University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No. ISBN 978-37238-4-7

Author 1 CHIAHA, G.T.U

Author 2

Author 3

Title

Educational Management of Children With Special Learning Need

Keywords

Description Educational Management of Children With Special Learning Need

Category Education

Publisher

Publication Date 2005

Signature

Dr. ( W s ) G.T.U Chiaha was born a: 0,-sja on 22 / i 0!51. She did her PI--/ Edcrstbn at St. Pa2ick1s ?:actiskg Schc~ l Emer!e In E r i q u . She dld her ~~~~~~~~~y Schcol at ICla:;r Arcablis Urnmji and St. Fa::i:&.s S e c o d a ~ j Emece. She has a €3 Ed. In Special Education 8 Lanc j sa~e Arts, M.Ed Edilcational hlasagement, Ph.0 Educalional h ? ~ c a p m e n : a!! at University of !bada? in 1582, 19W, 13.33 :espes:ive!y. She taught E n g k h Langtiase a! Crva-r:rnen: Ccliege, lbadan a ~ d E ~ p i k : Siarnma: ? C ~ - I C ; ~ ; Idi-Shin, lbadan in 1983, 1984 and 1965 respechely, she left Ibadar, to join her husband in L q o s She x ~ s a iec:;;rer a! St. Aqcstice's C o K q e of Edur~atiori K k $ a , L a p s in i9b5-86.

Con1,ruier 2 .7esc : : :~3 3~3: Hephzibzh Compu;er Centre, 36, 0rno;ora Sir., )tic.

Lagos.

DR (MRS) G.T.U. CHIAHA Register

Federal Polytechnic N E K E P E Cwerri.

. -

, - Caiekss use of foxepts PC.: Nxal Period - Accidents - ~~lzlnurr i~ion

1 .. - \ . ~ c i o s infec!ims disezses - Poor uns:irnu!ative environxent - C i er-dcse or drugs .- .- - E!?ects oftoxic maners. - Chz:acrc:istics of M. R , children Difziences Se::verr, MR and men:al Illness Simi!zri:ies beti~ee:; M.R. and 3;enral Ilness Eduziiio~s! P r o p r r n e s for the >.I. R. Children

CH;?TTE RE\'E\i- KTRODLiCTIOX TO GIFTEDTESS: TALE>.XDXESS

In~roduaion Chzrx:eristics of Gifred Children C!acsifica:ion of the sifted Histo! p of s w e gifted people E d u c a ~ i ~ c z l Prcyi;nmec far the gifted

CKAPTER EIGHT - KTXODUCTIOX TO L E A R N K G DIS.ABILITY (L.D.) C o n q : of L. D. 35 Expixzion of terms 3 5 Si21:s of 1 I). 36 1 - . . x ~ : x r i c of chiidier? with L. D. ? 7

,\c\ 0 1 1.. D. 3 8 . iLhi::c 111e L. D. 3 8

! ~ ~ , ! ; i : c r,;e:hods 3 8

CH.\?TEX Yr<E - hTF(Oi3i:CTIOY T O SPEECH A'iD LAYGLAGE ?! S Q U E R C'?:;:ep: zlf Speech ?:XI I . a ~ : ~ ~ z ~ e disorders 40 Ci:?rnl:re:is!ics ~f S p ~ t c i i and Lzns';a~_c diwrde:s in children 40 - ' \ n c s Cf c - - - . r >+accih d i w d c r ~ 4 0

4

, . krec;v&, the f i issir i i 6: educa:icr; ir; zny s c c i i ? ~ is

to E S C G ! ~ Z ~ 0cporttrnitTes for children with iearn iq nee& 1ke:ee;. ~ ? , C : : : ; ? C !?3? ~~~.>~.~:r~~~,~~~~,-! z n d !k,s -:@=.id r=z! b 5 = b &L=,: -.-,- : I?.: . . . ' . . -. - . . - . .. -, --,- ...., bekng ;o the society just like others. The !asks required to ach;eve this nissicn can be grzsped by geing thrccgh !be text. The b m k IS

~ s ~ f u l nct only to special educators and siil&n!s but to all student - teac5ers in teacher training col i&ges,,~b~ial weifare wor%e.rs.and the

general public. The bcok covers ten chapters, !he first cha~!er furniskes the

reader the reader with different terminolo~y's associated with spe- clsl education, ca!ezories of handicapped and :he sited 2nd f i ~ a l l y educaticcal settings for the handicapped. The secsnd chapter ex- piains Ni~er ian philcsophy c f excepticnal chiidren. The third c5ap- :e: lhrcws light into the histcry of special education. Cther chapters give practical experience and skills on d i f ken t ca!egories of the hancIca;;;ed wh ik chap!er seven delves with the inircducticn of gift- edzess 2nd !aienledness.

# The orzanization of tl-,e book d i s c s ~ ~ r a ~ e s the :esder from

Y &pm5r;s an anteczdeni chap!~rs be f cx being abie tc appreciate ti-z f c l l c~v in~ or&. The reader can freely move arncng !be various cf.zplers Aihout being impeded.

Tk,;s bock is the result of many years cf bbcr;ol;s research in s~es ia l education. It is sincerely hcped ?bat ibis 'cock apart from f ~ r ~ i s h i n r , iearmrs with kncwiedge on thz @ma! szeciai education issues vxuld also stimuiate fufihec, a Kcre deiailed aiademic re- search zKd encourase s?ecial educatcrs r~o t to shy ri.:Ey frcm at- :zmp!irlg sn indepth zr.alysis cf contempo:;-r)/ i s s ~ e c wP,~ci: are mcre reievant tc 2ur present age.

This bcck aiso azen-~pts to bribse ':he ca? - ke::,.;ezr: special &xa:ior: and general edxa t i onhy h i ~ P , i i ~ n t i n ~ : k s e ;rsc:ices and

I ' ~cir;:s c: 2rnshasis that cor,stitil:e tP,e ' spx :a l In scecia: edl~cation. T!-,ere is ns clei;b:, ;k,e:zfsie, ihai ihis b c c ~ wiii be cf i f i : ~ ~ z s t to a wP,sie s;sc?rum of readers in this counirj 2nd beyznd.

\ . I I< I Oi ! R - IsTRODL;CT~OX' TO \'ISL'AL I~ l? . ' \ lRYIEST .AYD BLiKDYESS

C h ~ ~ ~ ~ c p i I 8 1 \ ' i \ \ 1 ; 1 1 I I I ~ I : ; I I ~ I ~ I C I ~ ~ 9 Legal!! Blind 9 Categories of \.isual!y impaired 9 Causes o f \:isti31 l m ~ a i r m e n t 10 Chaiacterixics and Signs o f cn-set of V i s u ~ l !-.~a':nne;l: 1 i - tducarionai P r o p m m e for :he ~ i s i l i i l > icpzired 12 Progr3mnies far ihe Blind 12 Pi~g ia rnn ies ?or the low Vision, pniz',!' j igll t~d a x : o!hers I2

CHAPTER FIVE - II\JTRODUCTIC?\ 7'0 EDUCAT!/3N OF THE H E A R K G Ih;?.4lRED AYD THE DEAF

Tkc t-lard 9f Sear ing (hearing impaired) 13 I .. . . . Crzfn css

. . 13

C h a r a c ' m s : ~ : ~ of children with 'nari cf hearing'hexicg impairizent 13 P!acernenr of the deaf childien 1 4 ' F . . tau:ari..nal Programme fai the dezf 2 2 2 :he s~:iozs ?,aid of hearing 14 C a s e s of hez:iii~ impzinief i ; 2nd d d n e s s 15

l-!ydroceph>IIic -

XI icrocephq Ilic Crcntinism Galac~osemia Monggolian Indicq (3ct\n's S j ndrome) Prc-rncr;ta l period Vencrcal Diseases Virus (Parasitic Infcc!ion) Viciuu, Infections d i s c a s s lon iza~ ion radiation %jatc.~.iiai iilkciions Matt.rnal Age Rh Fac:or (Blood incilmpa:ibiIit)) >lalnu~rit ion Dru;,i'self medlcatiori Anoxia Genetic factois Trisnlny E I I L irr\rlrnental pollution,/food poisoning t4ccidc.n~~ CL -A,... .,..,., ~hhar,~;nn!,,,~~m>l~ti~~ I I I ~ ~ I , , J ~ \ ~ , ~ , u . . L . " - a . . . n u . . # -,, ....-..

.A i ~ l t ofappreciazion go to all mj. colleagues ar Fedsral Fol>qec.hnic Yekrde.

, , .I ~ c s t i~po~mi!! , I slnceie!y x!~rio\vledge the painsteking n2iu;e of

s\ s q r;:smbsr of :ny fanily and unflinching suppofi they p1.e me in the course of producing this book. I \vholei?emedI!. :hank my caring and ic.\ ir,g :?; l jb~cd Dr. S. Chidka ir, hsIpins me reading tiuough the scripts. For EIC he is 2 nm\vi thout ~ ~ ! J E ; s in ail rmifications.

. . aE?c;l>na:e, genzrous. ic\ ing ziid cering si:er, She E iiie engine ofaii r;,y <;:,..>-- -I--.-.. i n !ire. \k\. God rs \vxd her abundantly.

Finzily, I rsgis:c: ny zpprecia~ion to a11 the srudsntj of Fsdsral 'D,,,:,.:>~~L;,? ,., .,,,,,., YeLede \\.:lo t h o u & their qussiion, inisrss:, exourzgemnt

. . . . -7- - n m.-,'T L 1 A - v L k - 9 u- \ -

A!& '

EDUC.4TIOY.4L 31.LXXGEJIE3T OF ENCEPTICSAU CHILDREN -

- . - ,._. ' . . . . Educaiior, is 1172 prOC=SS ky'\vhi?;i; tile ij:iii\.id:~ai deve!or.s r ~j i l : . : l e~ . .

skii!s and attitudes of positive values in his o\iX society. This meam that o\in environment or cori-imunity. In the ? m e s s of sdxat ion on leans and in the process of iezming. 0r.e I s forced to dzveiop bener in more efficient \veys of thirAng, feeiing, aciizg and ir. \.zrioiir orher positive behaviour Oq-ehalu in Tuoyo ( 1 999).

The Federd G o v s m e n t is equivocal in its objectives atenireching specIa1 education in iis educa!ional policies as arrived ar in the X&iioiial Puiicy on Educztion. T'ii it bces to e x i e r h ~ t all children of school year 2.e sdxared, ;F~eir disabilities not wirhtmdir.g SO rhzr they c m play their ro!es in the 6e\-.eiopment of the nation. It is in the p- i r s~~mce of this objective. that a11 teacher mining cclIegss ;-e exourzged to include ~ i h t n ~ of special education for rhs identi-Lca~lon, ,re-habili~ation and a\vaeness programme for chilllren \vi& special Laming needs.

. .. (

Scecizl Education: T i e Concept of "Ed~cation nas exi isr on bee2 dixllssed in this chzpter. Special E2xcaiion is iherefcre educarion of

. a ,

:?cria! graup ca!izd rhe chi!drsn \~iiI: ?ec:a: !earning needs or eweprionai siliidren.

3orrnal Chi!dren: These a-e those \vit:? cornpietz 2nd n o n - d ~ x g e d bod!. pas, h e n x no disz3ili:its of zn~-bpe.

1. Talented irk, intelli~ilr;:? Qu~t ient (I.Q.) of 1 1 6-; 2 . The gifted ~vith I . Q. of 132; 3 . Highl) giftsd ivi~h 1.Q of 1 40'

EDPC.ATIO5.4L SETTISCS FOR THE H.4SDICXPPED

Full Time Special R e s i d e n t i a l School This is a rzsidsntia! home of children ;ha: have sciious ha-ndiczpping

conditions.

Hospitals: Hospitals are recornmended.for ihs ; : i t rexel~. sick

Resiu'rnii~t Speck! Schctct!~ F ith Pros.ision on a five-clay weeks basis: Thsse are xtidsntia! schso!~ hut do\^ f ~ i spsnding of ksek-ends ~vith parents. Rc5idcnt1ai Specia; SL,liiru:: 2,:: is 2 ~ : ! Y ~ ~ I \vhsie the!. live and from -.

l h c i ~ go i~ v r i i x z j ;<kc.!.

- . . .-.

? I ii! t iw ITOW Hostels: Thew carer for \ ~ : ~ o u s c n ~ c p - i t s 0fh l1 i1 i~~ppc .d

Pcripa tct ic Tcnlchina,: Itinerant special teachers mo\,e from school to school io liclp the handicapped in rsgular schools.

Resources in ~ l ~ k r r o o m in ~ e & l a r School: In these schools one or nsv i1ass;oon;s zie rosen.ec! %r ?he resource c e n t m . T r ~ z s p ~ i a i i s t reacher hmdlins the resscrce centre is consulted in time of problem by rhe hmdicappzd from bLi2ir \.aric~!s classes. R ie skpxialisr a!so direct ihs regular tcichers on h o ~ to help the handicapped childrcr, and sqpl ies them with teaching ms:eriz!s if need be.

H o m e Teachino,: Some children arc s tx iouly handicapped and hence x & l e to agcnd school. Spzcialis: teacbers are @\.en the responsibility to \ isit ihsni i!? r k i r hones and teach them.

c c r t ~ a ticn: This is t J 1 ~ i&ea =:fes;a?liskiiig r,arrisu:ar speciai schoois for t \ ,p l . e> 4: ,- -,.-... a - 1 . l - :-- ..- . , . . : - ~ L , ~ ~ ~ + c u "a~>. r o ~ :..brancc. it :11:!! 1~ pl~ icu iz r ly for the deaf or

nat 11a\.c' ihe n p ~ f l u r i i ~ to intc.!.;it: - ! i l i ~ normal childrer! ir! !heir schoois. Rxcnt!)-. many are ad\wc. l~~: . .I! 1l1is t?,pe ofset-up should br: sbo!iXh:i! since it ixrez_ces a!ig.nai, *! . ! Il:!ndiisppr3 $am the sociz:?.

CHAPTER THREE : 1

6sfo;e the 3snaissance - . .

C l l n a w t l t l . - n r 1l.ara th? crder of dl.= dav befc'ore the Renaissance - * u t , b L J , , , , \ . , , , J . .b *b

pmp15 5 : ! d on runmiirs and 110 ons rsasoned out things. The h:dicappzd 1, .s7.> .-a*. . -I : ,-,- .-- 3

1 ,,L-liiu i ; . i , l ! i i ~ > < ~ ; . ~i?2.:y b! tile socist>-. T h q and :heir pxenis \\.ere

i;.ic.c!s> b! ihc socict! or. 'r;i\!td o; Id7 to beg. Ths hizh ofa hsndicapped s i g n i f i d i < ~ ~ i F l s >a3 oi:??n. On r!?e \.,.hole the>. \\-srz txatcd cruelly.

Work of Jean Mar-Gaspard ltard on a Handicapped ,

r . nn .According io Abmg \ 1 ~ b 1 j iiard's f a ~ i e LVS from the \\ark he did c~ ~ - l ' i c ~ o : the IYild 301. of .Averon". This els\.en leais old boy \\.as S i s Z t.1 ku::isrz rozming aboyt th-: bush nalisd in ssarch o f u 4 d fruits. He \\as \ . c r~ . \\ilJ l ikt an anin:a14and worse hs col;!d not t d k . He at? like an . . m m a ! d clin?Sd trees like ar; animal. At fira. they \\.anted io shoot hiit a: a 2lcser look, t1:q ciisco\.srsd he Lvas a human being. He was arrested a:d t l r cqh t in thc SC~IOO! of ths dsaf people at Paris where Itard was

HISTORY OF SPECIAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER FOUR

, * - . . .

Concept of Visual impairment Visual irnpaimient is inability to \.ision accuni;rcl!,. It is also callcJ

pzsially sightrdness. Examples of'partia! si$teclr;~ss a1.c:- blurred \.isicn the Iong sighted. the shon sigh:ccl and zsrigmaiisnl. ihe b l i ~ d . - the lo\\. - vision and the legdly b!ind are al) undsr \.isual inpair~nsnt. . . . .

Correction: \!isual Impaimlent can be corrected by concz\ e or con\ cs 1e::scs but biindness can not be cmscted. Tne s:andard iscaI acquity for normal \.ision is 2020. Tht denomina!or is for good \ ision \i.hile the nominator is for partial sigh~edness

. - - Partial sightsdness =. 3 good vision 70

2C;:Xl me% :ha: :he partizlly sighted ilxli\.idual call see: a11 object at a dis:mce of20 meiers a\va>- ivlliie a m n x i good sighted i~:di\-idual sees i t at a distance of 70 meters away.

CATEGORIES OF VISUALLY If6PAlRED i h ~ s e include:- . .

S u t i t r i r . f i ~ 7 1 ~ GEPb! . \ \S ? ~ E ~ s L E s b!. c i p r ~ ~ n a n t n?o!'ner in her f;.rs: :kc? m o n k s could c:;lse ths fmu tc de\.elop \.isual impai.r.:i-,r; A u i e r p z x r : h x m o r r h a ~ s a x ! .espiraioq &!a!.(biceding from [he - neLi:2 t r x ! any time from 18'Qvccl.c of pregnsncy until the birth of <-is c5iid. I < e r e J i : . ~ ~ f2crors (e.2, albinism blindism, ctc.) Other visual p o b l z . r :a? be inhcritcd.

. . \~lalnc:-:m l eds to ccvi;?nital ca:aract (Jfsinutritian a! 2 z ? y ssge \\'heii t11c e1.e: I:nses nr? z r o ~ \ i i ~ g iapidlj.). Co;lgezird 2ise.szs ui'i11~ c'o:-nc:~ Icnse. x:ina or optic n x v e . H e a ? s z x k i r ~ during p i e ~ n a n c ~ . .

. . . . l'enersi: distze; . - Pre-fix?! i f i f l~ tnc t s s.g. drug abuse by t h t pregnant Lvoman. s n \ i r ~ i m c n : a l fxtr?.:s (if ur.fz~.curzblc).

1. .Ac.cidr.!~: a d injury i -. Illness 6 . ' Cataract 7. 0nchocti:iasis (Riw; b l indrss ) '

8. Trachoma discas: (cor,~lgit-,as dir=ase o!' the e:.e causin; inflammoiian of the inner ~::i.f~!zct of thz e!.c.!ids. I

9. D i a b s ~ ~ s (sscess S!ood s u g ~ r dzc tc d i s e s 2 ~ f : h e pai;crez.se n.hich prevs:;ts the sugar to be propeiiy absarbed.

10. Old acle - (srr,ilit>) Due to \4tu and tear oft;?? syes h ! ! s o \ c thi. years.

CHARASTERISTICS AND SIGNS CF GN-SET OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

a. Holding objects very closs or far to syes b. Tilting head side ways c. Rubbing the eye a h ~ a y s . . d. Sq.ciil?iing cf e:;es r'. Displa! ing s=nsiti\-it\. of light to e!,es C Rolling of e>-e (blindism) . ,

g, lnatrccrm to \ . ! s u ~ r3bjt:'~ts or i.rsiid t x k . (2.2. !

picrx-es or reading)., - '

I. Avcidaxe oftasks that require close eye-\vc:k i- Closmess :o zsks that requirz distance vision '

c->-..-.. . .k:.- . ~ L ~ U F L ~ ~ tlji~ipiliinf of i r :'div to see . :f . . . - . 1. Frequent pus in the eye . . .. 4- , m. Frrqixnt red or yellow colour of ;he eyes.

, . . - -.

ECUCATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED

?roa,rarnme for the Blind: Avai!shili~ofs~cialist teachers for the blind: - orien!z!isr, and mobility skills

use of other normal senses ;'

making use of concrete materials use of Braille and embossed maps use OC C.pe-\\~iter d e ~ :lor:xent ofpatience: love: in:e: t s t :.nd u~deis tad ing for t k b 7 i d use of individualiscd methods tS;;iL'.- >il!!g of social compe:ence o the blind es;er,sive use oftalking book (electronic gadgets - ?ape recorder, radio. e!c.) for the blind use of spccidly dcsignsd mthcmatics board and abacus (for

(a) The hxd of hearing: (b) Thedeaf.. . -, -

-. . . .

They force the con~iunicator to shout when tra.zsmiaing information to them. There are diflcrent dsgses ofhard ofhsaring. It ranges froin mild to p f o m d losses.

Deafness: This mans non-fmctional s s s e of hearing for the ordinary 1

purpcses of life. Hence it means inabiiity to hear at all so that verbal cozmwication is iinpbssib!e. Since the dezf cannot hear: they cannot ulerefore s p & because it is \\.hat onc hem, one speds . .4cquisitior? of lmguzge can therefors only be artificial md non-\.erbal.

?l:~nu;iI Cor t imunica t ion : [?sing various parts of'ihe hod! to s i g ~

The causes are Ci\,idsd i l l : ~ ~ re -na :a l . PC:~-mta! snJ PO~:-natal C8U WS

1 PRE-NATAL CAUSES (BEFORE BIRTH)

PER!-NATAL CAUSES (DURING CELlVERYj

Pel! ic Prcssurc: i f ths mo~hcr i j i o o J o t ~ q ( 10-1 i \G:;-. L)lti! ($:. !I:!- nanou pelvic girdle, dcliicr) can hs d i t l i i ~ l t i f i l ~ i b.:h: i\ c \ i l l t ~ ~ . ; I ! : .

- deli\ crcd throi!gll ihc tlirrh ca;;31. thc car itrt:rn CAII bc' ri~pitlri.il. I'!!iy . i .

lead to dsahcsc or h c n r i n ~ ! a s .

Tntracrnnial Stccding: Adirna ( 1 985) n ~ ~ i n t a i n s that ssvere bleeding-in the crznial due to vaurnz such 2s forceps, accident and orher external aggression on the bab>'s head may produce hearing defects. Such zggression ma! c a 7 m diiiiiagz 10 the n m w s s>.si<ri; IsadIrig to hard of l iming or deAcs:.

Prcr lnn~ed T-atbobr: Some iabour 1xzy esrsnd up to tn90 to four days. E:ir c8m2ition czr. k s d to ".&KOS1An u h z n iherc is little or no oxygen cuppi! fur i k f o e i ~ ~ : nh ich \\ill $so affect the baby.

ES (AFTER BIRTH)

Concept of Mer~ ta l Retardation Sknial re:=dation is as d ~ f i n e d bj. .kncricm Ailisocintio~l on

\ I .\lental Dsiicienq (;&\.LID) in 1973 published b!. Grossrnan (1973) is "Signi5:atly sub-a\ erase generai iriieilecruai fui!c:ioning existing -. ioxcment i j \\.ilh dcficits in adaptive bel:a\.iour and mmi;i>isd dilring . I . 3 dc\ slo~rncr?tal period.

Significantly sub-average M-ill be far less than IQ of i O O (XB: IQ - Inielligqse Quotient)

?le2tal '4-p; (MA) x 100 b C ~ ~ o n a l o g i r d ! P.ge (CA) 1

C.e~.c.Ti;pmental Period : Illis is the time or period of deve!op~ent of 41tn:a!, Rebrdaiion from concsp'iion until 16 > r x s old.

1I.R is thereforz deficit in the follo\king:

(a) \Ia~\!i?tion: (de\~e!oprnmt of basic skiI! 2 . 2 . tc'~:l:ins. cmvling:, \vakin_e, dressing, toile!-training, etc.)

(b) L e ~ ~ i n g (c) Social Adjustment.

. , . .

. . . . . . : rl : t.. --. :.,- ,-\- ',>.,< "?.3,-??1 ,\i\i!\. -. >uLta~i: I I ~ L V L I J ~ ~ - ~ - . - a-. --- - - r - - - ' . . . -, J. L;III, ;r;;zz! +i?in m!~i: he due to incomplete i;xn;n; d~1.;'1cpn~:lt. 1 T. It is &ect:: during de\~elopmcn:al pfriod (from c o n c r p m To 1 b

>.ears old. .Aft=: this z g c m ~ o ? occur again). 5 - . Can be heisditaq.

I t is incurable. . . 6 .

(a) h e idiot (s:i.s;c.l>. re;zde? 1Q of 0-25: Lloyd: 196;) (3) the imbe:i!c (modzrztzly retarded, IQ of 25 - 50)

(c) the rnoro;: (midt! retarded IQ of 50 - 75)

This ~ 2 s re3:aced b! another classification b> the World Hraith oi@ss?ior, (I!-HO) in 1974 2s:

T h e fcsi the f i r s :h:es usre d z i o g a ! ~ ~ . , abusive am! stigmatizing.

(a) Profound h4. R ( h Sc\.ers M. R. Ic) ' 3iodsratc M. R. (d ) , hEid M. R.

CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF M. R. #

CKESTI3!S.V: f1 .o~ . iri~slli~cricc dui. rc! disc2x of:>roid ;lm l'hrlrc 21.c cc~!!;ltiitnl and acwircd crsnrinisni. C'ongsni:

p , p isduc to I:ck ot'th! roid gI?.nds. Thi. acquire3 ?p. h3i.e th!v rianJs bur 1lorn1:ii rc lsse i s in:paired. <'rs:inIjni oi tl!.pxi:! midis - can bc cauwd b! t h y i d deflci~nc!- due to lack of IODIYE.

iii.iiitCiCEPri.4LY T h i s i.s chamctcrised by large hcnd. I r is c3usc'd tr!. spin:!hifi '

'i'hls innAch the \ eriebrrtl c t~l i~i :~t i b o r l ~ i no i ' z i~ ii!>c hmse inas ? .

~CC:II;:!:!,I!:~V: ttt'cL*rL~h~~;!s~ii!al !?;I:J 117 :kc bmn.

* - I n r ~ / \ ~ - . e s y r y = ! : G , - , W ~ . - . . ,. .

n s is s;nzii czcst6 b>- ~q,?osia io knorsr! z:'.h: ::Cat r x y i

o: m d - p i Going o i i k fc.e!us. It c x z!so be the c a w ~ f e s p s u r t of tAe 5ce:ils to x-E.u,\. during the f i i ~ i ihiee moi;ks ~f psgnmcy.

FHENYKETL'NURIA (PKU) '

is ZI i d x i r e d condiiicn. h i s gcxtical!y ~-xminz l i duough rzcc.ssi\.s genes. -4 rosic .ubsmice h i Lmagtc the b z h is gored enay in body zj phy~ajpJiu; ic ~ i l cnustd t.>. 4Jr.ficiency of E ! e e r i e r,s&d to mctzhIlse (build q j phscyildminc (anino acid ix pruteimcs food). This cilndition !cads to i x r , : A rrfa(113.tion. Enicia in Ol"ru;lfifitkwd(199j).

CAUSES CS I4E:ITAL RETAR9ATION

lNTROOUCT!i3N

THE NATURE OF MENTAL RETARDATION

esireri?r.i>. iargs head storage of M ' E ~ Z ~ in L!!e head me[a'xiic disorder brain &.;age (see ciiriw! cizssifica~ion).

F\ i I L.~:~cl>- smdl head . . !dllurc: o i bra in dc\.r.!opr.nrnt during . ! ; ! (<re.' clinical " - . - - - 0 - ..

c!zssifiwtion 20

! PEE-NATAL PERIOD

( 5 ) > l a tcrnal ' l n'fcctions: ' I l l c hicLnc.v :ji:. ? r . x r ; ~ n r - i~ioih~;.ii.&!i!

3i:'s~:s the f ~ ~ e t ~ j . Thc tbc1~1s ia.::l h c.:>il! ;li.i;mld throu,c nxtcmal infccrion.; clcj~:~~riing tvsthc' d ; ~ : . ~ e of:!^;. d i s e x s suc ;1> ~~littt'mal rtibcllu. ~ 1 1 1 i l I l PC)\. chic 'hc! ; i t ) \ . nlarnps nhicli 2 . . \.icious a i ~ q ~ t s ~9:: CESS d317;~:~s 10 thc tic\, dopnlcnt of' r bstus. Tlic cart icr an exj-ect2nt nwthsr cc1n:x:s t i l t diwases 1,- \ =: -2 icr rhc chancc o f rhc lhcrits k i n g dcrhl-rnd

. . . \ la tcrnal 1 n'fcctions: ' 1 1 ~ 5ic.Lncr.t k l f ti!>. ;\r:gr;~t>; fiifi;h~:ii'3di!!

~! t ic : s the f i>e t~ j . Tht. foetus c.: ; ! bc, c.:>il! Jc1;~miFd through nxtcrnal inficiioni d~ j> :~ l i i i~g r'li.ih2 d ; ; : ~ 0 f 1 k d i s e s s such a> n~utemal :t,t.cl!a. ~ t ! i i l l l p o ~ . chicbcl ; X I \ . nl:lltlp> \ihich arc

* . \.icious ( 1 1 ~ 9 , ~ ~ 5 cz:: C ~ U Z ~ d m x ~ c ? ; 10 thc h ~ i o p m e n t ofthi. foetus. 7'he c3rlic.r an r.\psct:nt n io r lx r A ~ : A % rlv diseases rhc ,,- =: - 3 i ~ r - the cl;nnc.c of the' !betiis k i n g 2i.t'nl-md

PE41-NATAL PERIOD

\Sciouc T n ft-cric?nsJicenscs: See c5:~vs of d~skessI!indni'ss) n~ringitis. - cbj:Sen pox: szzL;Ie: :P\.er, u.h30piilg coilg!! EL&!? ~nc:j!:ixiz ca result. . . ~ ! S Q 10 d e a f n e ~ ~ . pa-dysis ,?~.d e~i!i?psy - ~'sr)' L';C;o.;S, d I e x s - can lead to rc.c:ltal rc!xds!ic.n depc n;ii:;g on how far tk b;iin is ~%c;ed.

O ~ e r d o s e of Crues: TSs may !cad to we:-resc:icn of ;:.:s c! ?n;;icals in

Erec t s of Toxic ??alters: Such zt leal?, poisons: e x . czr. lea:! :o Cullages o f h a i n cells.

CEARACTERISTICS OF ?&ENTALLY RETARDED CijILDREN

Len rncnlo? (essily forge:) - .

- Short a ~ e n r i o n span (easiiy d i~nc ted . concentra;e iinle) -. . C

- ,Lack i n hjbition: \.rry irn~zisive-do an~ih ing they fcel - -.* -- - . , reasoi:ing. i>o\v adequate it is). . . .. -

3 - -

I 'nprcdictahi!it \ . : (ier!: infdcsistqx. no s!~hic 0; ~ : . ? d i b

?:\ r.!oym?nial or 53cid pa?rn).

S:?:zl? i jh h?aJ j . Sn;.?!I j;.:us and a:\.k:i X:::iil.lr< . . iIjv..n's c~!;?ron:t jongnolism IJIoc>). HC;~YI!!. pzssi;.? 2n.

. . . pin; size. cl\~arfed mdnted - shor; sturd! legs (for C X C ~ ~ X S Z ~ ( 1972).

- Dc:cst n$;:nction: Czinot 1:!;dt:.2!31?: ~ 5 ~ : i 2 ~ t id:~s. '

.. ,

DIFFEREP;.:C=ES EET'th/EEN PCENTAL RETARDATION AN0 MENTAL (LLNESS

SIMILARITIES BETWEElV MENTAL FIETARDATICN AND MENTAL ILLNESS ... -

l?x sinilaritics iixlilck the foilmving: ,

Educstional (;oa!s: T h i s should bc ~ 1 1 ' care. self' reliance and i~l,:k;xndcncc.

-- Success is arrainablc u iih patisncc' 2nd ?wdu.ork on the pan of paren~s ton . . . ... . . , . - - .. - .4i.cC;.izncc of I!K hI. R. ,

9 . on s i ? c i s ~ ' s q?ro\.al ax! \, ,,I 15 c r m c ! t:.;m 55 sig-nlficx-~lt to :he c?ccasicn and siruxion. I! car1 includ: flssibili::,. ? u s n q 3 and m~ii\'atiorGtl traits.

1

T;~lenteZ;lcss: Gifidness i:::$i:s !??ii!:inlici~i~s r of abjji:ii'< jmssesec l in c e m i n &,r:ss of inic!:sit>.. l n talsnx2xss. i t fol lon~ ihc s m s treid as gifisdncss uiih cnc s p ~ i f i c a b i i i ~ p s s e s s d in cefisin Zrgrtts of in!snsit>

CHARACTERlSTlCS OF GIFTED CHILDREN

- Posses a good ser,se of humour - .Are leaders - Use scisnrific rr.sthods of res5arch

- Tuq o (1 999)

CLASSIFICATION OF TKE GIFTED The talented - I Q r m g e of 116; The Gifted - I Q range of 1 ?2+ The Highly gified - I Q range ?f 14C+

I

Gallaiha i n Abang (:d9S 1 ).

H;STORY OF SDME GIFTED PEOPLE

. - < . . . - . ,

did 110f i~itc'lld f i~inal sci,\ldl . I . . 'n . . . -::. .- J .. I.-14' ......

WlLPtL ,:I>,* P I > ,rB I," I , # & ", 3s.. ,,..mu " ,,..,. > ...... :!J . a leather oT,~igcbra and gec;rrc:~~ (brancixs oi' .'i~;lriic'~nrtt~cs! a1

eig!~; years old. had IQ o f ( i 90 - 2000).

, .

ESLlCATlONkL FRGGRAtS,lr'lE FC?R T H E GIFTED

c Crl:full En ricllrnent: The ciess shocld he sroupcd a11: p x i d e d b

11. ck . i~phgCr3de: - -4 gi2ed chiid sk ip a c l x s 11, illc c\:hei. e . g fro3 prima? :\w to four or frcm one 10 1l11-CC.

CKAPYER EIGHT

7- 1 1 , * L L r ib- A=,+..o ,, dig>i;ivy= gzhexd Ey &e z'kve d s f r i h is2 tO "

<-;;..c:c .,,xled gr$ps ;fir.bJ2zi ~ ~ s o r d e s I;f ce~iL d ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ of ~ ~ ~ ~ c ' n ; ; ~ t i ; OT sen- . . -- re-.--. . . . '

015 Z5cdt) : in sane i s ~ , c g zcz\?aes or otber .- iseh! . c ? , d ~ v o m such 3 nading,

s ~ i d :sll;':k, ?i.r;'Gr?~, - . r:&c~s$cr;, ~~t,F!-~edc, ex. \\:Sc> ~ : y iZ_C'. k r ~ ? i & ~ u t - O I ~ ~ S

I:':? I!.;\..

C:n-e L s z r h g $is;rk!ili~ is a g]&d tern, i t \\i11 not nsa zr,? rhing IC a L ...- . . . . , . ,-..' - . - > - .

K.:L-:L ,c + ! s s 2 5:?1:\: !S :~z~:gdis&led ;J? i b g . - . i t is _ z c & 13 iJzt lcmint &_cabled chiI&en k.2 of zve:age

~ , : ~ ~ l i ~ ~ . l . . ~ - :;z: i: ?;-f5czl; ICm- bait r2!21,ys d *,at c+ei~?jI%sn .Itpi :\.irh l ' re:z.rii.: c s c . ,Cdi;:t:Ii~)s~. p:.== z c & S C ~ & d SICW i:zr;lcs, ;$ese c\i]&zn if

p r q t r : y ~ ~ r r ~ i . 6 cs;; a:'.sir! ro p ; I te r heighs, ~$21 they a c z z i i y z ~ i i f i . Ogbue.

Obszi a d hibe (1 957). -9

I i?:re iie wo'mif i ihings to bear in mind ivhen referring to L c n i n g n: -,.,9... u . ~ l i q :

-..

(3 in\-ci:.ss ~ ~ i - ~ ? ~ z s in one or more of&e R~&i<s ( ~ 3 4 ~ ) c;Ifi:%~g.

. .,.. ' Inr~l:ec:ual Potential: (rF.ra;g.: .:=ckI?; Ir,r;llizc~,ci- Sc21es f, ! 2,

C:-,il2:c:, Re\.ised I,\\?S - R) 'i

1 >is k i p ic s p x i f \ !t: nzr-a: sf the child's TL.zarnii Disorc2r. Tx (I!-: SC-;I) can %!SO tsx! 5 e ixellzcrml czpzcit : I

s . I .4c!-iie~.~ment Le\.el: [{'id? Rz;e . : i k i ~ : . t ~ ~ ~ i : s t <\?'FL'-,: i

. ! t t r t c i o n cjf .-4:hi~-:emat.

- . - - . . . . & . . . . _ TE&C>I - ~ N S THE L E A R N ~ N G DISASILITE: .- . . . ,

. . - - n , e ::3<hins z ~ ~ r . ~ a c > us=S fc;7i <yes= sc: Is '~:zr:;c;:,i; ?;es:np:!\c

, .. - " Tesching (CPT).

., . - , . The ; S Z ~ > S ; 2 i ~ ~ ~ c . s ~ : ;!,e pic5 lsx. ;rsscx;les ~i:;e?,sr,iidn or

. . . . . . .

- r ems5x :on 2-2 k x t r e x h e s . . - - - - 7 .

. . . P h s s of :=a<?.izg >:;L;~F -. L=errjci ( 1 9 1 ) ir O g h . Obaiii and

The \vhole ua:: Cue i o u . r ~ ; ? , n a;!iCu!~ii~fi so2zZr di5erc:!y mc! ~K~uz-c!!~.

DISORDER 114 C H i l C R E N

TYPES CF GEHA\/IO::9 OiSCRDER

C z cisa:e nt;z:i\.e fectinp: Cbii;! czn gc k.zck 19 "squ2 i one" ?)in!: 21. \i73n2 e\ snt b ~ ; kils !o s l - , ~ ; ~ i h i g ~ 7 d ~\ .efi i - r - .-- 7- x s c x a d t p z n j s h e z t cot ihs best.