Iran: 24.5

Last Study degree before living IranHigh school 4 8%Bachelor 27 60%Foghe Diplom 1 2%Master 13 20%


25

Field of the latest achieved study degree Management and Business 5 12%Science 18 44%Engineering 11 27%Economics 1 2%Social Science 3 7%Medicine 1 2%Law 2 5%

Year of movement to Germany

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year of entering Germany

26

Why Germany was chosen (%)

Low costs of Education 36

Education level 31

Able to Speak German Language 8

Having relatives in Germany 17

Having friends in Germany 1

Other reasons 7

27

Reasons for choosing Germany according to Gender

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

34, Low costs of Education29, Education level8, Able to Speak German Language16, having relatives in Germany1, having friends in Germany7, other reasons

29, Female16, Male

28

Do you plan to acquire German Nationality?

Yes: 46% No: 49% I have already: 9%

73.7% of the positive answers are from females

29

Do you want to return to Iran?Do you want to: Employee Students otherreturn to Iran 0% 28% 0%Stay in Germany 100% 50% 100%

• 90% of the males who don’t want to return to Iran, don’t want to stay in Germany either

•72% of the females that don’t want to return to Iran, want to stay in Germany

•47% of the people that neither want to return to Iran nor want to stay in Germany, have the plan to go to USA

30

Return plans before travelling to Germany

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

stay

in G

erm

any

retu

rn to

Iran

not s

ure

stay

in G

erm

any

retu

rn to

Iran

not s

ure

stay

in G

erm

any

retu

rn to

Iran

not s

ure

stay

in G

erm

any

retu

rn to

Iran

not s

ure

Male Female Male Female

Do not want to return Want to return

31

Return Behavior, Gender and Marital status

0

5

10

15

20

25

10, Male 22, Female 6, Male 7, Female


Marriedsingle

32

Return Behavior and the year of travelling to Germany

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1999 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

want to return

Do not want to return

Year of entering to Germany

33

Return behavior and Language skill

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%G

erm

an L

angu

age

leve

l be

fore

leav

ing

Iran

Cur

rent

Ger

man

Lan

guag

e le

vel

Engl

ish

Lang

uage

leve

l bef

ore

livin

g Ira

n

Cur

rent

Eng

lish

Lang

uage

le

vel

Ger

man

Lan

guag

e le

vel

befo

re le

avin

g Ira

n

Cur

rent

Ger

man

Lan

guag

e le

vel

Engl

ish

Lang

uage

leve

l bef

ore

livin

g Ira

n

Cur

rent

Eng

lish

Lang

uage

le

vel


Perfect

good

average

34

Return Behavior and Number of German Friends

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%



not at allFewMediumManyVery Many

35

Return Behavior and loneliness

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%



not at alllittleaveragemuchvery much

36

Return Behavior and Satisfactory with education Quality

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%



not at all20%50%80%100%

37

3.3 Turks in Germany

39

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

-10000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

in-migrationout-migrationmigration balance


Length of residence

40

below

11 t

o 44 t

o 66 t

o 8

8 to 1

0

10 to

15

15 to

20

20 to

25

25 to

30

30 an

d mor

e

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000


Turkish citizens in Germany, 2008

o Total: 1.877.661

o 73.5% living in Germany for 10 years and more

o 35% of the Turkish citizens in Germany are born in

Germany

o Share of total number of foreigners: 25,6%

Source: Stat. Bundesamt, Microcensus


More than 25 % of the Turkish labour force in Germany is registered as unemplyoed.

More than one-third of the Turkish citizens in Germany are liviong below the proverty line.

In German schools, Turkish children who don‘t speak German language, don‘t succeeed.


Apprenticeship finalized by young Turks

43

1994 2000 2001 20020,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

all in allmalefemale


Intentions to return 36 % of the young academics with Turkish roots in

Germany see their future in Turkey, and not in Germany.

41 % of them state as the reason for that a lack of „feeling

at home in Germany“.

This reason is particularly given by male respondents with

parents who don‘t master the German language

(Futureorg, presented by Turkish-German business association

[Unternehmervereinigung])


Thank you for your attention!


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