University of Groningen Restoring mussel bed de Paoli ...

31
University of Groningen Restoring mussel bed de Paoli, Hélène Claudine IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Paoli, H. C. (2017). Restoring mussel bed: A guide on how to survive on an intertidal mudflat. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 20-06-2022

Transcript of University of Groningen Restoring mussel bed de Paoli ...

Page 1: University of Groningen Restoring mussel bed de Paoli ...

University of Groningen

Restoring mussel bedde Paoli, Hélène Claudine

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:2017

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):de Paoli, H. C. (2017). Restoring mussel bed: A guide on how to survive on an intertidal mudflat. Universityof Groningen.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.

Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.

Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

Download date: 20-06-2022

Page 2: University of Groningen Restoring mussel bed de Paoli ...

References

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Adger, W. N., T. P. Hughes, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter, and J. Rockström. 2005. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science 309:1036-1039.

Agardy, M. T. 1994. Advances in marine conservation: the role of marine protected areas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:267-270.

Albrecht, A. S. 1998. Soft bottom versus hard rock: Community ecology of macroalgae on intertidal mussel beds in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 229:85-109.

Anderson, K. E., F. M. Hilker, and R. M. Nisbet. 2012. Directional biases and resource-dependence in dispersal generate spatial patterning in a consumer–producer model. Ecology Letters 15:209-217.

Angert, A. L., and D. W. Schemske. 2005. The evolution of specie's distribution: Recyprocal transplants accross the elevation ranges of Mimulus Cardinalis and M.Lewissi. Evolution 59:1671-1684.

Appleton, R. D., and A. R. Palmer. 1988. Water-borne stimuli released by predatory crabs and damaged prey induce more predator-resistant shells in a marine gastropod. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85:4387-4391.

Aronson, J., and S. Alexander. 2013. Ecosystem restoration is now a global priority: time to roll up our sleeves. Restoration Ecology 21:293-296.

Babcock, R., N. Shears, A. Alcala, N. Barrett, G. Edgar, K. Lafferty, T. McClanahan, and G. Russ. 2010. Decadal trends in marine reserves reveal differential rates of change in direct and indirect effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:18256-18261.

Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134.

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Baine, M. 2001. Artificial reefs: a review of their design, application, management and performance. Ocean and Coastal Management 44:241-259.

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Bajomi, B., A. S. Pullin, G. B. Stewart, and A. Takács-Sánta. 2010. Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature. Oryx 44:358-365.

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Bangs, E. E., and S. H. Fritts. 1996. Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin:402-413.

Barbier, E. B., E. W. Koch, B. R. Silliman, S. D. Hacker, E. Wolanski, J. Primavera, E. F. Granek, S. Polasky, S. Aswani, L. A. Cramer, D. M. Stoms, C. J. Kennedy, D. Bael, C. V. Kappel, G. M. E. Perillo, and D. J. Reed. 2008. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values. Science 319:321-323.

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Bartol, I. K., and R. Mann. 1997. Small-scale settlement patterns of the oyster Crassostrea virginica on a constructed intertidal reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 61:881-897.

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Adam, P. 2002. Saltmarshes in a time of change. Environmental conservation 29:39-61.

Adger, W. N., T. P. Hughes, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter, and J. Rockström. 2005. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science 309:1036-1039.

Agardy, M. T. 1994. Advances in marine conservation: the role of marine protected areas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:267-270.

Albrecht, A. S. 1998. Soft bottom versus hard rock: Community ecology of macroalgae on intertidal mussel beds in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 229:85-109.

Anderson, K. E., F. M. Hilker, and R. M. Nisbet. 2012. Directional biases and resource-dependence in dispersal generate spatial patterning in a consumer–producer model. Ecology Letters 15:209-217.

Angert, A. L., and D. W. Schemske. 2005. The evolution of specie's distribution: Recyprocal transplants accross the elevation ranges of Mimulus Cardinalis and M.Lewissi. Evolution 59:1671-1684.

Appleton, R. D., and A. R. Palmer. 1988. Water-borne stimuli released by predatory crabs and damaged prey induce more predator-resistant shells in a marine gastropod. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85:4387-4391.

Aronson, J., and S. Alexander. 2013. Ecosystem restoration is now a global priority: time to roll up our sleeves. Restoration Ecology 21:293-296.

Babcock, R., N. Shears, A. Alcala, N. Barrett, G. Edgar, K. Lafferty, T. McClanahan, and G. Russ. 2010. Decadal trends in marine reserves reveal differential rates of change in direct and indirect effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:18256-18261.

Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134.

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Badalamenti, F., G. Carlo, G. D’Anna, M. Gristina, and M. Toccaceli. 2006. Effects of Dredging Activities on Population Dynamics of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the Mediterranean Sea: The Case Study of Capo Feto (SW Sicily, Italy). Hydrobiologia 555:253-261.

Baillie, J., C. Hilton-Taylor, and S. N. Stuart. 2004. 2004 IUCN red list of threatened species: a global species assessment. IUCN.

Baine, M. 2001. Artificial reefs: a review of their design, application, management and performance. Ocean and Coastal Management 44:241-259.

Bairati, A., and L. V. Zuccarello. 1976. The ultrastructure of the byssal apparatus of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Cell and tissue research 166:219-234.

Bajomi, B., A. S. Pullin, G. B. Stewart, and A. Takács-Sánta. 2010. Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature. Oryx 44:358-365.

Balmford, A., and W. Bond. 2005. Trends in the state of nature and their implications for human well‐being. Ecology Letters 8:1218-1234.

Bangs, E. E., and S. H. Fritts. 1996. Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin:402-413.

Barbier, E. B., E. W. Koch, B. R. Silliman, S. D. Hacker, E. Wolanski, J. Primavera, E. F. Granek, S. Polasky, S. Aswani, L. A. Cramer, D. M. Stoms, C. J. Kennedy, D. Bael, C. V. Kappel, G. M. E. Perillo, and D. J. Reed. 2008. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values. Science 319:321-323.

Barnes, D., and A. Mallik. 2001. Effects of beaver, Castor canadensis, herbivory on streamside vegetation in a northern Ontario watershed. Canadian Field Naturalist 115:9.

Bartol, I. K., and R. Mann. 1997. Small-scale settlement patterns of the oyster Crassostrea virginica on a constructed intertidal reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 61:881-897.

123

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Beck, M. W., K. L. Heck, K. W. Able, D. L. Childers, D. B. Eggleston, B. M. Gillanders, B. Halpern, C. G. Hays, K. Hoshino, T. J. Minello, R. J. Orth, P. F. Sheridan, and M. P. Weinstein. 2001. The Identification, Conservation, and Management of Estuarine and Marine Nurseries for Fish and Invertebrates. Bioscience 51:633-641.

Begon, M., J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell Science.

Bekker, M. F., and G. P. Malanson. 2008. Linear forest patterns in subalpine environments. Progress in Physical Geography 32:635-653.

Bell, E. C., and M. W. Denny. 1994. Quantifying “wave exposure”: a simple device for recording maximum velocity and results of its use at several field sites. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 181:9-29.

Bell, E. C., and J. M. Gosline. 1996. Mechanical design of mussel byssus: Material yield enhances attachment strength. Journal of Experimental Biology 199:1005-1017.

Bellwood, D., T. Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nyström. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827-833.

Beukema, J. J. 1976. Biomass and species richness of the macro-benthic animals living on the tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research 10:236-261.

Beukema, J. J. 1993. Increased mortality in alternative bivalve prey during a period when the tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea were devoid of mussels. Journal of Sea Research 31:395-406.

Beukema, J. J., and G. C. Cadée. 1996. Consequences of the Sudden Removal of Nearly All Mussels and Cockles from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology 17:279-289.

Bierne, N., C. Daguin, F. Bonhomme, P. David, and P. Borsa. 2003. Direct selection on allozymes is not required to explain heterogeneity among marker loci across a Mytilus hybrid zone. Molecular Ecology 12:2505-2510.

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Bisker, R., and M. Castagna. 1989. Biological control of crab predation on hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) by the toadfish Opsanus tau (Linnaeus) in tray cultures. Journal of Sea Research 8:33-36.

Blaustein, A. R., P. D. Hoffman, D. G. Hokit, J. M. Kiesecker, S. C. Walls, and J. B. Hays. 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:1791-1795.

Bolam, S. G., and T. F. Fernandes. 2003. Dense aggregations of Pygospio elegans (Claparede): effect on macrofaunal community structure and sediments. Journal of Sea Research 49:171-185.

Bolden, S. R., and K. M. Brown. 2002. Role of stream, habitat, and density in predicting translocation success in the threatened Louisiana pearlshell, Margaritifera hembeli (Conrad). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21:89-96.

Borsje, B. W., B. K. van Wesenbeeck, F. Dekker, P. Paalvast, T. J. Bouma, M. M. van Katwijk, and M. B. de Vries. 2011. How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection. Ecological Engineering 37:113-122.

Borthagaray, A. I., and A. Carranza. 2007. Mussels as ecosystem engineers: their contribution to species richness in a rocky littoral community. Acta Oecologica 31:243-250.

Bos, A. R., T. J. Bouma, G. L. de Kort, and M. M. van Katwijk. 2007. Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: sediment accretion and modification. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 74:344-348.

Botsford, L. W., J. C. Castilla, and C. H. Peterson. 1997. The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems. Science 277:509-515.

Bouma, T., S. Olenin, K. Reise, and T. Ysebaert. 2009. Ecosystem engineering and biodiversity in coastal sediments: posing hypotheses. Helgoland Marine Research 63:95-106.

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Beck, M. W., K. L. Heck, K. W. Able, D. L. Childers, D. B. Eggleston, B. M. Gillanders, B. Halpern, C. G. Hays, K. Hoshino, T. J. Minello, R. J. Orth, P. F. Sheridan, and M. P. Weinstein. 2001. The Identification, Conservation, and Management of Estuarine and Marine Nurseries for Fish and Invertebrates. Bioscience 51:633-641.

Begon, M., J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell Science.

Bekker, M. F., and G. P. Malanson. 2008. Linear forest patterns in subalpine environments. Progress in Physical Geography 32:635-653.

Bell, E. C., and M. W. Denny. 1994. Quantifying “wave exposure”: a simple device for recording maximum velocity and results of its use at several field sites. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 181:9-29.

Bell, E. C., and J. M. Gosline. 1996. Mechanical design of mussel byssus: Material yield enhances attachment strength. Journal of Experimental Biology 199:1005-1017.

Bellwood, D., T. Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nyström. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827-833.

Beukema, J. J. 1976. Biomass and species richness of the macro-benthic animals living on the tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research 10:236-261.

Beukema, J. J. 1993. Increased mortality in alternative bivalve prey during a period when the tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea were devoid of mussels. Journal of Sea Research 31:395-406.

Beukema, J. J., and G. C. Cadée. 1996. Consequences of the Sudden Removal of Nearly All Mussels and Cockles from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology 17:279-289.

Bierne, N., C. Daguin, F. Bonhomme, P. David, and P. Borsa. 2003. Direct selection on allozymes is not required to explain heterogeneity among marker loci across a Mytilus hybrid zone. Molecular Ecology 12:2505-2510.

115

Bisker, R., and M. Castagna. 1989. Biological control of crab predation on hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) by the toadfish Opsanus tau (Linnaeus) in tray cultures. Journal of Sea Research 8:33-36.

Blaustein, A. R., P. D. Hoffman, D. G. Hokit, J. M. Kiesecker, S. C. Walls, and J. B. Hays. 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:1791-1795.

Bolam, S. G., and T. F. Fernandes. 2003. Dense aggregations of Pygospio elegans (Claparede): effect on macrofaunal community structure and sediments. Journal of Sea Research 49:171-185.

Bolden, S. R., and K. M. Brown. 2002. Role of stream, habitat, and density in predicting translocation success in the threatened Louisiana pearlshell, Margaritifera hembeli (Conrad). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21:89-96.

Borsje, B. W., B. K. van Wesenbeeck, F. Dekker, P. Paalvast, T. J. Bouma, M. M. van Katwijk, and M. B. de Vries. 2011. How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection. Ecological Engineering 37:113-122.

Borthagaray, A. I., and A. Carranza. 2007. Mussels as ecosystem engineers: their contribution to species richness in a rocky littoral community. Acta Oecologica 31:243-250.

Bos, A. R., T. J. Bouma, G. L. de Kort, and M. M. van Katwijk. 2007. Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: sediment accretion and modification. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 74:344-348.

Botsford, L. W., J. C. Castilla, and C. H. Peterson. 1997. The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems. Science 277:509-515.

Bouma, T., S. Olenin, K. Reise, and T. Ysebaert. 2009. Ecosystem engineering and biodiversity in coastal sediments: posing hypotheses. Helgoland Marine Research 63:95-106.

125

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Brenner, M., and B. H. Buck. 2010. Attachment properties of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) byssus threads on culture-based artificial collector substrates. Aquacultural Engineering 42:128-139.

Brierley, A. S., and M. J. Kingsford. 2009. Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems. Current Biology 19:R602-R614.

Brinkman, A. G., N. Dankers, and M. van Stralen. 2002. An analysis of mussel bed habitats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 56:59-75.

Brumbaugh, R. D., M. W. Beck, and L. Coen. 2006. A practitioners guide to the design and monitoring of shellfish restoration projects. MRD Educational Report, Arlington, VA.

Brumbaugh, R. D., and L. D. Coen. 2009. Contemporary approaches for small-scale oyster reef restoration to address substrate Versus recruitment limitation: A review and comments relevant for the olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864. Journal of Shellfish Research 28:147-161.

Bruno, J. F., J. J. Stachowicz, and M. D. Bertness. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:119-125.

Buschbaum, C., S. Dittmann, J. S. Hong, I. S. Hwang, M. Strasser, M. Thiel, N. Valdivia, S. P. Yoon, and K. Reise. 2009. Mytilid mussels: global habitat engineers in coastal sediments. Helgoland Marine Research 63:47-58.

Byers, J. E., K. Cuddington, C. G. Jones, T. S. Talley, A. Hastings, J. G. Lambrinos, J. A. Crooks, and W. G. Wilson. 2006. Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:493-500.

Cadée, G., and J. Hegeman. 1974. Primary production of the benthic microflora living on tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research 8:260-291.

Cahn, J. W., and J. E. Hilliard. 1958. Free energy of a nonuniform system. I. Interfacial free energy. The Journal of Chemical Physics 28:258.

117

Capelle, J. J., J. W. Wijsman, T. Schellekens, M. R. van Stralen, P. M. Herman, and A. C. Smaal. 2014. Spatial organisation and biomass development after relaying of mussel seed. Journal of Sea Research 85:395-403.

Carls, M. G., P. M. Harris, and S. D. Rice. 2004. Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Environmental Research 57:359-376.

Carrington, E., G. M. Moeser, S. B. Thompson, L. C. Coutts, and C. A. Craig. 2008. Mussel attachment on rocky shores: the effect of flow on byssus production. Integrative and comparative biology 48:801-807.

Castilla, J. C. 1999. Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:280-283.

Chase, J. M., P. A. Abrams, J. P. Grover, S. Diehl, P. Chesson, R. D. Holt, S. A. Richards, R. M. Nisbet, and T. J. Case. 2002. The interaction between predation and competition: a review and synthesis. Ecology Letters 5:302-315.

Chivian, E. 2001. Environment and health: 7. Species loss and ecosystem disruption—the implications for human health. Canadian Medical Association Journal 164:66-69.

Christianen, M. J., P. M. Herman, T. J. Bouma, L. P. Lamers, M. M. van Katwijk, T. van der Heide, P. J. Mumby, B. R. Silliman, S. L. Engelhard, and M. van de Kerk. 2014. Habitat collapse due to overgrazing threatens turtle conservation in marine protected areas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20132890.

Christianen, M. J. A., J. van Belzen, P. M. J. Herman, M. M. van Katwijk, L. P. M. Lamers, P. J. M. van Leent, and T. J. Bouma. 2013. Low-Canopy Seagrass Beds Still Provide Important Coastal Protection Services. Plos One 8.

Clark, J. D., D. Huber, and C. Servheen. 2002. Bear reintroductions: lessons and challenges. Ursus:335-345.

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Brenner, M., and B. H. Buck. 2010. Attachment properties of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) byssus threads on culture-based artificial collector substrates. Aquacultural Engineering 42:128-139.

Brierley, A. S., and M. J. Kingsford. 2009. Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems. Current Biology 19:R602-R614.

Brinkman, A. G., N. Dankers, and M. van Stralen. 2002. An analysis of mussel bed habitats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 56:59-75.

Brumbaugh, R. D., M. W. Beck, and L. Coen. 2006. A practitioners guide to the design and monitoring of shellfish restoration projects. MRD Educational Report, Arlington, VA.

Brumbaugh, R. D., and L. D. Coen. 2009. Contemporary approaches for small-scale oyster reef restoration to address substrate Versus recruitment limitation: A review and comments relevant for the olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864. Journal of Shellfish Research 28:147-161.

Bruno, J. F., J. J. Stachowicz, and M. D. Bertness. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:119-125.

Buschbaum, C., S. Dittmann, J. S. Hong, I. S. Hwang, M. Strasser, M. Thiel, N. Valdivia, S. P. Yoon, and K. Reise. 2009. Mytilid mussels: global habitat engineers in coastal sediments. Helgoland Marine Research 63:47-58.

Byers, J. E., K. Cuddington, C. G. Jones, T. S. Talley, A. Hastings, J. G. Lambrinos, J. A. Crooks, and W. G. Wilson. 2006. Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:493-500.

Cadée, G., and J. Hegeman. 1974. Primary production of the benthic microflora living on tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Journal of Sea Research 8:260-291.

Cahn, J. W., and J. E. Hilliard. 1958. Free energy of a nonuniform system. I. Interfacial free energy. The Journal of Chemical Physics 28:258.

117

Capelle, J. J., J. W. Wijsman, T. Schellekens, M. R. van Stralen, P. M. Herman, and A. C. Smaal. 2014. Spatial organisation and biomass development after relaying of mussel seed. Journal of Sea Research 85:395-403.

Carls, M. G., P. M. Harris, and S. D. Rice. 2004. Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Environmental Research 57:359-376.

Carrington, E., G. M. Moeser, S. B. Thompson, L. C. Coutts, and C. A. Craig. 2008. Mussel attachment on rocky shores: the effect of flow on byssus production. Integrative and comparative biology 48:801-807.

Castilla, J. C. 1999. Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:280-283.

Chase, J. M., P. A. Abrams, J. P. Grover, S. Diehl, P. Chesson, R. D. Holt, S. A. Richards, R. M. Nisbet, and T. J. Case. 2002. The interaction between predation and competition: a review and synthesis. Ecology Letters 5:302-315.

Chivian, E. 2001. Environment and health: 7. Species loss and ecosystem disruption—the implications for human health. Canadian Medical Association Journal 164:66-69.

Christianen, M. J., P. M. Herman, T. J. Bouma, L. P. Lamers, M. M. van Katwijk, T. van der Heide, P. J. Mumby, B. R. Silliman, S. L. Engelhard, and M. van de Kerk. 2014. Habitat collapse due to overgrazing threatens turtle conservation in marine protected areas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20132890.

Christianen, M. J. A., J. van Belzen, P. M. J. Herman, M. M. van Katwijk, L. P. M. Lamers, P. J. M. van Leent, and T. J. Bouma. 2013. Low-Canopy Seagrass Beds Still Provide Important Coastal Protection Services. Plos One 8.

Clark, J. D., D. Huber, and C. Servheen. 2002. Bear reintroductions: lessons and challenges. Ursus:335-345.

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Clark, S., and A. J. Edwards. 1995. Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs 14:201-213.

Clark, S., and A. J. Edwards. 1999. An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9:5-21.

Cocito, S. 2004. Bioconstruction and biodiversity: their mutual influence. Scientia Marina 68:137-144.

Colborn, T., F. S. vom Saal, and A. M. Soto. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental health perspectives 101:378.

Costanza, R., B. G. Norton, and B. D. Haskell. 1992. Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management. Island Press.

Crain, C. M., and M. D. Bertness. 2006. Ecosystem engineering across environmental gradients: Implications for conservation and management. Bioscience 56:211-218.

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Dai, A. 2011. Drought under global warming: a review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2:45-65.

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Dankers, N., and K. Koelemaij. 1989. Variations in the mussel population of the Dutch Wadden Sea in relation to monitoring of other ecological parameters. Helgoland Marine Research 43:529-535.

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de Jager, M., F. J. Weissing, P. M. J. Herman, B. A. Nolet, and J. van de Koppel. 2011. Lévy walks evolve through interaction between movement and environmental complexity. Science 332:1551-1553.

de Paoli, H., J. van de Koppel, E. van der Zee, A. Kangeri, J. van Belzen, S. Holthuijsen, A. van den Berg, P. Herman, H. Olff, and T. van der Heide. 2015. Processes limiting mussel bed restoration in the Wadden-Sea. Journal of Sea Research 103:42-49.

Dekker, R. 1989. The macrozoobenthos of the subtidal western dutch wadden sea. I. Biomass and species richness. Journal of Sea Research 23:57-68.

Dijkema, K. S. 1991. Towards a habitat map of the Netherlands, German and Danish Wadden Sea. Ocean and Shoreline Management 16:1-21.

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Donker, J. 2015. Hydrodynamic processes and the stability of intertidal mussel beds in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Utrecht Studies in Earth Sciences:1-134.

Donker, J., M. van der Vegt, and P. Hoekstra. 2013. Wave forcing over an intertidal mussel bed. Journal of Sea Research 82:54-66.

Drew, G. A. 1907. The habits and movements of the razorshell clam, Ensis Directus, Con. The Biological Bulletin 12:127-140.

Duarte, C. M. 2002. The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental conservation 29:192-206.

Duarte, C. M., W. C. Dennison, R. J. Orth, and T. J. Carruthers. 2008. The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts 31:233-238.

Dunson, W. A., and J. Travis. 1991. The role of abiotic factors in community organization. American Naturalist:1067-1091.

Durant, J. M., D. O. Hjermann, G. Ottersen, and N. C. Stenseth. 2007. Climate and the match or mismatch between predator requirements and resource availability. Climate Research 33:271-283.

Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, and R. D. Stuart-Smith. 2009. Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features otherwise absent from seascapes. Ecological Applications 19:1967-1974.

Edgar, G. J., G. R. Russ, and R. C. Babcock. 2007. Marine protected areas. Marine Ecology:533-555.

Edgar, G. J., and C. R. Samson. 2004. Catastrophic decline in mollusc diversity in Eastern Tasmania and its concurrence with shellfish fisheries. Conservation Biology 18:1579-1588.

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Eggleston, D. B. 1990. Foraging Behavior of the Blue Crab, Callinectes Sapidus, on Juvenile Oysters, Crassostrea Virginica: Effects of Prey Density and Size. Bulletin of Marine Science 46:62-82.

Ehrenfeld, J. G., and L. A. Toth. 1997. Restoration ecology and the ecosystem perspective. Restoration Ecology 5:307-317.

Ehrlich, P. R. 1991. Biodiversity studies: science and policy. Science 253:758-762.

Eklof, J. S., T. van der Heide, S. Donadi, E. M. van der Zee, R. O'Hara, and B. K. Eriksson. 2011. Habitat-mediated facilitation and counteracting ecosystem engineering interactively influence ecosystem responses to disturbance. Plos One 6.

Elliott, M., and K. L. Hemingway. 2008. Fishes in estuaries. John Wiley & Sons.

Ellison, J. C., and D. R. Stoddart. 1991. Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise: Holocene analogues and implications. Journal of Coastal Research:151-165.

Elner, R. W. 1978. The mechanics of predation by the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), on the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis. Oecologia 36:333-344.

Emanuel, K., R. Sundararajan, and J. Williams. 2008. Hurricanes and global warming: Results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89:347-367.

Ens, B., and D. Alting. 1997. The effect of an experimentally created mussel bed on bird densities and food intake of the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. Oceanographic Literature Review 9:1017.

Ens, B., A. Smaal, and J. De Vlas. 2004. The effects of shellfish fishery on the ecosystems of the Dutch Wadden Sea and Oosterschelde. Rijkswaterstaat, RIKZ.

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Fariñas-Franco, J. M., and D. Roberts. 2014. Early faunal successional patterns in artificial reefs used for restoration of impacted biogenic habitats. Hydrobiologia 727:75-94.

Fariñas‐Franco, J. M., W. G. Sanderson, and D. Roberts. 2016. Phenotypic differences may limit the potential for habitat restoration involving species translocation: a case study of shape ecophenotypes in different populations of Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26:76-94.

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Friedrichs, C., and D. Aubrey. 1996. Uniform bottom shear stress and equilibrium hyposometry of intertidal flats. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 50:405-429.

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Gaylord, B., M. W. Denny, and M. A. Koehl. 2003. Modulation of wave forces on kelp canopies by alongshore currents. Limnology and Oceanography 48:860-871.

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Eppinga, M. B., P. C. de Ruiter, M. J. Wassen, and M. Rietkerk. 2009. Nutrients and hydrology indicate the driving mechanisms of peatland surface patterning. American Naturalist 173:803-818.

Eriksson, B. K., T. van der Heide, J. van de Koppel, T. Piersma, H. W. van der Veer, and H. Olff. 2010. Major changes in the ecology of the Wadden Sea: Human impacts, ecosystem engineering and sediment dynamics. Ecosystems 13:752-764.

Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics:487-515.

Fariñas-Franco, J. M., L. Allcock, D. Smyth, and D. Roberts. 2013. Community convergence and recruitment of keystone species as performance indicators of artificial reefs. Journal of Sea Research 78:59-74.

Fariñas-Franco, J. M., and D. Roberts. 2014. Early faunal successional patterns in artificial reefs used for restoration of impacted biogenic habitats. Hydrobiologia 727:75-94.

Fariñas‐Franco, J. M., W. G. Sanderson, and D. Roberts. 2016. Phenotypic differences may limit the potential for habitat restoration involving species translocation: a case study of shape ecophenotypes in different populations of Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26:76-94.

Flemming, B., and M. Delafontaine. 1994. Biodeposition in a juvenile mussel bed of the East Frisian Wadden Sea (southern North Sea). Netherland Journal of Aquatic Ecology 28:289-297.

Folmer, E. O., J. Drent, K. Troost, H. Büttger, N. Dankers, J. Jansen, M. van Stralen, G. Millat, M. Herlyn, and C. J. Philippart. 2014. Large-scale spatial dynamics of intertidal mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) bed coverage in the German and Dutch Wadden Sea. Ecosystems 17:550-566.

Fonseca, M. S., and J. A. Cahalan. 1992. A preliminary evaluation of wave attenuation by four species of seagrass. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 35:565-576.

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Fonseca, M. S., W. J. Kenworthy, and G. W. Thayer. 1998. Guidelines for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United States and adjacent waters. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coastal Ocean Office.

Fortes, M. D. 1991. Seagrass-mangrove ecosystems management: A key to marine coastal conservation in the ASEAN region. Marine Pollution Bulletin 23:113-116.

Foster, D., G. King, P. Glaser, and H. Wright. 1983. Origin of string patterns in boreal peatlands. Nature 306.

France, R. L. 1997. The importance of beaver lodges in structuring littoral communities in boreal headwater lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1009-1013.

Fretwell, S. D., and J. S. Calver. 1969. On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. Acta biotheoretica 19:37-44.

Friedland, M. T., and M. W. Denny. 1995. Surviving hydrodynamic forces in a wave-swept environment: consequences of morphology in the feather boa kelp, Egregia menziesii (Turner). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 190:109-133.

Friedrichs, C., and D. Aubrey. 1996. Uniform bottom shear stress and equilibrium hyposometry of intertidal flats. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 50:405-429.

Gascoigne, J., and R. N. Lipcius. 2004. Allee effects in marine systems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 269:49-59.

Gaylord, B., M. W. Denny, and M. A. Koehl. 2003. Modulation of wave forces on kelp canopies by alongshore currents. Limnology and Oceanography 48:860-871.

Geber, M. A., and V. M. Eckhart. 2005. Experimental studies of adaptation in Clarkia xantiana: II. Fitness variation across a subspecies border. Evolution 59:521-531.

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Geraldi, N. R., M. Simpson, S. R. Fegley, P. Holmlund, and C. H. Peterson. 2013. Addition of juvenile oysters fails to enhance oyster reef development in Pamlico Sound. Marine Ecology Progress Series 480:119-129.

Gilad, E., J. von Hardenberg, A. Provenzale, M. Shachak, and E. Meron. 2004. Ecosystem engineers: From pattern formation to habitat creation. Physical Review Letters 93:098105.

Goreau, T. J., and R. K. Trench. 2012. Innovative methods of marine ecosystem restoration. CRC Press.

Green, E. E. P., and F. T. Short. 2003. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Pr.

Griffith, B., J. M. Scott, J. W. Carpenter, and C. Reed. 1989. Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245:477-480.

Groot, R. S., J. Blignaut, S. Ploeg, J. Aronson, T. Elmqvist, and J. Farley. 2013. Benefits of investing in ecosystem restoration. Conservation Biology 27:1286-1293.

Gross, F., and J. C. Smyth. 1946. The decline of oyster populations. Nature 157:540-542.

Gutiérrez, J. L., C. G. Jones, D. L. Strayer, and O. O. Iribarne. 2003. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos 101:79-90.

Halpern, B. S., B. R. Silliman, J. D. Olden, J. P. Bruno, and M. D. Bertness. 2007. Incorporating positive interactions in aquatic restoration and conservation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:153-160.

Halpern, B. S., S. Walbridge, K. A. Selkoe, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, C. D'Agrosa, J. F. Bruno, K. S. Casey, C. Ebert, H. E. Fox, R. Fujita, D. Heinemann, H. S. Lenihan, E. M. P. Madin, M. T. Perry, E. R. Selig, M. Spalding, R. Steneck, and R. Watson. 2008. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319:948-952.

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Geraldi, N. R., M. Simpson, S. R. Fegley, P. Holmlund, and C. H. Peterson. 2013. Addition of juvenile oysters fails to enhance oyster reef development in Pamlico Sound. Marine Ecology Progress Series 480:119-129.

Gilad, E., J. von Hardenberg, A. Provenzale, M. Shachak, and E. Meron. 2004. Ecosystem engineers: From pattern formation to habitat creation. Physical Review Letters 93:098105.

Goreau, T. J., and R. K. Trench. 2012. Innovative methods of marine ecosystem restoration. CRC Press.

Green, E. E. P., and F. T. Short. 2003. World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Pr.

Griffith, B., J. M. Scott, J. W. Carpenter, and C. Reed. 1989. Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245:477-480.

Groot, R. S., J. Blignaut, S. Ploeg, J. Aronson, T. Elmqvist, and J. Farley. 2013. Benefits of investing in ecosystem restoration. Conservation Biology 27:1286-1293.

Gross, F., and J. C. Smyth. 1946. The decline of oyster populations. Nature 157:540-542.

Gutiérrez, J. L., C. G. Jones, D. L. Strayer, and O. O. Iribarne. 2003. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos 101:79-90.

Halpern, B. S., B. R. Silliman, J. D. Olden, J. P. Bruno, and M. D. Bertness. 2007. Incorporating positive interactions in aquatic restoration and conservation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:153-160.

Halpern, B. S., S. Walbridge, K. A. Selkoe, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, C. D'Agrosa, J. F. Bruno, K. S. Casey, C. Ebert, H. E. Fox, R. Fujita, D. Heinemann, H. S. Lenihan, E. M. P. Madin, M. T. Perry, E. R. Selig, M. Spalding, R. Steneck, and R. Watson. 2008. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319:948-952.

125

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Salafsky, N., R. Margoluis, K. H. Redford, and J. G. Robinson. 2002. Improving the practice of conservation: a conceptual framework and research agenda for conservation science. Conservation Biology 16:1469-1479.

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Schindler, D. W. 1998. A dim future for boreal waters and landscapes. Bioscience:157-164.

Schulte, D. M., R. P. Burke, and R. N. Lipcius. 2009. Unprecedented restoration of a native oyster metapopulation. Science 325:1124-1128.

Seed, R. 1968. Factors influencing shell shape in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 48:561-584.

Seed, R. 1969. The ecology of Mytilus edulis L.(Lamellibranchiata) on exposed rocky shores. Oecologia 3:277-316.

Seed, R. 1996. Patterns of biodiversity in the macro-invertebrate fauna associated with mussel patches on rocky shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76:203-210.

Sexton, J. P., P. J. McIntyre, A. L. Angert, and K. J. Rice. 2009. Evolution and ecology of species range limits. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 40:415-436.

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Silliman, B. R., E. Schrack, Q. He, R. Cope, A. Santoni, T. van der Heide, R. Jacobi, M. Jacobi, and J. van de Koppel. 2015. Facilitation shifts paradigms and

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can amplify coastal restoration efforts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:14295-14300.

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Smith, D. W., R. O. Peterson, and D. B. Houston. 2003. Yellowstone after wolves. Bioscience 53:330-340.

Smith, L., and J. Jennings. 2000. Induced defensive responses by the bivalve Mytilus edulis to predators with different attack modes. Marine Biology 136:461-469.

Smith, S. D. A., M. J. Rule, M. Harrison, and S. J. Dalton. 2008. Monitoring the sea change: Preliminary assessment of the conservation value of nearshore reefs, and existing impacts, in a high-growth, coastal region of subtropical eastern Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:525-534.

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Southworth, M., and R. Mann. 1998. Oyster reef broodstock enhancement in the Great Wicomico River, Virginia. Journal of Shellfish Research 17:1101-1114.

Stachowicz, J. J. 2001. Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of ecological communities. Bioscience 51:235-246.

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Suding, K. N. 2011. Toward an era of restoration in ecology: Successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 42:465-487.

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Suding, K. N. 2011. Toward an era of restoration in ecology: Successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 42:465-487.

Temmerman, S., G. Govers, S. Wartel, and P. Meire. 2003. Spatial and temporal factors controlling short‐term sedimentation in a salt and freshwater tidal marsh, Scheldt estuary, Belgium, SW Netherlands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28:739-755.

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Trussell, G. C. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail: the role of a common crab predator. Evolution:448-454.

Tucker, M. J., and E. G. Pitt. 2001. Waves in ocean engineering.

Valiela, I., J. Bowen, and J. York. 2001. Mangrove forests: One of the world's threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51:807-815.

van Beusekom, J. E. 2005. A historic perspective on Wadden Sea eutrophication. Helgoland Marine Research 59:45-54.

van de Koppel, J., and C. M. Crain. 2006. Scale‐dependent inhibition drives regular tussock spacing in a freshwater marsh. American Naturalist 168:E136-E147.

van de Koppel, J., J. C. Gascoigne, G. Theraulaz, M. Rietkerk, W. M. Mooij, and P. M. J. Herman. 2008. Experimental evidence for spatial self-organization and its emergent effects in mussel bed ecosystems. Science 322:739-742.

van de Koppel, J., P. M. J. Herman, P. Thoolen, and C. H. R. Heip. 2001. Do alternate stable states occur in natural ecosystems? Evidence from a tidal flat. Ecology 82:3449-3461.

van de Koppel, J., M. Rietkerk, N. Dankers, and P. M. J. Herman. 2005. Scale-dependent feedback and regular spatial patterns in young mussel beds. American Naturalist 165:E66-E77.

137

van der Heide, T., T. J. Bouma, E. H. Van Nes, J. Van De Koppel, M. Scheffer, J. G. Roelofs, M. M. Van Katwijk, and A. J. Smolders. 2010. Spatial self-organized patterning in seagrasses along a depth gradient of an intertidal ecosystem. Ecology 91:362-369.

van der Heide, T., L. L. Govers, J. de Fouw, H. Olff, M. van der Geest, M. M. van Katwijk, T. Piersma, J. van de Koppel, B. R. Silliman, and A. J. Smolders. 2012. A three-stage symbiosis forms the foundation of seagrass ecosystems. Science 336:1432-1434.

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van Leeuwen, B. 2008. Modeling mussel bed influence on fine sediment dynamics on a Wadden Sea intertidal flat. Master thesis. University of Twente.

van Rijn, L. C., H. van Rossum, and P. Termes. 1990. Field verification of 2-D and 3-D suspended-sediment models. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 116:1270-1288.

wa Kangeri, A. K., J. M. Jansen, B. R. Barkman, J. J. A. Donker, D. J. Joppe, and N. M. J. A. Dankers. 2014. Perturbation induced changes in substrate use by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, in sedimentary systems. Journal of Sea Research 85:233-240.

Waite, J. H., X.-X. Qin, and K. J. Coyne. 1998. The peculiar collagens of mussel byssus. Matrix Biology 17:93-106.

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Wang, Z., T. Louters, and H. De Vriend. 1995. Morphodynamic modelling for a tidal inlet in the Wadden Sea. Marine Geology 126:289-300.

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Weerman, E. J., J. Van de Koppel, M. B. Eppinga, F. Montserrat, Q. X. Liu, and P. M. Herman. 2010. Spatial self‐organization on intertidal mudflats through biophysical stress divergence. American Naturalist 176:E15-E32.

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Wolff, W. J. 2000. Causes of extirpations in the Wadden Sea, an estuarine area in the Netherlands. Conservation Biology 14:876-885.

Wolff, W. J. 2005. The exploitation of living resources in the Dutch Wadden Sea: a historical overview. Helgoland Marine Research 59:31-38.

Young, G. A. 1985. Byssus-thread formation by the mussels Mytilus-eludis - Effects of environmental factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 24:261-271.

Young, T. P. 2000. Restoration ecology and conservation biology. Biological Conservation 92:73-83.

Zedler, J. B. 2000. Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:402-407.

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Wang, Z., T. Louters, and H. De Vriend. 1995. Morphodynamic modelling for a tidal inlet in the Wadden Sea. Marine Geology 126:289-300.

Weaver, J. 1978. The wolves of Yellowstone. [Washington, DC]: US Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service.

Weerman, E. J., P. M. Herman, and J. Van de Koppel. 2011. Top-down control inhibits spatial self-organization of a patterned landscape. Ecology 92:487-495.

Weerman, E. J., J. Van de Koppel, M. B. Eppinga, F. Montserrat, Q. X. Liu, and P. M. Herman. 2010. Spatial self‐organization on intertidal mudflats through biophysical stress divergence. American Naturalist 176:E15-E32.

Witman, J. D., and T. H. Suchanek. 1984. Mussels in flow: drag and dislodgement by epizoans. Marine Ecology Progress Series 16:259-268.

Wolff, W. J. 2000. Causes of extirpations in the Wadden Sea, an estuarine area in the Netherlands. Conservation Biology 14:876-885.

Wolff, W. J. 2005. The exploitation of living resources in the Dutch Wadden Sea: a historical overview. Helgoland Marine Research 59:31-38.

Young, G. A. 1985. Byssus-thread formation by the mussels Mytilus-eludis - Effects of environmental factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 24:261-271.

Young, T. P. 2000. Restoration ecology and conservation biology. Biological Conservation 92:73-83.

Zedler, J. B. 2000. Progress in wetland restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:402-407.

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