Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF HINDI

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME (Courses effective from Academic Year 2015-16)

SYLLABUS OF COURSES TO BE OFFERED Core Courses, Elective Courses & Ability Enhancement Courses

Disclaimer: The CBCS syllabus is uploaded as given by the Faculty concerned to the Academic Council. The same has been approved as it is by the Academic Council on 13.7.2015 and Executive Council on 14.7.2015. Any query may kindly be addressed to the concerned Faculty.

Undergraduate Programme Secretariat

Preamble

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity, efficiency and excellence in the Higher Education System of country. The important measures taken to enhance academic standards and quality in higher education include innovation and improvements in curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and evaluation systems, besides governance and other matters. The UGC has formulated various regulations and guidelines from time to time to improve the higher education system and maintain minimum standards and quality across the Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in India. The academic reforms recommended by the UGC in the recent past have led to overall improvement in the higher education system. However, due to lot of diversity in the system of higher education, there are multiple approaches followed by universities towards examination, evaluation and grading system. While the HEIs must have the flexibility and freedom in designing the examination and evaluation methods that best fits the curriculum, syllabi and teaching–learning methods, there is a need to devise a sensible system for awarding the grades based on the performance of students. Presently the performance of the students is reported using the conventional system of marks secured in the examinations or grades or both. The conversion from marks to letter grades and the letter grades used vary widely across the HEIs in the country. This creates difficulty for the academia and the employers to understand and infer the performance of the students graduating from different universities and colleges based on grades. The grading system is considered to be better than the conventional marks system and hence it has been followed in the top institutions in India and abroad. So it is desirable to introduce uniform grading system. This will facilitate student mobility across institutions within and across countries and also enable potential employers to assess the performance of students. To bring in the desired uniformity, in grading system and method for computing the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) based on the performance of students in the examinations, the UGC has formulated these guidelines.

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS):

The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses

comprising core, elective/minor or skill based courses. The courses can be evaluated following the

grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks system. Therefore, it is

necessary to introduce uniform grading system in the entire higher education in India. This will benefit

the students to move across institutions within India to begin with and across countries. The uniform

grading system will also enable potential employers in assessing the performance of the candidates. In

order to bring uniformity in evaluation system and computation of the Cumulative Grade Point

Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in examinations, the UGC has formulated the

guidelines to be followed.

Outline of Choice Based Credit System:

1. Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core requirement

is termed as a Core course.

2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which may

be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study or which

provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain

or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill is called an Elective Course.

2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the main

discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective. The University/Institute

may also offer discipline related Elective courses of interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by

main discipline/subject of study).

2.2 Dissertation/Project: An elective course designed to acquire special/advanced knowledge,

such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate studies such a course

on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member is called dissertation/project.

2.3 Generic Elective (GE) Course: An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated

discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.

P.S.: A core course offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other

discipline/subject and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.

3. Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC)/Competency Improvement Courses/Skill Development

Courses/Foundation Course: The Ability Enhancement (AE) Courses may be of two kinds: AE

Compulsory Course (AECC) and AE Elective Course (AEEC). “AECC” courses are the courses

based upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement. They ((i) Environmental Science, (ii)

English/MIL Communication) are mandatory for all disciplines. AEEC courses are value-based

and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands-on-training, competencies, skills, etc.

3.1 AE Compulsory Course (AECC): Environmental Science, English Communication/MIL

Communication.

3.2 AE Elective Course (AEEC): These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses designed to

provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction.

Project work/Dissertation is considered as a special course involving application of knowledge in

solving / analyzing /exploring a real life situation / difficult problem. A Project/Dissertation work would

be of 6 credits. A Project/Dissertation work may be given in lieu of a discipline specific elective paper.

Details of courses under B.A (Honors), B.Com (Honors) & B.Sc. (Honors)

Course *Credits

Theory+ Practical Theory + Tutorial

=================================================================

I. Core Course

(14 Papers) 14X4= 56 14X5=70

Core Course Practical / Tutorial*

(14 Papers) 14X2=28 14X1=14

II. Elective Course

(8 Papers)

A.1. Discipline Specific Elective 4X4=16 4X5=20

(4 Papers)

A.2. Discipline Specific Elective

Practical/ Tutorial* 4 X 2=8 4X1=4

(4 Papers)

B.1. Generic Elective/

Interdisciplinary 4X4=16 4X5=20

(4 Papers)

B.2. Generic Elective

Practical/ Tutorial* 4 X 2=8 4X1=4

(4 Papers)

Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one Discipline Specific Elective paper (6

credits) in 6th Semester

III. Ability Enhancement Courses

1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory

(2 Papers of 2 credit each) 2 X 2=4 2 X 2=4

Environmental Science

English/MIL Communication

2. Ability Enhancement Elective (Skill Based)

(Minimum 2) 2 X 2=4 2 X 2=4

(2 Papers of 2 credit each)

_________________ _________________

Total credit 140 140

Institute should evolve a system/policy about ECA/ General

Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/NSS/related courses on its own.

* wherever there is a practical there will be no tutorial and vice-versa

3

iz'ui=kksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksxk %

fganh dksj ikB~;Øe (HCC)

• lsesLVj&1 %

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh fyfi dk bfrgkl

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&2 % fganh dfork ¼vkfndky ,oa Hkfädkyhu dkO;½

• lsesLVj&2 %

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&3 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky vkSj eè;dky½

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&4 % fganh dfork ¼jhfrdkyhu dkO;½

• lsesLVj&3 %

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&5 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/qfud dky½

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&6 % fganh dfork ¼vk/qfud dky Nk;kokn rd½

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&7 % fganh dgkuh

• lsesLVj&4 %

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&8 % Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&9 % fganh dfork ¼ Nk;kokn ds ckn½

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&10 % fgUnh miU;kl

• lsesLVj&5 %

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&11 % ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&12 % fganh ukVd@,dkadh

• lsesLVj&6 %

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&13 % fgUnh vkykspuk

fgUnh dksj iz'ui=k&14 % fganh fucaèk vkSj vU; x| foèkk,¡

4

fganh lkekU; (Generic) ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HGEC)

• lsesLVj 1

1- yksdfiz; lkfgR; vFkok fganh flusek vkSj mldk vè;;u

• lsesLVj 2

2- jpukRed ys[ku vFkok iVdFkk rFkk laokn ys[ku

• lsesLVj 3

3- fganh esa O;kogkfjd vuqokn vFkok Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

• lsesLVj 4

4- fgUnh dk oSf'od ifjn'; vFkok Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

fganh fo"k; vkèkkfjr ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HDSEC)

• lsesLVj 5

1- fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksd&lkfgR; ijaijk vFkok vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR; vFkok

Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar

• lsesLVj 5

2- fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k vFkok dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k vFkok

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk

• lsesLVj 6

3- yksdukV~; vFkok fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡ vFkok Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u

4- 'kks/&çfof/ vFkok vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in vFkok fganh jaxeap

5

fganh dkS'ky&lao¼Zd ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe (HSEC)

¼dksbZ nk s % d vkSj [k oxZ ls ,d&,d dk p;u½

• lsesLVj 3

(d)

1- foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

2- dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

3- lks'ky ehfM;k

4- vuqokn&dkS'ky

• lsesLVj 4

([k)

1. dk;kZy;h fganh

2. Hkk"kk;h n{krk % le> vkSj laHkk"k.k

3. Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

• ,d vfuok;Z iz'ui=k % vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk laizs"k.k@vaxzsth

• ,d vfuok;Z iz'ui=k % i;kZoj.k foKku

dqy 26 iz'ui=k

1

CBCS

ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ fganh

G. Elective ¼lkekU; ,sfPNd½

lsesLVj&1

(1-3)

(d) yksdfiz; lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % yksdfç; vkSj tufç; lkfgR; dh vo/kj.kk

bdkbZ&2 % fgUnh ds fryLeh vkSj tklwlh lkfgR; dk lkekftd vk'k;

bdkbZ&3 % HkkoukRed miU;kl vkSj xqy'ku uUnk] tufç; miU;kl vkSj ;FkkFkZcks/ µ bCus 'kiQh ch,]

tufç; ys[kd vkseçdk'k 'kekZ] lqjsUæ eksgu ikBd vkSj osnçdk'k 'kekZ

bdkbZ&4 % dfolEesyuh dfork % Lo:i ,oa izeq[k yksdfç; dfo µ cs<c cukjlh] dkdk gkFkjlh

ls vkt rd ds yksdfç; xhrdkj vkSj gkL;dfo

lgk;d xzaFk %

� vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

� ledkyhu dfork vkSj lkSan;Zcksèk µ jksfgrk'o

� ^ik[kh* if=kdk dk vad µ vizSy] 2015

� ^miU;kl vkSj izfrjksèk* ¹^vfHkuo Hkkjrh* (vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; ds fganh foHkkx dh

'kksèk&if=kdk dk fo'ks"kkad o"kZ&2008)º

� fryLeh lkfgR; dk lkezkT;okn&fojksèkh pfj=k µ iznhi lDlsuk

� Popular Literature : A History and Guide by Victor E. Neuburg

(The Woburn Press, London, 1977)

2

vFkok

([k) fganh flusek vkSj mldk vè;;u

bdkbZ&1 % dyk fo/k ds :i esa flusek vkSj mldh lS¼kfUrdh

bdkbZ&2 % fgUnh flusek % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

bdkbZ&3 % flusek esa dSejs dh Hkwfedk

bdkbZ&4 % u;h rduhd vkSj flusek µ lEHkkouk,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡

(lanHkZ % eqxys vk”ke] enj bafM;k] nhokj] ihds)

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fiQYe funsZ'ku % dqynhi flUgk

� fganh flusek dk bfrgkl & eueksgu pM~<k

� u;k flusek µ czts'oj enku

� Hkkjrh; flus fl¼kar & vuqie vks>k

� flusek % dy] vkt] dy µ fouksn Hkkj}kt

� fganh flusek ds lkS o"kZ µ izdk'ku foHkkx

� fganh flusek ds lkS o"kZ µ izg~ykn vxzoky

� jktdiwj % vkèkh gdhdr] vkèkk iQlkuk µ izg~ykn vxzoky

� flusek dk tknqbZ liQj µ izrki flag

� eksgEen jiQh % iSxEcj&,&ekSfldh µ f”k;k beke

� ukS'kkn % ”kjkZ tks vkiQrkc cuk µ f”k;k beke

� flusek ds ckjs esa tkosn v[+rj ls ckrphr µ uljhu eqUuh dchj

� xq#nÙk µ foey fe=k

� lR;thr js µ egsanz feJ

� dSejk esjh rhljh vk¡[k µ jkèkw dekZdj

� èkquksa dh ;k=kk µ iadt jkx

3

lsesLVj&2

(2-3)

(d) jpukRed ys[ku

bdkbZ&1 % jpukRed ys[ku % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i ,oa fl¼kar

Hkko ,oa fopkj dh jpuk eas :ikarj.k dh izfØ;k

fofoèk vfHkO;fDr&{ks=k % lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk] foKkiu] fofoèk x| vfHkO;fDr;k ¡

tuHkk"k.k vkSj yksdfiz; laLÑfr

ys[ku ds fofoèk :i % ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] x|&i|] dFkkRed&dFksrj] ukV~;&ikB~;

ckyys[ku&izkS<+ys[ku] eqfnzr&bysDVªkWfud vkfnA

bdkbZ&2 % (d) jpukRed ys[ku % Hkk"kk&lanHkZ

vFkZ fufeZfr ds vkèkkj % 'kCnkFkZ&ehekalk] 'kCn ds izkd~&iz;ksx] uO;&iz;ksx] 'kCn dh

O;kdjf.kd dksfV

Hkk"kk dh Hkafxek,¡ % vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] ekud

Hkkf"kd lanHkZ % {ks=kh;] oxZ&lkis{k] lewg&lkis{k

([k) jpukRed ys[ku % jpuk&dkS'ky&fo'ys"k.k

jpuk&lkS"Bo % 'kCn&'kfDr] izrhd] fcEc] vyadj.k vkSj oØrk,¡

bdkbZ&3 % fofoèk foèkkvksa dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dk O;kogkfjd vè;;u

(d) dfork % laosnuk] dkO;:i] Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] Nan] y;] xfr vkSj rqd

([k) dFkklkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa foe'kZ

(x) ukV~;lkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa jaxdeZ

4

(?k) fofoèk x|&foèkk,¡ % fucaèk] laLej.k] O;aX; vkfn

(M-) ckylkfgR; dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk

bdkbZ&4 lwpuk&ra=k ds fy, ys[ku

fizaV ekè;e % iQhpj&ys[ku] ;k=kk&oÙkkar] lk{kkRdkj] iqLrd&leh{kk vkfnA

bysDVªkWfud ekè;e % jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] fiQYe iVdFkk ys[ku] Vsyhfotu iVdFkk ys[kuA

lgk;d xazFk %

� lkfgR; fparu % jpukRed vk;ke µ j?kqoa'k

� 'kSyh µ jkepanz feJ

� jpukRed ys[ku µ laik- jes'k xkSre

� dyk dh t:jr µ vULVZ fiQ'kj] vuq- jes'k mikè;k;

� lkfgR; dk lkSan;Zfparu µ johanzukFk JhokLro

� ltu'khyrk vkSj lksan;Zcksèk µ fu'kk vxzoky

� dfork&jpuk&izfØ;k µ dqekj foey

� ledkyhu dfork esa Nan µ vKs;

� dfork ls lk{kkRdkj µ ey;t

� dfork D;k gS µ fo'oukFkizlkn frokjh

� ,d dfo dh uksVcqd µ jkts'k tks'kh

� fganh lkfgR; dk Nan&foospu µ xkSjh'kadj feJ f}tsanz

� vyadkj&èkkj.kk % fodkl vkSj fo'ys"k.k µ 'kksHkkdkar feJ

� miU;kl dh lajpuk µ xksiky jk;

� miU;kl ltu dh leL;k,¡ µ 'ke'ksjflag u:yk

� fganh dgkuh dk 'kSyh foKku µ cSdqaBukFk Bkdqj

5

� jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj

� i=kdkjh ys[ku ds vk;ke µ euksgj izHkkdj

� ltZd dk eu µ uanfd'kksj vkpk;Z

� 'kCn&'kfDr foospu µ jkey[ku 'kqDy

� jkbfVax fØ,fVo fiQD'ku µ ,p-vkj-,iQ- dhfVax

6

vFkok

([k) iVdFkk rFkk laokn ys[ku

bdkbZ&1 % iVdFkk vo/kj.kk vkSj Lo:i

bdkbZ&2 % iQhpj fiQYe] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgd] dgkuh] ,oa MkWD;wesaVªh dh iVdFkk

bdkbZ&3 % laokn lS¼kfUrdh vkSj lajpuk

bdkbZ&4 % iQhpj fiQYe] Vh-oh- èkkjkokfgd] dgkuh] ,oa MkWD;wesaVªh dk laokn&ys[ku

lgk;d xzaFk %

� iVdFkk ys[ku µ euksgj ';ke tks'kh

� Vsyhfo”ku ys[ku µ vlxj o”kkgr] izHkkr jatu

� dFkk&iVdFkk µ eUuw HkaMkjh

� jsfM;ks ys[ku µ eèkqdj xaxkèkj

� iQhpj ys[ku µ euksgj izHkkdj

7

lsesLVj&3

(3-4)

(d) fganh esa O;kogkfjd vuqokn

bdkbZ&1

1. Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn'; vkSj vuqokn dk egÙo

2. vuqokn dk Lo:i (Nature of Translation)

3. vuqokn ds midj.k µ dks'k xzaFk

4. vuqokn&izfØ;k

bdkbZ&2

1. iz;qfDr dh vo/kj.kk_ fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=k

2. fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r lkexzh ds vuqokn dh lkekU; leL;k,¡

3. fofHkUu iz;qfDr {ks=kksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

4. vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,¡

bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 1 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. ltZukRed lkfgR;

2. Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;

3. lkekftd foKku

bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 2 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. tulapkj

2. iz'kklfud vuqokn

3. caSfdax vuqokn

4. fof/ vuqokn

8

lgk;d xzaFk %

� MkW- uxsanz µ vuqokn foKku % fl¼kar vkSj vuqiz;ksx

� jkekyq jsM~Mh µ vuqokn ds fl¼kar

� gsepanz ikaMs µ vuqokn (O;ogkj ls fl¼kaar dh vksj)

� gfj ckcw daly µ dk;kZy; iznhfidk

� fot; dqekj eYgks=kk µ dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx

� lqjs'k flagy µ ltukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn

� uxhu panz lgxy µ dkO;kuqokn % fl¼kar vkSj leL;k,¡

� foeys'k dkafr oekZ (laik-) µ dks'k fo'ks"kkad] Hkkjrh; vuqokn ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh

� foeys'k dkafr oekZ µ vuqokn vkSj rRdky Hkk"kkarj.k

� NIDA, E – The Theory & Practice of Translation

� NIDA, E – Language, Structure & Translation

� Baker, Mona – Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation

� House, Juliance – Translation Evaluation

� Wilks, Vorick – Machine Translation : Its Scope & Limits

� Baker, H. – Translation & Interpreting

� Mossop, B – Revising and Editing for translators

� Munday, J – Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications

� Munday, J – The Roultledge Companion to Translation Studies

� Raghubir – Comprehensive English-Hindi Dictionary

� R.S. Mc Gregor – Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary

� Hardeo Bahari – English-Hindi Dictionary

9

vFkok

([k) Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr

• Hkk"kk vkSj lekt dk varl±ca/

• Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj

• lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mldk Lo:i

• Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=k

bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk vkSj Hkkf"kd leqnk;

• Hkk"kk vkSj leqnk;

• Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr

• Hkk"kk vkSj tkrh;rk

• f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj cgqHkkf"kdrk (fiftu o fØ;ksy)

bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj

• Hkk"kk vkSj oxZ

• O;fDr] lekt vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ

• Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj ts.Mj

• Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr

bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk losZ{k.k

• Hkk"kk losZ{k.k % Lo:i vkSj izfof/

• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk losZ{k.k

• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk fo'ys"k.k

• Hkk"kk ds uohu iz;ksx

lgk;d xzaFk

� Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

10

� fganh Hkk"kk fparu µ fnyhi flag

� Hkk"kk dk lalkj µ fnyhi flag

� vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

� Socio Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Society -- Peter Trudgill

� Socio Linguistics -- R.A. Hudson

� An Introduction to Socio Linguistics – Ronald Wordhaugh

� The Shadow of Language – George Yule

11

lsesLVj&4

(4-4)

(d) fganh dk oSf'od ifjn';

bdkbZ&1 % oS'ohdj.k] Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj lkfgR;

bdkbZ&2 % fganh dk fo'o&lUnHkZ] la;qDr jk"Vª esa fganh

bdkbZ&3 % fganh flusek vkSj fganh dh nqfu;k % lkaL—frd laokn o lEç s"k.k

bdkbZ&4 % varjkZ"Vªh; fganh lEeysu % ”k:jr vkSj Hkwfedk] 21oha lnh esa fganh dh oSf'od pqukSfr;k¡

lgk;d xzaFk

� izoklh fganh lkfgR; µ dey fd'kksj xks;udk

� ekWjh'kl dk fganh lkfgR; µ ohj flag] tkxk flag

� ekWjh'kl dk fganh lkfgR; µ equh'oj fparkef.k

� lwjhuke fganqLrkuh µ Hkkouk lDlsuk

� iQh”kh dk ltZukRed lkfgR; µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

� lwjhuke dk ltZukRed fganh lkfgR; µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

� iQh”kh esa fganh % Lo:i vkSj fodkl µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

12

vFkok

([k) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk

• Hkk"kk f'k{k.k % vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';

• Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk jk"Vªh;] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd vkSj Hkkf"kd lanHkZ

• f'k{k.k] izf'k{k.k] vtZu vkSj vf/xe

bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dh vk/kjHkwr ladYiuk,¡ (ts-,l- czwuj] okbZxksRLdh] fgyxkMZ] fi;kts)

• izFke Hkk"kk] ekrHkk"kk rFkk vU; Hkk"kk (f}rh; ,oa fons'kh) dh ladYiuk

• ekrHkk"kk] f}rh; Hkk"kk vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa varj

• lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V iz;kstu ds fy, Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&3 % fganh f'k{k.k

• Hkk"kk dkS'ky&Jo.k] Hkk"k.k] okpu] ys[ku

• fganh dk ekrHkk"kk ds :i esa f'k{k.k (Ldwyh f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk] nwjLFk f'k{kk)

• f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh f'k{k.k

• fons'kh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu

• Hkk"kk ijh{k.k dh ladYiuk

• Hkk"kk ewY;kadu dh ladYiuk

• Hkk"kk ijh{k.k ds fofo/ izdkj

• ewY;kadu ds izdkj

13

lgk;d xzaFk

� Hkk"kk f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro

� vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds dqN i{k µ laik- vej cgknqj flag

� Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k rFkk Hkk"kkfoKku µ laik- czts'oj oekZ

� Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ y{ehukjk;.k 'kekZ

� fganh f'k{k.k % varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk] lwjtHkku flag

� fganh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k µ HkksykukFk frokjh

� vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku µ laik- johanzukFk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh] Ñ".kdqekj xksLokeh

� Focus Group Papers on Teaching of Indian Languages : NCERT, 2005

1

HCC

lsesLVj&1

(1-1)

HCC-1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj mldh fyfi dk bfrgkl

bdkbZ&1 % fganh Hkk"kk ds fodkl dh iwoZihfBdk

• Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk&ifjokj ,oa vFkZHkk"kk,¡ (laLÑr] ikfy] izkÑr] viHkza'k vkfn)

• fganh dk vkjafHkd :i

• ^fganh* 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa iz;ksx

• fganh dk fodkl (vkfndky] eè;dky] vk/qfuddky)

bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk dk {ks=k ,oa foLrkj

• fganh Hkk"kk % {ks=k ,oa cksfy;k ¡

• fganh ds fofo/ :i (cksypky dh Hkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk] laidZ&Hkk"kk] lapkj Hkk"kk)

• fganh dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i

• fganh dk varjkZ"Vªh; lanHkZ

bdkbZ&3 % fyfi dk bfrgkl

• Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi dk var%laca/

• ifjHkk"kk] Lo:i ,oa vko';drk

• fyfi ds vkjafHkd :i (fp=kfyfi] Hkkofyfi] èofu&fyfi)

• Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl

bdkbZ&4 % nsoukxjh fyfi

• nsoukxjh fyfi dk ifjp; ,oa fodkl

• nsoukxjh fyfi dk ekudhdj.k

• vkn'kZ fyfi ds xq.k vkSj nsoukxjh fyfi dh fo'ks"krk,¡

• nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj dEI;wVj

2

lgk;d xzaFk

� fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ

� Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jkecfy ik.Ms; (yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku)

� fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

� fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy

� fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys

� Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

3

lsesLVj&1

(1-2)

HCC&2 % fganh dfork ¼vkfndkyhu ,oa Hkfädkyhu dkO;½

ikB&lkexzh

bdkbZ&1 (d) vehj [kqljks µ vehj [kqljks (O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo) MkWñ ijekuan ikapky

dOokyh µ ?k (1)

xhr µ M- (4) (13)

nksgs µ p (i`"B 86)_ 5 nksgs

(1) xksjh yksus (2) [kqljks jSu (3) ns[k eSa (4) pdok pdoh (5) lst lwuh

([k) fo|kifr µ fo|kifr dh inkoyh] laik- vkpk;Z Jhjkeykspu 'kj.k

oanuk & 1 jk/k dh oanuk

JhÑ".k dk izse & 35 (izse&izlax)

jk/k dk izse & 36

bdkbZ&2 (d) dchjnkl & dchj xzaFkkoyh] laik- MkW- ekrk izlkn xqIr

(yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku_ izFke laLdj.k_ iQjojh] 1969)

lk ¡p dkS vax (lk[kh 2] 16)

/eZ fo|kSl.k dkS vax (1] 10)

Hks"k dkS vax (2] 12)

Lk/k lk"khHkwr dkS vax (3] 4)

Lkjxzkgh dkS vax (3]4)

laxzFkkbZ dkS vax (9)

µ in la[;k 64 µ dkgs jh ufyuh - - -

µ in la[;k 66 µ vc dk d:¡ - - -

([k) ea>u µ ea>u&Ñr ^e/qekyrh*_ laik- ekrk izlkn xqIr

4

u[k&f’k[k o.kZu

1- ds'k o.kZu (79)

2- ukfldk o.kZu (83)

3- v/j o.kZu (87)

4- vfrl:i - - - (94)

5- f=kcyh o.kZu (97)

bdkbZ&3 (d) lwjnkl % lwjlkxj lkj % èkhjsUnz oekZ_ (lkfgR; Hkou (izk-) fyfeVsM] thjks jksM]

bykgkckn&211003_ v"Ve laLdj.k lu~ 1990)

in la[;k µ 25 (esjks eu vur - - -) fou; rFkk HkfDr 7 (tlksnk gfj ikyus - - -) xksdqy&yhyk 18 ('kksfHkr dj - - - ) xksdqy&yhyk 141 (mQ/ks eu ekus - - -) m¼o&lans'k 1 ([ksyr gfj fudls - - -) jk/k&Ñ".k 158 (vfr eyhu - - -) m¼o&lans'k ([k) ehjk¡ckbZ dh inkoyh (laik- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] fganh lkfgR; lEesyu_ iz;kx]

ckblok ¡ laLdj.k 2008 bZ-)

in la[;k µ 5 (rud gfj fprok ¡ - - -)

14 (vkyh jh Egkjs - - -)

19 (ekbZ lk ¡ojs j ¡x jk ¡ph - - -)

22 (ekbZ jh Egk fu;k ¡ - - -)

36 (ix ck ¡/k ?kw¡?kj~;k ¡ - - -)

70 (gsjh Egk rks njn fnok ¡.kh - - -)

bdkbZ&4 xksLokeh rqylhnkl (Jhjkepfjrekl] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj_ laLdj.k 2052_

pkSgÙkjok ¡ laLdj.k)

5

(nksgk la[;k 26 ls nksgk la[;k 31 rd)

iw¡N cq>kb [kksb Je - - - Hkqtcy [ky ny thfrAA

fou;if=kdk (xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj_ laLdj.k la[;k 2055)

in la[;k 105] 111] 162

dforkoyh (xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] laLdj.k la[;k 2052_ NÙkhlok ¡ laLdj.k)

µ ckydkaM µ Nan la[;k&1

µ v;ksè;kdkaM µ Nan la[;k 22

& mÙkjdkaM µ Nan la[;k 96] 106

lgk;d xzaFk %

� dchj & gtkjhizlkn f}osnh � lwjnkl & jkepanz 'kqDy � HkfDr vkanksyu vkSj lwjnkl dk dkO; & eSustj ik.Ms; � xksLokeh rqylhnkl & jkepanz 'kqDy � fganh lwiQhdkO; dh Hkwfedk & jkeiwtu frokjh � dchj dh fopkjèkkjk & xksfoan f=kxq.kk;r � dchj & laik- fot;sanz Lukrd � lwj vkSj mudk lkfgR; & gjoa'kyky 'kekZ � lwjnkl & czts'oj oekZ � fuxqZ.k dkO; esa ukjh µ vfuy jk; � rqylh&dkO;&ehekalk & mn;Hkkuq flag � eè;;qxhu izsek[;kud & ';ke euksgj ik.Ms; � lwiQh dfork dh igpku & ;'k xqykVh � ehjk % thou vkSj dkO; & lh-,y- izHkkr � vkykspuk dk u;k ikB % xksis'oj flag � ehjk dk dkO; % MkW- fo'oukFk f=kikBh � jk"Vªh; ,drk] orZeku leL;k,¡ vkSj HkfDr lkfgR; % dSyk'k ukjk;.k frokjh � eè;dkyhu Ñ".k *dkO; dh lkSan;Zpsruk* % iwjupan VaMu

6

lsesLVj&2

(2-1)

HCC-3 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky vkSj eè;dky½

bdkbZ&1 % fganh lkfgR; % bfrgkl&ys[ku

• fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl&ys[ku dh ijaijk dk ifjp;

• fganh lkfgR; % dky&foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k

bdkbZ&2 % vkfndky

• vkfndky dk jktuhfrd] lkekftd lkaLÑfrd] ifjos'k vkSj lkfgfR;d i‘BHkwfe

• fl¼ lkfgR;] ukFk lkfgR;] tSu lkfgR;

• jklks dkO;

• ykSfdd lkfgR;

bdkbZ&3 % HkfDrdky (iwoZeè;dky)

• HkfDr&vkanksyu vkSj mldk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i

• HkfDr lkfgR; dh nk'kZfud i"BHkwfe

• HkfDrdky dh /kjk,¡ %

(1) fuxqZ.k /kjk (KkukJ;h 'kk[kk] izseekxhZ lwiQh 'kk[kk)

(2) lxq.k /kjk (jkeHkfDr 'kk[kk] Ñ".kHkfDr 'kk[kk)

(3) vU; dkO;

bdkbZ&4 % jhfrdky (mÙkj eè;dky)

• ;qxhu&i"BHkwfe (jktuhfrd] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd&vkfFkZd ifjos'k] lkfgR; ,oa laxhr vkfn dykvksa

dh fLFkfr)

• dkO;&izofÙk;k ¡

(1) jhfrc¼ vkSj jhfrfl¼

7

(2) jhfreqDr dkO;

(3) ohjdkO;] HkfDrdkO;] uhfrdkO;

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

� fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

� fganh lkfgR; dk vrhr µ vkpk;Z fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

� fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl µ jkeLo:i prqosZnh

� fganh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

� fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ laik- uxsUnz

� fganh lkfgR; dk vfndky µ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

� lkfgR; dk bfrgkl n'kZu µ ufyu foykspu 'kekZ

� lkfgR; vkSj bfrgkl n`f"V µ eSustj ikaMs;

� eè;dkyhu lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Zcksèk µ eqds'k xxZ

� HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lkekftd vk/kj µ laik- xksis'oj flag

� vkfndkyhu fganh lkfgR; % vè;;u dh fn'kk,¡ % laik- vfuy jk;

8

lsesLVj&2

(2-2)

HCC-4 : fganh dfork ¼jhfrdkyhu dkO;½

ikB&lkexzh

bdkbZ&1

1. ds'konkl µ dfofiz;k (fiz;k izdk'k] yk- Hkxokunhu)

Nan la[;k µ rhljk izHkko (1] 2] 4] 5)

ik ¡pok ¡ izHkko (1] 10)

NBk izHkko (56] 66] 69)

2. jghe (vCnqjZghe [kku[kkuk ¡) µ jghe xzaFkkoyh] laiknd % fo|kfuokl feJ] xksfoan jtuh'k

nksgkoyh µ Nan la[;k 38] 49] 87] 126] 130] 166] 167] 175] 180] 212] 220] 222

bdkbZ&2

3. fcgkjh µ fcgkjh&jRukdj % iz.ksrk Jh txUukFknkl ^jRukdj*] f'kokyk] okjk.klh

Nan la[;k µ 1] 62] 103] 127] 128] 143] 180] 347] 363] 388

bdkbZ&3

4. ?kukuan µ ?kukuan (xzaFkkoyh)_ laik- fo'oukFk izlkn feJ_ ok.kh forku_ cukjl&1

lqtkufgr (1] 4] 7] 18] 19] 38] 41] 49] 54)

bdkbZ&4 (d)

5. Hkw"k.k µ f'koHkw"k.k rFkk izdh.kZ jpuk] fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

Nan la[;k µ 50] 104] 411] 420] 443] 512] 515

bdkbZ&4 ([k)

6. fxfj/j dfojk; µ fxfj/j dfojk; xzaFkkoyh_ laik- MkW- fd'kksjhyky xqIr

Nan la[;k 11] 16] 36] 70] 71] 89] 99

9

lgk;d xzaFk %

� nso vkSj mudh dfork µ uxsanz

� fcgkjh µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

� Hkw"k.k µ fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

� fxfjèkj dfojk; (xzaFkkoyh) & la- fd'kksjhyky xqIr

� ?kukuan vkSj LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk & euksgjyky xkSM+

� jhfrdkO; dh Hkwfedk & uxsanz

� dfooj fcgkjhyky vkSj mudk ;qx & j.kèkhj izlkn flUgk

� Hkw"k.k vkSj mudk lkfgR; & jktey cksjk

� fganh uhfrdkO; dk Lo:i fodkl & jkeLo:i 'kkL=kh

� fganh lkfgR; dk mÙkjeè;dky % jhfrdky & egsanz dqekj

� fganh lkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkl] Hkkx&6 & laik- uxsanz

� f}tnso vkSj mudk dkO; & vafcdkizlkn oktis;h

� ?kukuan xzaFkkoyh & fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

� lusg dks ekjx & bejS ca?kk

� vk;kZ lIr'krh vkSj fcgkjh lrlbZ dk rqyukRed vè;;u & dSyk'k ukjk;.k frokjh

� fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vkfndky ls jhfrdky rd½ & iwjupan VaMu

10

lsesLVj&3

(3-1)

HCC-5 : fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼vk/qfud dky½

bdkbZ&1

• eè;dkyhu cksèk rFkk vkèkqfud cksèk (laØe.k dh ifjfLFkfr;k ¡ uotkxj.k vkSj Hkkjrsanq) uotkxj.k dh

ifjfLFkfr;k ¡ vkSj Hkkjrsanq ;qx

• egkohj izlkn f}osnh % fganh i=kdkfjrk vkSj [kM+h cksyh vkanksyu

• Lokèkhurk vkanksyu vkSj uotkxj.kdkyhu&psruk dk mRd"kZ

bdkbZ&2

• ukVd] fucaèk vkSj vkykspuk

• dFkk lkfgR;

• ukVd

• fucaèk vkSj vU; x| fo/k,¡

• vkykspuk

bdkbZ&3

• Nk;kokn vkSj mÙkj Nk;kokn % ifjos'k vkSj izofÙk;k ¡

• mÙkj Nk;kokn % ifjos'k vkSj izofÙk;k ¡

• izxfrokn % ifjos'k vkSj izofÙk;k ¡

• iz;ksxokn % ifjos'k vkSj izofÙk;k ¡

• u;h dfork % ifjos'k vkSj izofÙk;k ¡

bdkbZ&4

• lkBksÙkjh dfork] uoxhr] uosa n'kd dh dfork] ledkyhu dfork

• ledkyhu dFkk lkfgR; % miU;kl vkSj dgkuh

• vkykspuk vkSj vU; x|&:i

11

• vfLerk foe'kZ µ nfyr] L=kh

lgk;d xzaFk

� vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh izofÙk;k ¡ µ ukeoj flag

� HkkjrsUnq vkSj fganh uotkxj.k dh leL;k,¡ µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

� fganh dk x| lkfgR; & jkepanz frokjh

� fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

� vkèkqfud lkfgR; µ uannqykjs oktis;h

� Nk;kokn µ ukeoj flag

� rkjlIrd (igyk laLdj.k vkSj nwljk laLdj.k) vkSj nwljk lIrd dh Hkwfedk,¡ µ laik- vKs;

� fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & jktsUnz xkSre

� ledkyhu fganh dfork µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

� fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ laik- uxsUnz

� fganh ukVd % ubZ ij[k & laik- jes'k xkSre

� egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj fganh uotkxj.k µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

12

lsesLVj&3

(3-2)

HCC-6 : fganh dfork ¼vk/qfud dky Nk;kokn rd½

bdkbZ&1

1- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr

bdkbZ&2

2- t;'kadj izlkn

bdkbZ&3

3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk

bdkbZ&4

4- jke/kjh flag fnudj

5- lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku

jpuk,¡ %

1- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr µ ;'kks/jk (pqus gq, va'k)

� fl¼kFkZ

� egkfHkfu"Øe.k

� l[kh os eq>ls dgdj tkrs - - - 5] 6] 7] 8] 9

� vc dBksj] gks otzknfi - - - 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 14

� ekfufu] eku rtks yks] jgh rqEgkjh cku

� nhu u gks xksih

2- t;'kadj izlkn µ mB&mB jh y?kq] e/qi xquxquk dj] rqEgkjh vk ¡[kksa dk cpiu] vjs dgha ns[kk gS rqeus] vjh o#.kk dh “kkar dNkj] ys py eq>s Hkqykok nsdj] v'kksd dh fpark

13

3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk µ laè;klqUnjh] ckny jkx % Ng] og rksM+rh iRFkj] [ksr tksr dj ?kj vk, gSa]

cka/ks u uko] Lusg fu>Zj] oj ns] eSa vdsyk@ns[krk gw¡ vk jgh esjs thou dh

lkaè; csyk] nqfjr nwj djks ukFk] v'kj.k gw¡ xgks gkFk

4- jke/kjh flag fnudj µ ^jf'ejFkh* % rhljs lxZ ls Ñ".k&d.kZ laokn 5- lqHknzkdqekjh pkSgku µ Bqdjk nks ;k I;kj djks] ohjksa dk dSlk gks clUr] eqj>k;k iQwy] esjs ifFkd] >k¡lh dh jkuh dh lekfèk ij] vuks[kk nku] ckfydk

lgk;d xzaFk

� t;'kadj izlkn & uannqykjs oktis;h

� eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % iquewZY;kadu & uxsanz

� fujkyk dh lkfgR;&lkèkuk & jkefoykl 'kekZ

� ;qxpkj.k fnudj & lkfo=kh flUgk

� fgUnh LoPNanrkoknh dkO;èkkjk & izse'kadj

� eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % izklafxdrk ds var%lw=k & Ñ".knÙk ikyhoky

� t;'kadj izlkn & izse'kadj

� vudgk fujkyk & vk- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh

� fujkyk % vkRegark vkLFkk & nwèkukFk flag

� fujkyk dkO; dh Nfo;k ¡ & uanfd'kksj uoy

� jkeèkkjh flag fnudj & fot;sanz ukjk;.k flag

� Nk;kokn & ukeoj flag

� =k;h (izlkn] fujkyk vkSj iar) & vk- tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh

� vkèkqfud fganh dfork esa fcac&foèkku & dsnkjukFk flag

� nf"Vikr & jktsUnz xkSre

� ^dYiuk* dk ^moZ'kh*&fookn & laik- xksis'oj flag

� mÙkjNk;koknh dkO;Hkk"kk & gfjeksgu 'kekZ

14

lsesLVj&3

(3-3)

HCC-7 : fganh dgkuh

bdkbZ&1

1- mlus dgk Fkk & panz/j 'kekZ xqysjh 2- iwl dh jkr & izsepan 3- NksVk tknwxj & izlkn

bdkbZ&2

4- iktsc & tSusUnz oqQekj 5- rhljh dle & iQ.kh”ojukFk js.kq 6- phiQ dh nkor & Hkh’e lkguh

bdkbZ&3

7- ifjUns & fueZy oekZ 8- nksigj dk Hkkstu & vejdkar 9- flDdk cny x;k & d’.kk lkscrh

bdkbZ&4

10- taxy tkrde~ & dk”khukFk flag 11- okilh & m"kk fiz;aonk 12- ?kqliSfB;s & vkseizdk”k ckYehfd

lgk;d xazFk

� ladfyr fucaèk & ufyu foykspu 'kekZ

� ^,d nqfu;k lekukUrj* & jktsUnz ;kno

� ^dgkuh % ubZ dgkuh* ukeoj flag

� ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk & deys”oj

� fganh dgkuh dk bfrgkl & xksiky jk;

15

� fganh dgkuh % varjax igpku & jkenj'k feJ

� fganh dgkuh dh jpuk&izfØ;k µ ijekuan JhokLro

� viuh ckr µ Hkh"e lkguh

� ubZ dgkuh % lanHkZ vkSj izÑfr & nsoh'kadj voLFkh � izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ � lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag � dqN dgkfu;k ¡ % dqN fopkj & fo'oukFk f=kikBh � dFkkohFkh µ gfjeksgu “kekZ vkSj jktsUnz xkSre � fganh dgkuh dk igyk n'kd µ laik- Hkonso ik.Ms; � fganh dgkuh dk fodkl µ eèkqjs'k � geliQjukek µ Lo;a izdk'k � le; vkSj lkfgR; µ fot; eksgu flag � fganh dgkuh % izfØ;k vkSj ikB µ lqjsanz pkSèkjh

16

lsesLVj&4

(4-1)

HCC-8 : Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k

bdkbZ&1

1- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh ijaijk (vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu ls iafMrjkt txUukFk rd)

2- dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] dkO;&iz;kstu

bdkbZ&2

3- jl % Lo:i vkSj y{k.k] jl ds vax rFkk jl ds Hksn

4- 'kCn&'kfDr;k¡

5- xq.k ,oa nks"k % y{k.k vkSj Hksn

bdkbZ&3

6- vyadkj % y{k.k vkSj Hksn

“kCnkuqizkl % vuqizkl] ;ed] 'ys"k] oØksfDrA

vFkZ'kCnkuqizkl % miek] :id] vig~uqfr] mRizs{kk] vfr'k;ksfDr] fun'kZuk] O;frjsd] fojks/kHkkl]

foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDr] vR;qfDrA

7- NUn

(d) leof.kZd µ Hkqtaxiz;kr] nzqrfoyfEcr] f'k[kfj.kh] 'kknwZyfoØhfM+r] loS;k (Hksn lfgr)] ?kuk{kjhA

([k) leekf=kd µ mYykyk] pkSikbZ] jksyk] gfjxhfrdkA

(x) v¼Z&leekf=kd µ cjoS] nksgk] lksjBk

(?k) fo"ke leekf=kd µ dqaMfy;k] NIi;A

bdkbZ&4

8- dkO;&:i % n';dkO; (:id) ,oa mi:id] JO;dkO; % i|] x|] pEiw] izca/ ,oa eqDrd

17

lgk;d xzaFk

� dkO; niZ.k & jkenfgu feJ � jl ehekalk & vkpk;Z jkepan 'kqDy � dkO; ehekalk & rh-u- Jhd.BSÕ;k � jl&fl¼kar & uxsUnz � lkfgR;&lgpj & vk- gtkjhizlkn f}osnh � Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k % lqcksèk foospu & lR;nso pkSèkjh � dkO;rÙo foe'kZ & jkeewfrZ f=kikBh � fl¼kar vkSj vè;;u & ckcw xqykcjk; � lkfgR;&fl¼kar & jkevoèk f}osnh � dkO; ds rÙo & nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ � dkO;'kkL=k & HkxhjFk feJ � lk/kj.khdj.k vkSj dkO;kLokn & jktsUnz xkSre � lkfgR; dk Lo:i & fuR;kuan frokjh � Hkkjrh; vkykspuk'kkL=k & jktoa'k lgk; ^ghjk*

18

lsesLVj&4

(4-2)

HCC-9 : fganh dfork ¼Nk;kokn ds ckn½

bdkbZ&1 (d) vKs; % dyxh cktjs dh] ;g nhi vdsyk] lkezkKh dk uSos|nku] lkai &&lzksr% pquh

gqbZ dfork,a] vKs;] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkÅl] fnYyh

([k) ukxktqZu % vdky vkSj mlds ckn] xqykch pwfM+;ka] flanwj fryfdr Hkky]

mudks ç.kke] &&lzksr % çfrfuf/ dfork,a (ukxktqZu)] laik- ukeoj flag_ jktdey] fnYyh

bdkbZ&2 (d) j?kqohj lgk; % Lok/hu O;fä] vf/uk;d] jkenkl] vkidh g¡lh]

&&lzksr % j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh] Hkkx&1] laik- lqjs'k 'kekZ] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh

([k) dsnkjukFk flag % lqbZ vkSj rkxs ds chp esa] lzksr % ;gka ls ns[kks] jk/k—".k çdk'ku]

fnYyh_ ikuh dh çkFkZuk] lewgxku] cfyZu dh VwVh nhokj dks ns[kdj] lzksr % rkyLrkW; vkSj

lkbfdy] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh

bdkbZ&3 (d) /wfey % eksphjke] &&lzksr % laln ls lM+d rd] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh

([k) 'kaHkqukFk flag % ixMaMh &&lzksr % uoxhr v¼Z'krh] ijkx çdk'ku] fnYyh_ ns'k gSa

ge jkt/kuh ugha] ikl vkuk euk nwj tkuk euk] eu dk vkdk'k mM+k tk jgk

&&lzksr % oä dh ehukj ij] ijkx izdk'ku fnYyh

bdkbZ&4 (d) jkts'k tks'kh µ cPps dke ij tk jgs gSa] ekjs tk,axs] vkneh ds ckjs esa] mldh

xgLFkh (usiF; esa galh ,oa nks iafDr;ksa ds chp ls)

([k) v#.k dey µ u;s bykds esa] mèkj ds pksj] viuh dsoy èkkj] nsoHkk"kk

lgk;d xzaFk

� dfork ds u, izfreku & ukeoj flag

� u;h dfork vkSj vfLrRookn & jkefoykl 'kekZ

� vkèkqfud fganh dfork & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

� ledkyhu dfork dk ;FkkFkZ & ijekuan JhokLro

� ledkyhu dkO;&;k=kk & uUnfd”kksj uoy

� dfork dh tehu vkSj tehu dh dfork & ukeoj flag

� ledkyhu fganh dfork & johanz Hkzej

19

� mÙkjNk;koknh dkO;Hkk"kk & gfjeksgu 'kekZ

� lqUnj dk LoIu & viwokZuUn

� ledkyhurk vkSj lkfgR; & jkts'k tks'kh

� vk/qfud dfork&;k=kk & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

� vKs; lkfgR; % iz;ksx vkSj ewY;kadu & dsnkj 'kekZ

� fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & jktsanz xkSre

� fganh uoxhr&;qxhu lanHkZ & jkeukjk;.k iVsy

� u;h dfork vkSj mldk ewY;kadu & lqjs'kpanz lgy

� vkykspuk dk u;k ikB µ xksis'oj flag

� u;h dfork ds izfreku µ y{ehdkar oekZ

� NBok ¡ n'kd µ fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh

20

lsesLVj&4

(4-3)

HCC-10 : fganh miU;kl

bdkbZ&1 % izsepan % deZHkwfe bdkbZ&2 % tSusUnz % lquhrk bdkbZ&3 % ;'kiky % fnO;k bdkbZ&4 % eUuw HkaMkjh % vkidk caVh

lgk;d xzaFk

� izsepUn % miU;kl lEcU/h fucU/ (^fofo/ izlax Hkkx&3*) � izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx µ jkefoykl 'kekZ � miU;kl vkSj yksdthou µ jkWYIkQ iQkWDl

� fganh miU;kl µ laik- Hkh"e lkguh Hkxorh izlkn funkfj;k

� dFkk le; esa rhu geliQj µ fueZyk tSu

� fganh miU;kl ,d var;kZ=kk µ jkenj'k feJ

� izsepan % ,d foospu µ banzukFk enku

� miU;kl dk mn; µ b;ku okWV

� miU;kl ds igyw µ bZ-,e-iQksLVj

� fofoèk izlax µ izsepan

� dye dk flikgh µ ver jk;

� dFkk foospuk vkSj x| f'kYi µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

� vkLFkk vkSj lkSan;Z µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

� izsepan µ laik- MkW- lR;sUnz

� ltu'khyrk dk ladV µ fuR;kuan frokjh

� fganh miU;kl µ laik- ukeoj flag

� vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

21

lsesLVj&5

(5-1)

HCC-11 : ik’pkR; dkO;'kkL=k

bdkbZ&1

¼d½ vjLrw & vuqdj.k&lacaèkh ekU;rk] fojspu] =kklnh foospu

¼[k½ yksatkbul & mnkÙk&lacaèkh ekU;rk

bdkbZ&2

¼d½ dkWyfjt & dfork vkSj dkO;&Hkk"kk lacaèkh ekU;rk] dYiuk&fln~èkkar

¼[k½ Vh-,l- bfy;V & ijaijk vkSj oS;fDrd izKk] fuosZ;fDrd dkO; dk fln~èkkar] oLrqfu"B

lg&lacaèk

bdkbZ&3

lkekU; ifjp; % LoPNanrkokn] ;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn

bdkbZ&4

fcEc] izrhd] folaxfr] foMEcuk] iQSaVslh] feFkd

lgk;d xzaFk %

� lkfgR; fl¼kUr & jkevoèk f}osnh

� lkfgR; fl¼kUr & jsusosyd vkWfLVu okjsu (vuqokn)

� ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k & nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ

� fganh lkfgR; dks'k & laik- èkhjsUnz oekZ

� fpUrkef.k & vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

� vkLFkk ds pj.k & uxsanz

� dfork ds u;s izfreku & ukeoj flag

� ik'pkR; lkfgR;&fparu & fueZyk tSu

22

� fganh vkykspuk ds cht 'kCn & cPpu flag

� ,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh & eqfDrcksèk

� vkykspuk ls vkxs & lqèkh'k ipkSjh

� feFkdh; voèkkj.kk vkSj ;FkkFkZ & jes'k xkSre

lsesLVj&5

(5-2)

HCC-12 : fgUnh ukVd@,dkadh

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkjr nqnZ'kk & HkkjrsUnq bdkbZ&2 % /zqoLokfeuh & t;'kadj izlkn bdkbZ&3 % cdjh & loZs'oj n;ky lDlsuk bdkbZ&4 % nhinku & jkedqekj oekZ LVªkbd & Hkqous'oj

lw[kh Mkyh & misUnzukFk v'd rhu vikfgt & fofiu dqekj vxzoky

lgk;d xzaFk

���� ukVddkj Hkkjrsanq dh jax&ifjdYiuk & lR;sanz rustk

���� vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap & laik- usfepan tSu

���� fganh ,dkadh dh f'kYifofèk dk fodkl & fl¼ukFk dqekj

���� fganh ukVd % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl µ n'kjFk vks>k

���� fganh ds izrhd ukVd & jes'k xkSre

���� fgUnh ukVdksa esa fonzksg dh ijEijk & fdj.kpan “kekZ

���� t;'kadj izlkn % ,d iqueZwY;kadu & fouksn 'kkgh

���� izlkn ds ukVd % Lo:i vkSj lajpuk & xksfoan pkrd

���� fganh ukVd dk vkRela?k"kZ & fxjh'k jLrksxh

���� ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj fganh ukVddkj & t;nso rustk

���� ubZ jaxpsruk vkSj cdjh & dqlqe yrk

���� ,dkadh vkSj ,dkadhdkj & jkepj.k egsasnz

23

lsesLVj&6

(6-1)

HCC-13 : fgUnh vkykspuk

bdkbZ&1 % fgUnh vkykspuk dh ijEijk dk fodkl HkkjrsUnq ;qx & ckyeqdqUn xqIr rd

bdkbZ&2 % f}osnh;qxhu vkykspuk ds ikBksa dk vè;;u % egkohjizlkn f}osnh] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

dkO; esa yksdeaxy] izzsepan % lkfgR; dk mn~ns';

bdkbZ&3 % Nk;kokn;qxhu vkykspuk

izlkn % Nk;kokn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn] gtkjhizlkn f}osnh & vkèkqfud lkfgR; % ubZ ekU;rk,¡]

uxsUnz % esjh lkfgfR;d ekU;rk,a

bdkbZ&4 % jkefoykl 'kekZ µ rqylh lkfgR; esa lkeUr&fojks/h ewY;] ukeoj flag & dgkuh % ubZ vkSj

iqjkuh] vKs;] eqfDrcks/] ubZ dfork dk vkRela?k’kZ

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fpUrkef.k & vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy

� vkLFkk ds pj.k & uxsanz

� dfork ds u;s izfreku & ukeoj flag

� ik'pkR; lkfgR;&fparu & fueZyk tSu

� fganh vkykspuk ds cht 'kCn & cPpu flag

� ,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh & eqfDrcksèk

� vkykspuk ls vkxs & lqèkh'k ipkSjh

� fganh x|] foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

� nwljh ijaijk dh [kkst & ukeoj flag

� fganh vkykspuk & fo'oukFk f=kikBh

� vkykspuk dk u;k ikB & xksis'oj flag

� ladfyr fuca/ & ufyu foykspu 'kekZ

� fganh vkykspuk dk fodkl & uanfd'kksj uoy

� vkLFkk vkSj lkSUn;Z & jkefoykl 'kekZ

24

lsesLVj&6

(6-2)

HCC-14 : fganh fucUèk vkSj vU; x| fo/k,¡

bdkbZ&1 fucaèk ckyd".k HkV~V & tqcku

ckyeqoqQan xqIr & esys dk Å¡V] jktdey izdk'ku] 1988 ljnkj iw.kZ flag & vkpj.k dh lH;rk] vè;kid iw.kZ flag fucaèkkoyh] la- jkevoèk 'kkL=kh] dapu ifCyds'ku] 198@58 jes'k ekdZsV] bZLV vkiQ dSyk'k] ubZ fnYyh&06 (1993) jkepanz 'kqDy & yksHk vkSj izhfr] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy] fparkef.k

bdkbZ&2 fucaèk

gtkjhizlkn f}osnh & dqVt fo|kfuokl feJ & esjs jke dk eqdqV Hkhx jgk gS gfj'kadj ijlkbZ & oS".ko dh fiQlyu dqcsjukFk jk; & jl vk[ksVd

bdkbZ&3 thouh@vkRedFkk

ikaMs; cspu 'kekZ & viuh [kcj] vkRekjke ,aM lal jkefoykl 'kekZ & ^fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/uk* Hkkx&1 ls ^u, la?k"kZ* 'kh"kZd vè;k;

bdkbZ&4 laLej.k@js[kkfp=k@;k=kk&oÙkkar

µ laLej.k % vKs; ds lkFk & vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk 'kkL=kh] ^galcykdk* ls µ js[kkfp=k % lqHkku [kk ¡ & jkeo{k csuhiqjh] ekVh dh ewjrsa] xzaFkkoyh ls µ ;k=kk oÙkkar % jkgqy lkadR;k;u vFkkrks ?kqeDdM+ ftKklk

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fganh dk x| lkfgR; & jkepanz frokjh

25

� fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

� fganh vkRedFkk % fl¼kUr vkSj Lo:i&fo'ys"k.k & fouhrk vxzoky

� fganh x| % foU;kl vkSj fodkl & jkeLo:i prqosZnh

� Hkkjrsanq ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ

� Nk;koknksÙkj fganh x| lkfgR; & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

� vkèkqfud fganh x| dk lkfgR; & gjn;ky

� x|dkj vkpk;Z tkudhoYyHk “kkL=kh & iky Hklhu

� lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag

� fucaèkksa dh nqfu;k & fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh] iz-la- & fueZyk tSu] la- gfjeksgu 'kekZ

1

HDSE – Elective

lsesLVj&5

(5-3)

(d) fganh dh ekSf[kd vkSj yksdlkfgR; ijaijk

funsZ'k % lS¼kafrd fcanqvksa dk lkekU; ifjp; visf{kr gSA yksdxhrksa dh izLrqfr;k ¡ vkSj yksdukV~; ds izn'kZuksa dks lquus&ns[kus dk volj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA bdkbZ&1 % ekSf[kd lkfgR; dh voèkkj.kk % lkekU; ifjp;] ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj fyf[kr lkfgR; dk lacaèk

lkfgR; ds fofoèk :i & yksdxhr] yksddFkk] yksdxkFkk,¡] yksdukV~;] yksdksfDr;k ¡] igsfy;k ¡&cq>kSoy vkSj eqgkojs fganh izns'k dh tuinh; cksfy;k ¡ vkSj mudk lkfgR; (lkekU; ifjp;) ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj lektA

bdkbZ&2 % yksdxhr % okfpd vkSj eqfnzr laLdkj xhr % lksgj] fookg] eaxyxhr bR;kfnA

lksgj Hkkstiqjh % Hkkstiqjh laLdkj xhr & Jh gal dqekj frokjh & fcgkj jk"VªHkk"kk ifj"kn] i"B&8] xhr la[;k&4 lksgj voèkh µ fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr & Ñ".k nso mikè;k; & i"B 110] 111 (lkfgR; Hkou] bykgkckn) ;Kksiohr & Hkkjrh; yksd&lkfgR;_ ijaijk vkSj ifjn'; & fo|k flUgk] i"B 88&89 fookg & Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn'; µ fo|k flUgk] i"B 116

½rqqlacaèkh xhr % ckjgeklk] gksyh] pSrh] dtjh bR;kfnA ikB % fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".k nso mikè;k;] i"B 205

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; % 'kadj yky ;kno] i"B 231 okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh % ia- fo|kfuokl feJ] i"B 51 Jelacaèkh xhr % dVuh] t¡rlj] n¡ouh] jksiuh bR;kfnA

dVuh ds xhr] voèkh 2 xhr & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % Ñ".knso mikè;k; i"B 134] 135 tarlkjh % Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; ijaijk vkSj ifjn';] fo|k flUgk] i"B 140] 141 fofoèk xhr % ?kq?kqfr & dqekmauh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr % ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh] i"B 802] 803

2

bdkbZ&3 % yksddFkk,¡ ,oa yksdxkFkk,¡ foèkk dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj izfl¼ yksddFkkvksa ,oa yksdxkFkkvksa vkYgk] yksfjd] lkjaxk&lnko{k] fcgqyk

jktLFkkuh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i"B 10] 11 lksygok ¡ Hkkx ekyoh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i"B 461&462 voèkh yksd dFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] i"B 187&188

bdkbZ&4 % yksdukV~; % foèkk dk ifjp;] fofoèk Hkk"kk {ks=kksa ds fofoèk ukV~;:i vkSj 'kSfy;k ¡] jkeyhyk_ jklyhyk ekyok dk ukp_ jktLFkku dk [;ky] mÙkj izns'k dh ukSVadh] HkkaM] jklyhyk_ fcgkj&fcnsfl;k_ gfj;k.kk&lkax (d) ikB % laf{kIr in~ekor lkax jkfxuh la[;k 1] 3] 6] 7] 8] 13] 14] 17] 18] 19] 28] 34] 37] 38] 43] 58] 60] 67- (y[kehpan xzaFkkoyh] la- izks- iwjupan 'kekZ] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh] ([k) fcnsfl;k % fHk[kkjh Bkdqj dr yksdukV~;

lgk;d xzaFk

� fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr µ Ñ".knso mikè;k; � gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; µ 'kadj yky ;kno � ehV ekbZ ihiy µ nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ � ekyoh yksd&lkfgR; dk vè;;u µ ';ke ijekj � jleatjh & lqfprk jkenhu_ egkRek xka/h laLFkku] ekWjh'kl � fganh lkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkl µ ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u_ lksygok ¡ Hkkx � okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ � Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn'; & fo|k flUgk � dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr µ ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh � y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q � lw=k/kj µ latho � fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku � eè;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk � phuh yksddFkk,¡ µ vfuy jk;

3

vFkok

([k) vfLerkewyd foe'kZ vkSj fganh lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % foe'kks± dh lS¼kafrdh

¼d½ nfyr foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu] iQqys vkSj vEcsMdj

¼[k½ L=kh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk,¡ vkSj eqfDr vkanksyu ¼ik'pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh;½

jSfMdy] ekWDlZoknh] mnkjoknh vkfn] ;kSfudrk] fyaxHksn] firlÙkk] leySafxdrk

¼x½ vkfnoklh foe'kZ % voèkkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu

ty] taxy] tehu vkSj igpku dk loky

bdkbZ&2 % foe'kZewyd dFkk lkfgR; %

1- vkseizdk'k ckYehfd & lyke]

2- gfjjke eh.kk & èkw.kh ris rhj] i"B la[;k 158&167

3- ukfljk 'kekZ & [kqnk dh okilh

bdkbZ&3 % foe'kZewyd dfork %

(d) nfyr dfork % vNwrkuan ¼nfyr dgk ¡ rd iM+s jgsaxs½] uxhuk flag ¼fdruh O;Fkk½

ekrk izlkn ¼lksuok dk fiatjk½

([k) L=kh dfork % 1- dhfrZ pkS/jh % lhek js[kk 2- dkR;k;uh % lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik

3- lfork flag % ^eSa fdldh vkSjr gw¡\*

bdkbZ&4 % foe'kZewyd vU; x| foèkk,¡ %

1- izHkk [ksrku] i"B 28&42 % vU;k ls vuU;k rd

2- rqylhjke eqnZfg;k ¼pkSèkjh pkpk ls izkjaHk_ i"B la[;k 125 ls 135½

3- egknsoh oekZ % ^L=kh ds vFkZ Lokra=; dk iz'u*

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fleksu n cksmok & L=kh misf{krk

4

� xqykexhjh & T;ksfrck iQqys

� vacsMdj jpukoyh & Hkkx&1

� izHkk [ksrku & mifuos'k esa L=kh

� L=kh vfLerk lkfgR; vkSj fopkjèkkjk & lqèkk flag

� ewd uk;d] cfg"Ñr Hkkjr & vacsMdj

� f'kdats dk nnZ & lq'khyk VkadHkkSajs

� twBu & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd

� nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & 'kj.k dqekj fyackys

� nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd

� nfyr vkanksyu dk bfrgkl & eksgunkl uSfe'kjk;

� ukjhoknh jktuhfr & ftuh fuosfnrk

� fganh nfyr dFkk lkfgR; % voèkkj.kk ,oa fo/k,¡ & jtr jkuh ^ehuw*

� vkSjr gksus dh ltk & vjfoan tSu

� vkfnoklh vfLerk dk ladV & jef.kdk xqIrk

5

vFkok

(x) Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR; jaxeap fl¼kar

bdkbZ&1 % ukVd dh foèkkxr fof'k"Vrk] ukV~;rÙo (Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;)] ukVd vkSj jaxeap dk

var%lacaèk] n'; vkSj JO; rÙoksa dk lek;kstu rFkk ukV~;kuqHkwfr vkSj jaxkuqHkwfr

bdkbZ&2 % jaxdeZ % ukVddkj] funsZ'kd] vfHkusrk] ik'oZdeZ] ukVd ds lanHkZ esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar

,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u

bdkbZ&3 % if'peh ukV~;Hksn µ =kklnh] dkenh] esyksMªkek ,oa iQklZ (lkekU; ifjp;)] ukVd ds lanHkZ

esa Hkjreqfu ds jl&fl¼kar ,oa vjLrw ds fojspu&fl¼kar dk fof'k"V vè;;u

bdkbZ&4 % izkphu Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ :id] mi:id rFkk buds Hksn (lkekU; ifjp;)] vkèkqfud

Hkkjrh; ukV~;:i µ ,dkadh] dkO; ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd ,oa uqDdM+ ukVd] VsyhfiQYe vkSj

èkkjkokfgd (lkekU; ifjp;)

lgk;d xazFk %

� jaxeap µ cyoar xkxhZ

� jaxeap dyk vkSj nf"V µ xksfoan pkrd

� jaxn'kZu µ usfepan tSu

� jaxeap ns[kuk vkSj tkuuk µ y{ehukjk;.k yky

� Hkjr vkSj Hkkjrh; ukV~;dyk µ lqjsanzukFk nhf{kr

� ukV~;'kkL=k fo'odks"k µ jkèkkoYyHk f=kikBh

� jaxdeZ µ ohjsanz ukjk;.k

� jax&LFkkiR; µ,p-oh- 'kekZ

� Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; jaxeap µ lhrkjke prqosZnh

6

lsesLVj&5

(5-4)

(d) fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

• Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡

• O;kdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk] egÙo] Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk var%laca/

• èofu vkSj o.kZ

• fganh dh èofu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k (Loj] O;atu vkSj ek=kk,¡)

bdkbZ&2 % 'kCn&fopkj

• 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds Hksn (jpuk ,oa lzksr ds vk/kj ij)

• 'kCnksa dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV;k ¡ (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k vkfn)

(dsoy ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn)

• 'kCnksa dk :ikarj.k] 'kCnxr v'kqf¼;k ¡

• 'kCn&fuekZ.k (milxZ] izR;;] laf/ vkSj lekl)

bdkbZ&3 % in&fopkj

• 'kCn vkSj in esa varj

• fodkjh 'kCnksa dh :i&jpuk (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k)

• vfodkjh 'kCn (vO;;)

bdkbZ&4 % okD;&fopkj

• okD; dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj mlds vax

• okD; ds Hksn (jpuk ,oa vFkZ ds vk/kj ij)

• okD; lajpuk (inØe] vfUofr vkSj fojke&fpÉ)

7

• okD;xr v'kqf¼;k ¡

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl µ /hjsanz oekZ

� Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi µ MkW- jktcfy ik.Ms;

� fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

� fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd µ MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy

� fyfi dh dgkuh µ xq.kkdj eqys

� Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

� fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl µ mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

� fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofo/ vk;ke µ johanzukFk JhokLro

� fganh O;kdj.k µ dkerkizlkn xq#

� fganh 'kCnkuq'kklu µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h

� A Grammar of the Hindi Language – Kellog

� Hindi Linguistics – R.N. Shrivastava � fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk µ HkksykukFk frokjh

� fganh O;kdj.k µ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-

8

vFkok

([k) dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k

bdkbZ&1 % dks'k ifjp;

• vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

• mi;ksfxrk vkSj egÙo

• fganh dks'k ds mi;ksx ds fu;e

(o.kkZuqØe] Loj dh ek=kk,¡] vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld] la;qDr O;atu o.kZ)

bdkbZ&2 % dks'k fuekZ.k

• 'kCn ladyu ,oa p;u

• izfof"V (orZuh] Øe] O;kdjf.kd dksfV vkSj lzksr)

• 'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa foLrkj

• 'kCn iz;qfDr;k ¡

bdkbZ&3 % dks'k ds izdkj

• dks'k % oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj

• fo"k; ds vk/kj ij (Hkwxksy dks'k] bfrgkl dks'k] euksfoKku dks'k vkfn)

• Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij (,dHkk"kh] f}Hkk"kh vkSj cgqHkk"kh)

• vkdkj ds vk/kj ij (lkekU; vkSj fo'odks'k)

• ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

bdkbZ&4 % izeq[k dks'kksa dk ifjp;

• fganh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ cgr~ fganh 'kCndks'k] KkueaMy

• vaxzs”kh&fganh 'kCndks'k µ iQknj dkfey cqYds

• fganh&vaxzsth 'kCndks'k µ HkksykukFk frokjh vkSj egsanz prqosZnh

• fo'odks'k µ fganh 'kCnlkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk

• bZ&dks'k

9

lgk;d xzaFk %

� dks'k foKku µ HkksykukFk frokjh

� fganh dks'k jpuk] izdkj vkSj :i µ jkepanz oekZ

� fganh dks'k lkfgR; µ vpykuan t[keksyk

� fganh 'kCn lkxj µ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] iz;kx

� fganh lkfg; dks'k µ /hjsanz oekZ

� dks'k foKku % fl¼kar ,oa iz;ksx µ jke vk/kj flag

� dks'k fuekZ.k % izfof/ ,oa iz;ksx µ f=kHkqouukFk 'kqDy

� Lexicography : An Introduction – Howarel Jackson � Hkkjr esa dks'k foKku ij fo'ks"k µ xos"k.kk_ vad 93_ tuojh&ekpZ] 2009

� uohu dks'k cuke izkphu dks'k µ iq"iyrk rustk_ ^Hkk"kk* fganh if=kdk esa ys[k

� osc irk

• www.archive.org (hindishabdsagar)

• www.britannika.com

• www.e.vikipedia.org

• www.encyclopedia.centre.com

• www.culturepedia.com

10

vFkok

(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk Lo:i % HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd

Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd] Hkkf"kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk

fofoèkrk esa ,drk ds var%lw=k % Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dk varLlacaèk

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh ladYiuk] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vkèkkj&rÙo

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekfld Lo:i

bdkbZ&2 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk ifjp;

oSfnd lkfgR;] ykSfdd laLÑr lkfgR;

ikfy] izkÑr ,oa viHkza'k lkfgR;

izkphu rfey lkfgR;

bdkbZ&3 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;

vkèkqfudrk&iwoZ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % rfey] dUuM+] rsyqxw] ey;kye] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] ckaXyk] mfM+;k]

vlfe;k] ef.kiqjh] mnwZ] iatkch] d'ehjh] fganh

bdkbZ&4 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;

vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds izeq[k vkanksyu &HkfDr vkanksyu] uotkxj.k ,oa jk"Vªh;

vkanksyu] Lokèkhurk vkanksyu] Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] mÙkj vkèkqfud lanHkZ

lgk;d xzaFk

� vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos

� oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh

� Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz

� Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz

� Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ

� ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu

� ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j

11

� dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ,l- eqxyh

� rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu

� lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh-

� mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh

� Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku

� Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k

� vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk

� Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; µ foHkwfr feJ

12

lsesLVj&6

(6-3)

(d) yksdukV~;

bdkbZ&1 % yksdukV~; % voèkkj.kk] Lo:i vkSj bfrgkl

(izeq[k :iksa dk ifjp; ,oa ikB) yksdukV~; jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] lkax] [;ky] ekp]

fcnsfl;k ,oa ukSVadh µ lqYrkuk Mkdw

bdkbZ&2 % fcnsfl;k µ fHk[kkjh Bkdqj

bdkbZ&3 % lkax µ y[kehpan

bdkbZ&4 % ekp µ xq# cky eqdqan

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fganh lkfgR; dk cgr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] lksygok ¡ Hkkx � okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh µ ia- fo|kfuokl feJ � Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn'; & fo|k flUgk � y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µ gfjpUnz ca/q � lw=k/kj µ latho � fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu µ gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku � e/;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk & pkSeklk � gfj;k.kk dh yksdukV~; ijEijk

13

vFkok

([k) fgUnh dh Hkkf"kd fofo/rk,¡

bdkbZ&1 (d) okfpd fgUnh ds {ks=kh; :i & fcgkjh] cEcb;k] dydfr;k] eæklh] igkM+h lkfgR;]

flusek] ukVd vkSj ehfM;k esa {ks=kh; fgUnh dk ç;ksx

([k) lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dh fofo/rk & vkjfEHkd fgUnh dfork

¼dchj] vehj [kqljks ½] nDduh fgUnh] mnwZ 'kk;jh vkSj x|] vk/qfud lkfgfR;d fgUnh

bdkbZ&2 (d) dchj µ geu gSa b'd eLrkuk] vehj [kqljks dh eqdfj;k ¡

([k) oyh nduh & fd;k eq> b'd us tkfye dw¡ vkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

fd vkfr'k xqy dw¡ djrh gS xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

oiQknkjh us fnycj dh cq>k;k vkfr'k&,&xe dw¡]

fd xehZ n¶v djrk gS] xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

vtc dqN yqRQ j[krk gS 'kc&,&[kfYor esa xqy: lw¡]

f[krkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk] tokc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

esjs fny dw¡ fd;k cs[kqn rsjh vaf[k;ksa us vk[kfj dw¡]

fd T;w¡ csgks'k djrh gS 'kjkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

gqvk rq> b'd lw¡ ,s vkfr'kha : fny fejk ikuh]

fd T;w¡ xyrk gS vkfr'k lw¡ xqykc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

vnk&vks&ukt lw¡ vkrk gS oks jkS'ku tcha ?kj lw¡]

fd T;w¡ efJd lw¡ fudys vkiQrkc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

^oyh* eq> fny esa vkrk gS [k;ky&,&;kj&,& csijokg]

14

fd T;w¡ vaf[k;ka esa vkrk gS [okc vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk

bdkbZ&3 (d) cukjlhnkl vkSj v¼ZdFkkud

([k) xkfyc dh 'kk;jh vkSj muds [krwr

bdkbZ&4 (d) ba'kk va'kk vYyk [kka & jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh

([k) iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq & iapySV

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fganh Hkk"kk µ fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h

� mnwZ dk vkjfEHkd ;qx µ 'kElqZjgeku iQk#dh

� Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

� mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh

15

vFkok

(x) Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ikBijd vè;;u

bdkbZ&1 µ okYehfd µ ^lIri.kkZ*_ jkedkO; dk tUe_ i"B 115&119_ esa egknsoh oekZ Ñr vuqokn

µ dkfynkl µ ^mÙkjes?k*_ ukxktqZu dh pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡_ i- 345&349_ Nan la- 22 ls 27]

37] 47_ Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;@ukxktqZu&Ñr vuqokn

µ ^xkFkk lIr'krh*_ MkW- gfjjke vkpk;Z_ izkÑr Hkkjrh vdkneh] t;iqj_

izFke 'krd_ 'yksd la- 4] 6] 33] 45] 49] 58] 77_

"k"B 'krd_ 'yksd la- 30] 35] 38

bdkbZ&2 (d) ukenso µ lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fganh Kkus'ojh* ls] vkyokj i| 'kadjnso

dh jpuk,¡

eè;dkyhu rsyqxq dfo oseuk µ lkfgR; vdkneh

([k) yy |n µ Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ foeys'k dkafr oekZ

d'ehjh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl_ i- 30&44_ 'kf'k 'ks[kj rks'k[kkuh_ ts ,.M ds vdkneh vkWiQ vkVZ dYpj ,.M ySaXosts”k_ ugj ekxZ] tEew_ izFke laLdj.k 1985_

• eq> ij os pkgs galsa - - - • xq# us eq>ls dgk - - - • ge gh Fks - - - • fi;k dks [kkstus - - - • nso fiQj iwtk dSlh - - - • ;g nsork Hkh iRFkj gh gS - - - • eSa lhèks iFk ls gh vk;h - - -

bdkbZ&3 (d) johanzukFk VSxksj xhrkatyh ds dqN va'k lkfgR; vdkneh ds ^johanz jpuk lap;u* ls_

lkfgR; vdkneh_ izdk'ku o"kZ] 1987_ Hkkjr rhFkZ] èkwfy eafnj_ i- 131&135

([k) lqczg~e.;e Hkkjrh dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh_ laLdj.k 1983_ ^Lora=krk dk xku*

i- 46&47

(x) oYyrksy dh dfork,¡_ lkfgR; vdkneh- laLdj.k 1959_ ^{kek izkFkZuk*_

i- 82] 83] 84

16

bdkbZ&4 (d) miU;kl&va'k % f'kokth lkoar Ñr ^eR;qat;*_ laLdj.k 39_ o"kZ 2012_ Hkkjrh;

KkuihB_ izFke [k.M (d.kZ)_ i- 19&117

([k) thouh&va'k % ukjk;.k nslkbZ Ñr ^vfXudqaM esa f[kyk xqykc*_ i- 95&107

(x) ukVd % g;onu_ fxjh'k dukZM_ jkèkkÑ".k izdk'ku_ laLdj.k&1977_ i- 17&73

(?k) dgkuh % rD’kh f'ko'kadj fiYyS &[kwu dk fj'rk (ey;kye dgkfu;k ¡)

Hkkjrh; f'k[kj dFkk dks'k] laik- deys'oj

lgk;d xzaFk %

� vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ izHkkdj ekpos

� oSfnd laLÑfr dk fodkl µ rdZrhFkZ y{e.k 'kkL=kh

� Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk lesfdr bfrgkl µ MkW- uxsanz

� Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k µ MkW- uxsanz

� Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr µ laik- foeys'kdkafr oekZ

� ckaXyk lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ lqdqekj lsu_ vuq- fueZyk tSu

� ey;kye lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ih-ds- ijes'oju uk;j

� dUuM+ lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ ,l- eqxyh

� rfey lkfgR; dk bfrgkl µ eq- ojnjktu

� lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ij cuh lh-Mh-

� mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ fiQjkd xksj[kiqjh

� Hkkjrh; lkfgR; µ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk izdk'ku

� Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk :in'kZu µ xkSjh'kadj iaM~;k

� vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % fofoèk vk;ke µ laik- lrh'k dqekj jsgjk

17

lsesLVj&6

(6-4)

(d) 'kks/&çfof/

bdkbZ&1

'kks/ izfof/ & Lo:i ifjp;

'kks/ ls vfHkizk; & Lo:i ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡

fganh esa 'kks/ dk vkjaHk

bdkbZ&2

'kks/ ds {ks=k

'kks/ ds izdkj

lkfgfR;d 'kks/ dh fo'ks"krk,¡

bdkbZ&3

'kks/ vkSj fo"k;&p;u

'kks/ vkSj rF;&fo'ys"k.k

'kks/ vkSj fu"d"kZ

bdkbZ&4

'kks/&laca/h leL;k,¡

,d vPNs 'kks/kFkhZ ds xq.k

fganh esa 'kks/ dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk

lgk;d xzaFk � vuqla/ku dk Lo:i & lkfo=kh flUgk � vuqla/ku dh izfØ;k & lkfo=kh flUgk@fot;sUnz Lukrd � 'kks/ izfof/ & fou;eksgu 'kekZ � lkfgR; ds lekt'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk & eSustj ik.Ms; � jkbfVax bu lkslkbVh & jseaM fofy;El � lajpukRed 'kSyh foKku & johUnzukFk JhokLro � lksf'k;ksykWth vkWiQ fyVjspj & Mk;uk ykSjsalu@,ysu fLoaxoqM

18

vFkok

([k) vo/kj.kkRed lkfgfR;d in

bdkbZ&1 % 'kCn&'kfDr] vfHkèkk] y{k.kk] O;atuk] vyadkj] Nan] miek] :id

bdkbZ&2 % jl vkSj jl&fu"ifÙk] lkèkkj.khdj.k] dkO;&y{k.k] dkO;&gsrq] egkdkO;] [kaMdkO;]

xhfrdkO;] ukVd

bdkbZ&3 % 'kkL=kokn] LoPNanrkokn] ekuookn] vkykspukRed ;FkkFkZokn] lektoknh ;FkkFkZokn] tknqbZ

;FkkFkZokn] lajpukokn] mÙkj&lajpukokn

bdkbZ&4 % fojspu] =kklnh] dYiuk] fcEc] izrhd] vkèkqfudrk vkSj vkèkqfudrkokn] mÙkj&vkèkqfudrk]

fucaèk] dgkuh] miU;kl

lgk;d xzaFk %

� fganh vkykspuk ds cht&'kCn µ cPpu flag

� fganh vkykspuk dks'k µ vejukFk

� ekufodh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k µ laik- MkW- uxsanz

� yksdfiz; flusek vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k

� dh oMZ~l µ fofy;e jse.M

� , fMD'kujh vkWiQ fyVªsjh VElZ µ ts-Vh- f'kIys

� jl&ehekalk µ jkepanz 'kqDy

� ikfjHkkf"kd dykdks'k µ :iukjk;.k ekFke

19

vFkok

(x) fganh jaxeap

bdkbZ&1 (d) ikjaifjd jaxeap

(jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] ukSVadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkekU; ifjp;)

([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kZu&ijaijk vkSj vkèkqfud jaxeap

bdkbZ&2 fganh jaxeap dh fodkl&;k=kk

(d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh fFk,Vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] iFoh fFk,Vj rFkk bIVk

([k) Lokra=;ksÙkj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k ,oa jax xfrfofèk;k ¡] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;]

ubZ fnYyh

jaxeaMy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukV~; vdkneh] y[kumQ

bdkbZ&3 vkèkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofoèk 'kSfy;k ¡ % 'kSyhc¼ (LVkbykbM)] ;FkkFkZoknh] ,ClMZ rFkk

yksd&'kSyh

bdkbZ&4 izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vkSj mudh jaxnf"V % ';kekuan tkyku] lR;nso nqcs] bczkfge vYdkth]

c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan ,oa fHk[kkjh Bkdqj_ fdlh izLrqfr (gky gh esa izLrqr)

dh jaxeaph; leh{kk

lgk;d xzaFk %

� ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap µ dfiyk okRL;k;u

� ijaijk'khy ukV~; µ txnh'kpanz ekFkqj

� Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukRed bfrgkl µ vKkr

� ikjlh fganh jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky

� ukV~;lezkV iFohjkt diwj µ tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh

� vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ y{ehukjk;.k yky

� ledkyhu fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µujsanz eksgu

� igyk jax µ nsosanz jkt vadqj

20

� vkèkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap µ usfepan tSu

� y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko µgfjpUnz ca/q

� fHk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq µ Hkxor izlkn f}osnh

� daVsEizjh bafM;u fFk,Vj % baVjO;w fon IysjkbVlZ ,.M Mk;jsDVlZ µ laxhr ukVd vdkneh

� fFk,VlZ vkWo bafMisaMsal µ vi.kkZ HkkxZo èkkjokM+dj

1

CBCS

ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ fganh

HSEC ¼dksbZ nks½

lsesLVj&3

(3-5)

(d) foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&1 % foKkiu % Lo:i ,oa vo/kj.kk

• foKkiu % vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk

• foKkiu dk egÙo

• foKkiu ds lkekftd rFkk O;kolkf;d mn~ns';] ekdsZfVax vkSj czkaM&fuekZ.k

• foKkiu ds u, lanHkZ (izk;ksftr dk;ZØe)

bdkbZ&2 % foKkiu % fofo/ ekè;e

• lkekU; ifjp;

• foKkiu ekè;e dk p;u

• fizaV] jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfo”ku ds fy, dkWih ys[ku

bdkbZ&3 % foKkiu dh Hkk"kk

• foKkiu dh Hkk"kk dk Lo:i

• foKkiu dh Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk,¡

• foKkiu dh Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu i{k] lkn'; fo/ku] vyadj.k] rqdkarrk] lekukarjrk] fopyu]

eqgkojs&yksdksfDr;k ¡] Hkk"kk ladj)

• fganh foKkiuksa dh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&4 % foKkiu&fuekZ.k dk vH;kl

• fizaV ekè;e % oxhZÑr ,oa ltkoVh foKkiu&fuekZ.k

• jsfM;ks ftaxy ys[ku

• Vsyhfo”ku ds fy, LVksjh cksMZ fuekZ.k

2

lgk;d xzaFk

� tulaidZ] izpkj ,oa foKkiu µ fot; dqyJs"B

� tulapkj ekè;e % Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; µ lq/h'k ipkSjh

� fMftVy ;qx esa foKkiu µ lq/k flag] txnh'oj prqosZnh

� czsd ds ckn µ lq/h'k ipkSjh

� ehfM;k dh Hkk"kk µ olq/k xkMfxy

� foKkiu dh nqfu;k µ dqeqn 'kekZ

� foKkiu MkWV dkWe µ js[kk lsBh

� lapkj Økafr vkSj cnyrk lkekftd lkSan;Z&cks/ µ Ñ".k dqekj jÙkw

oscfyad

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• www.exchange4media.com

3

([k) dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&1 % dEI;wVj dk fodkl vkSj fganh

• dEI;wVj dk ifjp; vkSj fodkl

• dEI;wVj esa fganh dk vkjEHk ,oa fodkl

• fganh ds fofo/ iQkWUV

• dEI;wVj esa fganh dh pqukSfr;k ¡ vkSj laHkkouk,¡

bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh

• baVjusV ij fganh

• ;wfudksM] nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

• fganh vkSj osc fMtkbfuax

• fganh dh osclkbV~l

bdkbZ&3 % fganh Hkk"kk] dEI;wVj vkSj xous±l

• jktHkk"kk fganh ds izlkj esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk

• bZ&xou± sl] baVjusV

• fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj bZ&yfu±x

• ljdkjh vkSj x+Sj&ljdkjh laLFkk,¡

bdkbZ&4 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj % fofo/ i{k

• baVjusV ij fganh i=k&if=kdk,¡

• ,l,e,l dh fganh

• U;w ehfM;k vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

• fganh ds fofHkUu dh cksMZ

lgk;d xzaFk

� vk/qfud tulapkj vkSj fganh µ gfjeksgu

� dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx µ fot; dqekj eYgks=kk

� dEI;wVj vkSj fganh µ gfjeksgu

4

� fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj µ larks"k xks;y

� dEI;wVj ds MkVk izLrqfrdj.k vkSj Hkk"kk&fl¼kar µ ih-ds- 'kekZ

� ehfM;k % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lekt µ laik- lat; f}osnh

� lks'ky usVofd±x % u, le; dk laokn µ laik- lat; f}osnh

� u, ”kekus dh i=kdkfjrk µ lkSjHk 'kqDy

� i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd µ eukst dqekj

� tulapkj ds lkeftd lanHkZ µ tcjheYy ikj[k

� tulapkj vkSj ekl dYpj µ txnh'oj prqosZnh

5

(x) lks'ky ehfM;k

bdkbZ&1 % lks'ky ehfM;k % vo/kj.kk

• lks'ky ehfM;k dk Lo:i vkSj izdkj

• lks'ky ehfM;k dk fodkl

• lks'ky ehfM;k] Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr

• lks'ky ehfM;k dh vkpkj&lafgrk

• lks'ky ehfM;k dk izHkko

bdkbZ&2 % lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj yksdra=k

• tuHkkxhnkjh] tutkx:drk ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k

• tukanksyu vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k

• tulaidZ] tuer&fuekZ.k vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k

• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj xous±l

bdkbZ&3 % lks'ky ehfM;k dk O;kolkf;d ifjizs{;

• czkaM esfdax] czkaM cktkj

• cktkj] cktkj dh j.kuhfr

• miHkksDrk tkx:drk

• O;kolkf;d izfrLi/kZ

bdkbZ&4 % lks'ky ehfM;k % fofo/ i{k

• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj L=kh

• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ;qok oxZ

• lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj ckyeu

• vkikr~dky esa lks'ky ehfM;k

• vkikr~dky esa lks'ky ehfM;k

6

lgk;d xzaFk

� lks'ky usVofd±x % u, le; dk laokn µ laik- lat; f}osnh

� ehfM;k Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj lekt µ laik- lat; f}osnh

� lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj L=kh µ jek

� opqZvy fj,fyVh vkSj bUVjusV µ txnh'oj prqosZnh

� Dykl fjiksVZj µ t;izdk'k f=kikBh

� lhf<+;k ¡ p<+rk ehfM;k µ ek/o gkM+k

� u, ”kekus dh i=kdkfjrk µ lkSjHk 'kqDyk

� i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd µ eukst dqekj

� dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx µ fot; dqekj eYgks=kk

7

(?k) vuqokn&dkS'ky

bdkbZ&1

1. vuqokn dk Lo:i] egÙo ,oa izdkj

2. Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn';

3. vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,¡] vuqokn&laca/h laLFkk,¡ vkSj muds dk;Z] vuqokn dk;Z esa

izdk'kukf/dkj

bdkbZ&2

1. vuqokn dh lkexzh_ fofHkUu iz;qfDr;k ¡

2. vuqokn&izfØ;k

3. vuqokn ds midj.k

bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn vH;kl & 1 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. ltZukRed lkfgR;

2. Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;

3. lkekftd foKku

bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn vH;kl & 2 (vaxzs”kh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzs”kh)

1. tulapkj

2. iz'kklfud vuqokn

3. caSfdax vuqokn

4. fof/ vuqokn

lgk;d xzaFk %

� vuqokn ds Hkkf"kd fl¼kar µ dSViQksMZ] ts-lh- fl¼kar] (vuqoknd % MkW- jfo'kadj nhf{kr)

izdk'kd % eè;izns'k fganh xaazFk vdkneh] Hkksiky

� vuqokn ds fl¼kar µ jsM~Mh vkj-vkj-_ (vuqokn % MkW- ts-,y- jsM~Mh)

lkfgR; vdkneh] eaMh gkmQl] ubZ fnYyh

8

� vuqokn fl¼kar vkSj iz;ksx_ xksihukFku th-_ yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn

� vuqokn foKku % fl¼kar vkSj vuqiz;ksx] µ uxsanz (laik-)

fganh ekè;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

� vuqokn fl¼kar dh :ijs[kk] lqjs'k dqekj_ ok.kh izdk'ku] fnYyh

9

lsesLVj&4

(4-5)

(d) dk;kZy;h fganh

bdkbZ&1 % dk;kZy;h fganh dk Lo:i] mn~ns'; rFkk {ks=k

• vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';

• dk;kZy;h fganh dk {ks=k

• lkekU; fganh rFkk dk;kZy;h fganh % laca/ rFkk varj

• dk;kZy;h fganh dh fLFkfr vkSj laHkkouk,¡

bdkbZ&2 % dk;kZy;h fganh dh 'kCnkoyh

• dk;kZy;h fganh dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

• inuke rFkk vuqHkkx ds uke

• eq[; dk;kZy;] {ks=kh; dk;kZy; vkSj vU; iz'kklfud vf/dkfj;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys lacks/u]

funsZ'k vkfn

• vkSipkfjd inkofy;k ¡@vfHkO;fDr;k ¡ (lwph foHkkx }kjk rS;kj dh tk,xh)

bdkbZ&3 % dk;kZy;h i=kkpkj ds fofo/ izdkj

• lkekU; ifjp;

• dk;kZy; ls fuxZr i=k (Kkiu] ifji=k] vuqLekjd] i"Bkadu] vkns'k] lwpuk,¡] fufonk vkfn)

• fjDr inksa ij HkrhZ gsrq foKkiu

• vkosnu&ys[ku

bdkbZ&4 % fVIi.k] izk:i.k vkSj la{ksi.k

• fVIi.k dk Lo:i] fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj Hkk"kk 'kSyh

• izk:i.k ds izdkj] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] izk:i.k dh fof/

• la{ksi.k ds izdkj] fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj la{ksi.k dh fof/

10

• mi;qZDr lHkh bdkb;ksa ij vk/kfjr O;kogkfjd iz'u

lgk;d xzaFk

� iz;kstuewyd fganh µek/o lksuVDds

� izk:i.k 'kkldh; i=kkpkj vkSj fVIi.k ys[ku fof/ µ jktsanz izlkn JhokLro

� iz;kstuewyd fganh dh ubZ Hkwfedk µ dSyk'kukFk ik.Ms;

� iz;kstuewyd Hkk"kk vkSj dk;kZy;h fganh µ Ñ".k dqekj xksLokeh

� iz;kstuewyd fganh % fl¼kar vkSj iz;ksx µ naxy >kYVs

11

([k) Hkk"kk n{krk % le> vkSj laHkk"k.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds vk;ke

• Hkk"kk;h n{krk ls rkRi;Z

• Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk egÙo

• Jo.k vkSj okpu

• iBu vkSj ys[ku

bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds dkjd rÙo

• Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh le>

• Hkk"kk&O;ogkj (Hkkf"kd iz;ksx vkSj 'kSyh)

• Hkkf"kd laLÑfr (vk;q] fyax] f'k{kk] oxZ)

• fo"k;&{ks=k

bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk fodkl

• Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh j.kuhfr % vkdyu] y{;&fu/kZj.k] fu;kstu ds Lrj ij

• 'kCn&lkeF;Z µ lkekU; ,oa rduhdh 'kCn

• lquuk vkSj cksyuk µ izHkkoh Jo.k ds vk;ke] 'kq¼ mPpkj.k] Hkk"k.k] ,dkyki] okrkZyki

• i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk µ Lokè;k; vkSj mn~ns';&dsfUnzr iBu] lkekU; ys[ku vkSj jpukRed ys[ku

bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk O;kogkfjd i{k

• fdlh ,d fo"k; ij µ Hkk"k.k] lewg ppkZ] okrkZyki ;k fVIi.kh

• fdlh ,d fo"k; dk Hkko&foLrkj ;k iYyou

• nzqrokpu µ fdlh lkfgfR;d Ñfr ij vk/kfjr

• leh{kk µ iqLrd&leh{kk] fiQYe&leh{kk

lgk;d xzaFk

� dEI;wVj ,fllVsM ySaXost yfu±x] ehfM;k fMtkbu ,am ,Iyhds'kal µ dhFk dSesjkWu

� Hkk"kk f'k{k.k µ johanzukFk JhokLro

� ltukRed lkfgR; µ johanzukFk JhokLro

12

� O;kolkf;d fganh µ fnyhi flag

� iz;kstuewyd fganh µ naxy >kYVs

� vkèkqfud i=kdkfjrk µ MkWñ vuqt frokjh

� O;kogkfjd fganh ,oa iz;ksx µ MkW- vkse izdk'k

� tuekè;eksa dk oSpkfjd ifjizs{; µ tcjheYy ikfj[k

� tuekè;e izkS|ksfxdh vkSj fopkjèkkjk µ txnh'oj prqosZnh

13

(x) Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk] lekt vkSj laLÑfr

• Hkk"kk vkSj lekt dk varl±ca/

• Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk vkSj Hkk"kk&O;ogkj

• lekt Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mldk Lo:i

• Hkk"kk dk lekt'kkL=k

bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk vkSj Hkkf"kd leqnk;

• Hkk"kk vkSj leqnk;

• Hkk"kk vkSj tkfr

• Hkk"kk vkSj tkrh;rk

• f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj cgqHkkf"kdrk (fiftu o fØ;ksy)

bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj

• Hkk"kk vkSj oxZ

• O;fDr] lekt vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ

• Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj ts.Mj

• Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr

bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk losZ{k.k

• Hkk"kk losZ{k.k % Lo:i vkSj izfof/

• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk losZ{k.k

• Hkk"kk uewuksa dk fo'ys"k.k

• Hkk"kk ds uohu iz;ksx

lgk;d xzaFk

� Hkk"kk vkSj lekt µ jkefoykl 'kekZ

� fganh Hkk"kk fparu µ fnyhi flag

14

� Hkk"kk dk lalkj µ fnyhi flag

� vkykspuk dh lkekftdrk µ eSustj ik.Ms;

� Socio Linguistics : An Introduction to Language and Society -- Peter Trudgill

� Socio Linguistics -- R.A. Hudson

� An Introduction to Socio Linguistics – Ronald Wordhaugh

� The Shadow of Language – George Yule

lsesLVj&1@2

MIL Comm.

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lEizs"k.k (Lukrd Lrj ds lHkh ikB~;Øe %

ch-,-@ch-,l-lh-@ch-dkWe- vkWulZ vkSj izksxzke ds lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,)

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkf"kd laizs"k.k % Lo:i vkSj fl¼kar

• laizs"k.k dh vo/kj.kk vkSj egÙo

• laizs"k.k dh izfØ;k

• laizs"k.k ds fofHkUu ekWMy

• laizs"k.k dh pqukSfr;k ¡

bdkbZ&2 % laizs"k.k ds izdkj

• ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr

• oS;fDrd vkSj lkekftd

• O;kolkf;d

• Hkzked laizs"k.k (Miss Communication)

• laizs"k.k ck/k,¡ vkSj j.kuhfr

bdkbZ&3 % laizs"k.k ds ekè;e

• ,dkyki

• laokn

• lkewfgd ppkZ

• izHkkoh laizs"k.k

bdkbZ&4 % i<+uk vkSj le>uk

• xgu vè;;u

• vè;kgkj

• lkj vkSj vUo;

• fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k

• vuqokn

lgk;d xzaFk

� fganh dk lkekftd lanHkZ µ johanzukFk JhokLro

� laizs"k.k&ijd O;kdj.k % fl¼kar vkSj Lo:i µ lqjs'k dqekj

� iz;ksx vkSj iz;ksx µ oh-vkj- txUukFk

� dqN iwokZxzg µ v'kksd oktis;h

� Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj fganh µ johanzukFk JhokLro

� jpuk dk ljksdkj µ fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

� Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fparu dh ihfBdk µ fo|kfuokl feJ