University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG) University …...Partnership between University of Colorado...
Transcript of University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG) University …...Partnership between University of Colorado...
University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG)
University of Colorado, Boulder (CU)
Dr. Abel Hernandez / Dr. Moncef Krarti
Promoting Sustainable Energy Efficiency Technologies
for Buildings
A project supported by:
USAID and Higher Education for Development, Washington, D.C.,
under the Training, Exchanges, Internships and Scholarships (TIES) Partnership Program
Promoting Sustainable Energy Efficiency Technologies
for Buildings
Partnership between
University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato
Objectives:
1. Promote environmentally-conscious, renewable and sustainable
technologies in the Mexican building industry while mitigating
technical and economic barriers to their implementation
2. Strengthen the curriculum at UG, train energy sector
professionals and decision makers
3. Create a graduate program on sustainable and energy efficiency
designs specifically for the building sector
Partnership between University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato
Step-1: Eight students will complete their thesis work at CU and will
get a UG Mechanical Engineering Master degree in Sustainable
Energy Technologies (SET):
It is hoped 2 in the first year, 4 in second year and 2 students in
the third year will be selected
Step-2: Eight students will complete both course work and thesis work
at CU and will get a CU Civil Engineering Master of Sciences
degree in the Building Systems Program.
It is hoped 2 in the first year, 4 in second year and 2 students in
the third year will be selected
Step-3: At least Three courses jointly developed between CU and UG
faculty members will be added at UG to establish a MS option
in Sustainable Energy Technologies program (SET)
• Course on Energy Efficiency and Energy Management
• Course of renewable Energy Systems
• Course of Sustainable Buildings (combines Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy Technologies)
• Course Business Opportunities in Sustainable Energy
Technologies
Partnership between University of Colorado and University of Guanajuato
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY
OF BUILDING SYSTEMS
OUTLINE
Overview of World Energy Supply/Demand
Overview of Electricity Generation Technologies
Objectives of energy management
Types of energy management programs
Case studies of energy efficiency projects
SOLAR ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
Course content includes a review of solar radiation, solar
resource distribution, and seasonal variation. Solar thermal power
plants (CSP). Solar electricity and characteristics of photovoltaic
cells (PV) - physics and design of PV cells; multilayer solar cells;
photovoltaic systems and collectors. Solar water heating systems.
Solar architectural designs. Case studies from Europe and the
U.S. Energy efficiency, costs and environmental impact assessments. Future prospects of solar energy.
Sustainable Building Design
OUTLINE
Buildings can be designed to produce less greenhouse gases while being more
comfortable, healthy and economical through the proper application of sustainable
design principles. This course will review sustainable building technologies and
provide insight into evolving design principles. The course will explore aspects of
building thermal performance, indoor and outdoor environmental quality, occupant
comfort, and climate relevant to building design. Topics include sustainable building
elements, climate and comfort parameters, passive and active energy systems, and
environmental implications of building. Advanced architectural design concepts and
methods will be applied to energy-efficient and environmentally responsible building
design. The prevailing building simulation tools for building sketch, materials
selection, ventilation design, energy calculation, and climate analysis will be
introduced. The course emphasizes both fundamental understanding and practical
applications of sustainable building design strategies.
University of Guanajuato, Salamanca (UG)
University of Colorado (CU)
Case Study
Exploring a total building energy performance approach for
building energy codes in Mexico compared to the current
prescriptive compliance approach:
case study in Salamanca, Guanajuato
Focus of CU Student Investigation
1. Explore the potential of using a total building energy performance
approach for building energy codes in Mexico compared to the current
prescriptive compliance approach
2. Investigate building energy use in Salamanca, Guanajuato as a case study
3. Perform several energy assessments of each building type to determine
typical energy use intensity (EUI in W/m2) for:
a) Residential
b) Commercial
c) Industrial
4. Understand the most common areas of energy reduction
5. Use results to make recommendations and updates to the existing
building energy codes in Mexico and how it applies to smaller cities such
as Salamanca
Travel Objectives
Travel to Salamanca, Guanajuato
November 21, 2010 – November 27, 2010
Meet UG students, faculty and other stake holders
Perform 3 building energy assessments
Present at the UG graduate seminar
February 20, 2011 – March 3, 2011
Perform 10 building energy assessments
Present findings from November visit to City Hall
officials
Find local equipment and construction costs
Meet with local architects and building
contractors
Buildings Included in the Study
Industrial
Industrial fabrication of specialized mechanical parts
Administration buildings for a thermoelectric plant of the
Federal Commission on Electricity, CFE
Commercial
Salamanca City Hall
Middle school
Bakery and coffee shop
Residential
Low income housing
Middle income housing
Upper income housing
Commercial
Industrial Residential
Industrial Facilities
Ortiz Taller Mecánico Máquinas Herramientas (OTMMH)
Industrial fabrication of specialized mechanical parts
Industrial Facilities
Main features:
A priori recommendations: New, more efficient motors
Behavior modification-turn off equipment when not in use
Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts
Reduce office equipment loads after hours with power strips
Clean manufacturing area skylights for better light transmission
Building area 4020 m2 lot; 625 m2 constructed space
Schedule M-F 8am -6pm, Sat. 8am-2pm, Sun. closed
Year of construction 1991
Energy sources primarily electricity, some LPG
Electric tariff High voltage industrial
Annual electricity consumption (2010) 79,360 kWh
Average monthly consumption (2010) 6,610 kWh
Employees 40-45 machine operators, 9 administration employees
Primary equipment loads Large machinery
Lighting type Primarily T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues Offices are comfortable; Hot in open machinery area
Industrial Facilities
Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)
Administration buildings for the thermoelectric plant in Salamanca
Industrial Facilities
Main features:
Priori recommendations: Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts
Improved lighting control strategies
Lighting occupancy sensors Reduce office equipment loads after hours with power strips
Paint the black roofs white to reduce cooling load
Number of buildings 10 buildings ranging from 55m2 to 550m2
Schedule M-F 8am -3:30pm, Sat. -Sun. closed
Year of construction Varies beginning in 1970 to 2000
Energy sources Electricity
Electric tariff N/A; they do not meter electricity
Employees Varies between 4 and 30
Primary equipment loads Office equipment and AC units
Lighting type Primarily T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues Most offices are hot in the summer, even with AC
Commercial Buildings
Salamanca City Hall office building energy analysis results
Project Introduction
First visit to Salamanca – May 2010
Dr. Moncef Krarti and Dr. Abel Hernández had a meeting with the
Salamanca Mayor
CU student visit to the City Hall office building to start the energy
assessment- November 2010
Collected a large set of data for the analysis
Information collected
Information collected during the visit
Area 1275 m2 (13,730 ft2)
Schedule M-F: 8am-4pm
Lighting load LPD=25.26 W/m2 (2.35 W/ft2)
Equipment load EPW=36.9 W/m2 (3.43 W/ft2)
Employees 134 personas
Airconditioning systems 21
Typical AC efficiency (kW/ton) 2.1
Construction materials Concrete and brick
-(LPD) Lighting power density
-(EPW) Equipment power density
City Hall Building Plans
Electric Consumption Data
EUI (kWh/ft2/yr) 9.1
EUI (kBTU/ft2/yr) 31.0 Base load (kWh/mo) 9264.0
-(EUI) Energy Use Intensity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
Electricity Consumption Profile
2009
2010
Average
Energy Analysis
Energy Consumption Calibration
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ele
ctri
city
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
Utility Data (kWh)
equest estimate (kWh)
Type of Consumption
Miscellaneous equipment
and lighting consume the
most energy
Therefore reducing the
consumption in these
areas will have the
greatest impact
Space Cool 7%
Vent. Fans 1%
Pumps & Aux. 0%
Ext. Usage
3%
Misc. Equip. 53%
Area Lights 36%
Results
-(ECM) Energy conservation measure
Description Initial Values New Values Consumptio
n (kWh)
Energy Savings (kWh)
Capital Cost
(USD) Cost
savings
Payback Period (yrs)
ECM 0 Baseline - - 125977 - -
ECM 1 Replace all incandescent with CFLs LPD=2.35 New LPD=2.3 124907 1070 35 178 0.20
ECM 2
Replace T12s with T5s, & magnetic ballasts for electronic ballasts LPD=2.35
New LPD=1.58 109573 16404 21652 2736 7.91
ECM 3 Replace ceiling tiles w/ transparent material LPD=2.35
New LPD=2.19 122556 3421 2775 571 4.86
ECM 4 Reduce Phantom plug loads with power strips
Unoccupied use fraction=0.08
Unoccupied use fraction=0.03 111963 14014 815 2337 0.35
ECM 5
Replace all CRT computer screens with LCD screens EPW=3.43
New EPD= 3.28 122772 3205 23540 535 44.04
ECM 6 Energy Star vending machine EPW=3.43
New EPD= 3.33 123839 2138 3000 357 8.41
ECM 7 More efficient AC units COP=2 COP=3.4 123058 2919 9444 487 19.40
ECM 8 Remove asbestos from the roof - - - - -
Results
100000
105000
110000
115000
120000
125000
130000
Ele
ctri
c C
on
sum
pti
on
(k
Wh
)
Baseline
Replace all incandescents with CFLs
Replace T12s with T5s, & magneticballasts for electronic ballasts
Replace ceiling tiles w/ transparentmaterial
Reduce Phantom plug loads withpower strips
Replace all CRT computer screenswith LCD screens
Energy Star vending machine
More efficient AC units
Recommendations
Recommended Packet:
Use power strips for office equipment
Change the incandescent lamps to 26W
CFLs
Replace the T12 lamps/magnetic ballasts
with T5 lamps/electronic ballasts
Use more skylights in the lobby area
Save: 27% of the annual energy (kWh) y
$5,770 / year
The payback period is only 4.4 years
Renewable Energy
To achieve 100% renewable energy:
65 kW system
Save 91,400 kWh/year and
$36,000/year
Price~9-10 $USD/W
Required space 380 m2
There is plenty of open space on
the roof
(SAM) System Advisor Model
Commercial
New City Hall office building
ECM recommendations:
Replace some ceiling tiles with
transparent material to let in daylight
Remove the wall at the entrance to
bring in more daylight
Create apertures in the walls between
the ceiling tiles and the roof to induce
natural ventilation
Possibly change roof material to
concrete to better absorb solar
radiation
Presentation to the local authorities
in Salamanca
Preliminary findings for the City Hall office building was presented
to the local authorities in Salamanca- March 2011
Commercial Buildings
Secundaria del Centro
Local middle school
Commercial Buildings: middle school
Main features:
*They were very energy conscientious
A priori recommendations: Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts
Reduce office equipment loads after hours with power strips
Building area 468 m2
Schedule M-F 7am -2:30pm, Sat-Sun closed
Year of construction 2005
Energy sources Primarily electricity, some LPG
Electric tariff 02-Commercial
Annual electricity consumption (2010) 1,912 kWh
Average monthly consumption (2010) 160 kWh
Occupancy 74 Students, 18 teachers, 3 staff
Primary equipment loads Office equipment and lighting
Lighting type Primarily T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues A little cold in the winter months
Commercial Buildings
Pastelería Plarine
Local pastry shop and café
Commercial Buildings: pastry shop
and café
Main features:
A priori recommendations: Replace T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts Load shedding with modified equipment schedules Consolidate the number of refrigerators Paint roof white or higher reflective color
Building area 430 m2
Schedule M-Sat 9am -11:00pm, Sun 9:30am-5:30pm
Year of construction 1987
Energy sources Electricity and natural gas
Electric tariff 02-Commercial
Annual electricity consumption (2010) 37,987 kWh
Average monthly consumption (2010) 3,165 kWh
Occupancy 23 employees and roughly 30 clients maximum
Primary equipment loads Refrigerators and Ovens
Lighting type Primarily T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts, MR16s, CFLs
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues Gets very hot in the summer
Residential Buildings
Low income housing
Home 1 Home 2
Residential Buildings: Low Income Housing
Main features:
*Both families were very energy conscientious
Priori recommendations: Use power strips for computers, TVs, stereos, etc.
Construct a shallow attic space to better absorb solar radiation
More efficient washing machines New stoves and solar hot water heaters
Building area 100 m2 on average
Schedule Specific to each family
Year of construction 1994 and 1995
Energy sources Electricity and LPG
Electric tariff 01-Domestic
Annual electricity consumption (2010) 1,269 kWh and 2,067 kWh
Average monthly consumption (2010) 105 kWh and 150 kWh
Occupancy 3-4 people
Primary equipment loads Refrigerators and washing machines
Lighting type Primarily CFLs and some incandescent lamps
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues The second floor gets hotter in the summer
Residential Buildings
Middle income housing
Home 3 Home 4
Residential Buildings: Middle Income
Housing
Main features:
Priori recommendations:
Use power strips for computers, TVs, stereos, etc.
Use all CFLs
Construct a shallow attic space to better absorb solar radiation
More efficient washing machines
New stoves and solar hot water heaters
Building area 150 m2 on average
Schedule Specific to each family
Year of construction 1994
Energy sources Electricity and LPG
Electric tariff 01-Domestic
Annual electricity consumption (2010) 4,460 kWh and 2,085 kWh
Average monthly consumption (2010) 315 kWh and 175 kWh
Occupancy 5 and 3 people
Primary equipment loads Refrigerators and washing machines
Lighting type CFLs and incandescent lamps
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues The second floor gets hotter in the summer
Residential Buildings
Upper income housing
Home 5
Residential Buildings: Upper Income Housing
Main features:
Building area 400 m2
Schedule At home M-F 6:30pm-7:30am Varies Sat and Sun
Year of construction 1987
Occupancy 3 people
Energy sources Electricity and LPG
Electric tariff 01-Domestic
Lighting Load LPD=0.29
Equipment load EPD=1.7
Construction materials Reinforced concrete and brick
Comfort issues The second floor gets hotter in the summer
Energy Consumption Data: Upper
Income Housing
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
Nine Year Electricity Data
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
Avg
LPG CONSUMPTION
ESTIMATES
L/month 114.56
Btu/month 2,570,797
$USD/month 48.70
Energy Analysis: Upper
Income Housing
Energy Calibration: Upper
Income Housing
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Ele
ctri
city
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
Avg Utility Data
Model Estimate
LPG Utility Estimate eQuest % diff
Btu/month 2,570,796.86 2,590,833.33 -1%
Type of Consumption: Upper
Income Housing
Ext. Usage 15%
Misc. Equip. 56%
Area Lights 29%
Electricity Demand
Hot Water 92%
Misc. Equip.
8%
LPG Demand
Global Observations
Industrial facilities and commercial buildings:
Replace old, inefficient lighting technology (T12 lamps with magnetic
ballasts) with T5 lamps and electronic ballasts
Load shedding with power strips
Invest in higher efficiency office equipment, appliances, AC units and motors
Paint exterior surfaces with a higher reflective color
Low emissive glazing
Residential buildings:
Replace all incandescent lamps with CFLs
Load shedding with power strips
Reduce solar heat gains with a shallow attic space
Reduce solar heat gains with increased thermal mass
Referencias
International Energy Agency. (2010). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights. Paris: OECD and IEA.
Krarti, M. (2011). Energy Audit of Building Systems, an Engineering Approach, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Laura Moorefield, B. F. (2008). Office Plug Load Field Monitoring Report. Durango, Colorado: Ecos.
LBL. (1999-2011). Office Equipment Energy Use. Retrieved January 25, 2011, from Business Service, Energy for your business: http://www.aps.com/main/services/business/WaysToSave/BusWaysToSave_36.html
Lindsey, J. L. (1997). Applied Illumination Engineering, Second Edition . Lilbrun, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc. .
Odón de Buen R., M. (2009). Greenhouse Gas Emission Baselines and Reduction Potentials from Buildings in Mexico. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme.
Yu Joe Huang, J. L. (1998). A commercial Building Energy Standard for Mexioc. LBNL and CONAE. Pacific Grove, CA: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Santin, O. G. (2008). Environmental Indicators for Building Design: Development and applications on Mexican Dwellings. Nieuwe Hemweg, Amsterdam: IOS Press .
SENER. (2010, September). Informacion Estadistica (Statistical Information). Retrieved October 26, 2010, from Sistema de Informacion Energetica (System of Energy Informatio): http://sie.energia.gob.mx/sie/bdiController?action=login
City Hall Equipment Information
Type Qty W/ Equip Source Total W
Off
ice
Equ
ipm
ent
Inkjet Printers 89 64 Ecos, 2008 5717
Computers 138 33 Energy Audit of Building Systems, Krarti (p 5-33) 4554
CRT Display 46 71 Ecos, 2008 3246 LCD Display 92 34 Ecos, 2008 3150 Laptops 4 26 Ecos, 2008 104
Copiers 6 213 Ecos, 2008 1275 Adding machines 18 4 Ecos, 2008 64 Telephones 15 20 Estimate 300 Recorders 5 15 Estimate 75
Modem 1 5 Energy Audit of Building Systems, Krarti (p 5-33) 5
Televisions 4 200 Estimate 800 Plotter 1 130 Ecos, 2008 130 Laminator 1 50 Estimate 50 Scanner 2 10 Ecos, 2008 20 Fax machine 2 32 Ecos, 2008 65 Fans 33 50 Estimate 1638 Coffee machine 12 464 Ecos, 2008 5568 Microwave 9 1000 Estimate 9000
Equ
ipm
ent
that
's
alw
ays
on
Security Cameras 2 30 Estimate 60 Water coolers 15 85 Typical machine 1275 Freezer 1 500 Estimate 500 Mini-Refrigerator 3 500 Estimate 1500 Large Refrigorator 4 1000 Estimate 4000 Vending Machines 2 1000 Estimate 2000 UPS 4 500 Estimate 2000
Total 47096.2 W/sf 3.43
City Hall Lighting Information
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Lamps Qty Fixt Lamps/Fixt W/Lamp Total W
LEDs 13 1 15 195
45 W Incandescent 22 1 45 990
Total 1185
W/sf 0.09
W/sm 0.93
LIGHTING
Lamps Qty Fixt Lamps/Fixt System W Total W
Metal Halides 8 1 450 3600
Metal Halides 1 1 1103 1103
48" 40 W T12 Fixtures 322 2 96 30912
96" 75 W T12 Fixtures 30 2 173 5190
Flourescent U-lamp 12 2 63 756
100 W Incandescent 10 1 101 1010
Total 42571
W/sf 2.35
W/sm 25.26
Equipment and Material Prices
No. Equipment Specifications Unit Price
(Pesos) Price
($USD) Brand Source/Store 1 CFLs 26 W 45 3.54 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex 2 13 W 22.5 1.77 A local hardware store 3 24 W 38.5 3.03 A local hardware store 4 15 W 39 3.07 Voltech Comercial Fermex
5 T5 lamps 2 lamps; Surface mount
Luminaire w/ electronic ballast 1130 88.98 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex
6 T5 2 lamps; recessed Luminaire w/
electronic ballast 432.42 34.05 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex 7 Power strips 4 plugs 65 5.12 A local hardware store 8 8 plugs 75 5.91 A local hardware store 9 AC Units 12000 BTUh; 1250 W 4499 354.25 Frigidaire RYSE
10 18000 BTUh; 1740 W 7496 590.24 Frigidaire RYSE 11 LCD TVs 32" 60W 6499 511.73 Mitsuri Bodega Aurrera 12 32" 120W 5999 472.36 LG Bodega Aurrera 13 Skylights Acrylic dome 240cm x 180cm 3221 253.62 Vitromex hardware store 14 Acrylic dome 180cm x 120cm 1762 138.74 Vitromex hardware store 15 Computer screens 18.5" LCD 1799 141.65 LG Office Depot 16 18.5" LED 1999 157.40 LG Office Depot 17 Refrigerators Limit 423 kWh/yr 4999 393.62 Bodega Aurrera 18 Limit 436 kWh/yr 5999 472.36 Bodega Aurrera
19
Construction Typical brick/CMU construction per square meter 600 47.24 N/A
Rough estimate given at Vitromex hardware store
20 LED Christmas lights 5m lights 1445 113.78 Tecnolite Comercial Fermex 21 Washing machines 14 kg 250 kWh/yr 4999 393.62 Easy RYSE 22 11 kg 200 kWh/yr 1999 157.40 Easy RYSE 23 Large Stoves 7385 kJ/h (all 4 burners) 2999 236.14 Acros Bodega Aurrera 24 Small Stoves 4000 kJ/h (all 4 burners) 771 60.71 Flamineta RYSE
City Hall Consumption Estimate (eQUEST)
City Hall PV Output Estimate