University of Groningen

Exercise behaviourUitenbroek, Daan Gerard

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Publication date:1995

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Index

19th century 58, 70, 139,140, 142

19th century the 5720th century 70, 139, 140Abel 90Accident 159Accidents 75ADL-score 65Adolescents 19Advice 72, 124Aerobic 59Aerobic fitness 67Aerobic fitness and 67Aerobics 27, 37, 38, 47Affective disorders 123Aggregate data 45Aging 65, 67, 137, 148, 149Aging and Exercise 64Aging and health 65Aging effects 31AIDS/HIV 151Alcohol 93, 95, 96, 103Alcohol use 58, 91, 93, 97,

104Aldrich 35, 160Alexander 76Alienation 125, 139Amenities 118America 33, 39American 21, 93, 158American and 29Amplitude 45Analysis 160Analysis by age 86Anderson 42, 51, 52Annual incidence rates 80Arthritis 68, 72Asthma 123Astrand 10, 55, 90Attitudes 116, 126, 128, 144Attitudes towards 118Australian 108Awareness 120Barrier 80, 87Barriers 128Basmajian 64, 68Bauman 108Behavioural Change 122,

126, 127Behavioural epidemiology 19Behavioural factors 90Benefits 128, 142, 147

Biddle 109Biological powers 58Biomedical measurements 135Blackburn 18, 90Blair 78, 90, 107Blood pressure 63, 71, 94,

101, 102, 140,159

Blood pressure check 103Blumenfield 70, 124BMA 77-79BMI 94, 98-100Body building effort. 60Bone mineral density 67Bone mineral mass

change 67Bowel functioning 67BRFS 158Britain 20, 64, 103, 108British 28British cities 18British Telecom 152Brooks 33, 108Calcium 68Campostrini 152Canada 33Canadian 21, 24, 29, 92,

158Canadian Health 29Cardiopulmonary fitness 23Cardiovascular disease 42,

90Carroll 63Caspersen 108, 158CASRO 154Casualty departments

shows 76Catastrophic Sports

Injury 75Categorization 22Categorizations 158CATI 151CATI data 155, 157CDC 93, 158Change 15, 34, 39, 138Changes 57Changes in fitness 112Changes in health 112Changing lifestyle 127CHD 60CHD mortality 20Chief Scientist Office VChildcare 125, 126

170

Children 19Choice VI, 10Cholesterol 63Chronic disease 148Chronic diseases 64, 122,

142Chronic health problems 67Cigarette smoking 62Cigarettes 93Classification 22Climate 50Climatological society 59Clinical environment 144Clinical rehabilitation 64Clustered 153Clustering 153Cockerham 90Cohort 31Cohort effects 31, 137Comments 118, 119, 121, 125,

131Community 58, 125Community development 125Community integration 125Condom 102Condom use 101, 102Condoms 101, 159Contemplating 120Continuous data 135Cooper 108Coping 63, 124Coronary events 42Coronary health 62, 71Coronary health and 61Coronary heart 123Coronary Heart Disease 60,

63, 70, 91Coronary morbidity V, 140Cosinor 44Cosinor analysis 44Coverage 155, 156Coverage problems 155Cue 109, 116Cue to 107, 116Culture of denial 86Cultures 90Curfman 55, 71Curry 86Cycling 27, 38, 47, 58, 76Daily activities 65, 66Dannenberg 41, 62Definition 21, 22, 24, 158Definition of 69Dennis 64Dependence 66, 67Depression 123

Development 57DHHS 19, 108Diet 103, 127, 128, 141Diffusion theories are 39Disability 123, 124, 132Disease 132Disease prevention 55Disease rehabilitation 63Disease situation 124Dishman 20, 30, 75, 80, 119Douglas 42Drinker 90Drinkwater 67Drowning while swimming 78Duda 109, 119Dullness 70Dummy variable coded 34Dummy variables 34Dynamic perspective 14Dzewaltowski 109Eastwood 51, 52, 117Eating behaviours 58, 98,

104Eating behaviours, 91Economic and Social

Research Coun-cil V

Economic growth 144Economy 15, 65, 138Edinburgh 18Elderly 132Elford 20Eligibility, 154Eligible 153, 154Emergency departments

tend 76Emergency medical care 79Empty cells 102Endurance 67Energy expenditure 23Enjoyment 119Environmental influ-

ences VIEpidemiological 61, 104Epidemiological answers 56E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l

research 90Epidemiological studies 62Epidemiologists 56Epidemiology 60, 70, 140,

145, 148Epstein 141ESRC V, 151Etiology 63European tradition VExchange code 152

171

Exchange codes 153Exercise 3Exercise historians 57Exercise injury rates 84Exercise paradox 142E x e r c i s e r e l a t e d

injuries 86Expectations 64, 65Eyler 58Face-to-face survey 155Facilitating factors 126Facilities 122, 125, 127,

131, 132, 141Facilities. 132Facilities, 137Farrell 68Fatalities 76Fear arousing messages 146Females 24, 49Finland 32Finland, 39Finnish 21, 33, 76, 108Fit 45Fitness 67, 109, 111-113,

115, 119Fitness changes 112Fitzgerald 69Fletcher 158Footbal 27, 28Ford 89Fowler 3Fractures 67, 72Fries 68Frostbite 78Functional abilities 66Functional performance

(Kempen, 66Funding bodies VGardening 21, 38, 82, 159Gauvin 119Gender d i f fe rences

between 26Generational effects 30German 33Getzen 64Gezondheid 161GHS 155Giddens 58Glanz 127, 132Glasgow, 1993 18Glim 45, 160Godin 109, 119Goldberg 123Goldman 73, 141Golf 27, 28, 30, 47, 48, 159

Goodness-of-fit statis-tics 45

Green 58, 90Green ideas 140Guidelines 21, 72Habit 42Hansen 141Haskell 63Health 55, 56, 61, 109,

111-115, 131,140

Health and fitness 112Health aspects 134, 139Health behaviour 90Health behaviours 90, 91,

104, 145, 148Health belief model 109Health benefits 142Health benefits of 57Health care 64Health damage 86Health education 128, 132Health Education Board

Scotland VHealth information 118, 122Health informed life-

style 145, 148Health informed life-

styles 145Health lifestyle 145, 148Health policy 62, 117, 139,

147-149Health policy (Cooper,

1991; 108Health policy develop-

ment 55Health problem 76Health promotion 14, 15,

55, 62, 71, 87,108, 109, 117,118, 128, 130,139, 146, 147,

149, 151Health promotion and 55Health promotion. 148Health reasons 69Health risk 74Health risks 119Health survey 151Healthy policy 139Heart attack 61Heart condition 123Heart disease 140Heart muscle was 59Heath 30Heatstroke 78

172

HEBS V, 151Helmert 33High density lipoprotein 63Hip fractures (Jaglai, 68Historical 136, 138Historical analysis of 70Historical context 57Historical developments 70,

136Historical studies 125HMSO-CSO 64Hofstetter 75, 78, 80Hogelin 93Holidays 10, 127Hopkins 18Household 153Household composition 153Household sampling 156Household weighing 156Households 155Human behaviour 148Image 132Inability 122Inappropriate activity 119Inclusion in 154Individual circumstances 131Individual differences 138Ineligible 153Ineligible cases 154Ineligible numbers 154Infectious diseases 60Information 128, 132Inhibiting factors VIInjuries 142Injury 159Injury prone 80Injury questions 80Injury rate 85Injury risk 78, 86Instrumental ADL 65Interrelated health

behaviours 90Interventions 146Jacobsen 51, 117Jaglai 68Johnson 78Joint 68Joints 68Kelly 78Kempen 66Kenny 44Keyword search program 121Kickbush 90Kiely 62King 76Klint 75, 80

Koplan 77, 78, 119Laerum 66, 69Lamb 61Laporte 76LaVecchia 20Law 64Leisure time behaviour 61Lemmens 93Lethwaite 119Levy 132Lichamelijke beweging 161Lifestyle 16, 62, 90, 104,

122, 128, 141,145, 151

Lifestyle and 50Lifestyle and health 62Lifestyles 15, 148Linear regression 35Literature review 75Livengood 71Log-linear analysis 97, 99Logistic regression 94, 160Logistic regression

takes 35London 18, 154, 155London Transport Execu-

tive 61Loneliness 132Low fat 98, 99Low fat spread 99Low-fat spread 100Lowenthal 55, 66Magnus 41, 42, 50, 52Males 24, 48Manton 64Marcus 109, 120Marti 21, 32, 33, 90, 108Marzouk 64Mason 10, 18, 19, 55, 107,

108Mass phenomenon 10Mathes 109, 119McDowall 34McGinnis 108McLeroy 13McQuail 13McQueen 90, 152, 155Mechanic 70, 124Medical 139Medical approach 70Medical aspects 143Medical burden of 77Medical costs 64Medical developments 143Medical journals 59Medical knowledge 55

173

Medical knowledge pro-vides 54

Medical Officer 61Medical perspective 54, 70,

148Medical perspective on 59Medical profession 56Medical professionals 124Medical records 79Medical research 140, 144Medical sciences 56Medical sociologists 144Medical terminology 70Medical thinking 140Medical treatment 76Medical treatment or 85Memory function 65MET 23Metabolic equivalents 23Methodological 152Methodological ideal 22METS 23, 28, 30, 135METS-scores 137Meyers 66Middle classes 58Minor 69Minor injuries 86Misconception 69Misperceptions 132Model fits 45Modernization 136, 138Mood fluctuations 51Morbidity 62Morbidity statistics 79Morris 61, 63Mortality 75, 80Mortality rate 20Motivating VIMotives 131Mueller 76Muscular exercises where 59Najem 73Natural balance 58NCHS 80, 158Nelson 44, 51, 117Neurasthenia 58, 70New technology 64Nixon 86Non-working 154Norms 127, 143Nowak 132Number injured 82Number of cases 45, 155Number of cells 45Number of sexual 103Numbers of accidents 81

Numbers of injured 81Numbers of partners 101Objectives 158Occupational activity 62Occupational

categories135,155

Occupational category 24Occupational groups 136Occupational physical

activity 61Occupational status 156Odds-ratios 95Oestrogen replacement 68Official statistics 86Old age 67, 71Ontario 76Ooms 68OPCS 157, 159Opinion 132Opinions 126Opinions toward exer-

cise 131Orthopaedic beds are 64Osteoporosis 64, 67, 72Ostrow 119Ostry 58Overtime changes 148Overuse 76Overuse injuries 77Oxygen supply to 63P-value 160Paffenbarger 57Panush 68Paradigm 132Park 57, 58Parker 10Past experiences 124Patient treatment 55Patients 64, 144Pelletier 76Perceived health 146Perception 86, 107, 109,

112Perry 109Personality 145Personality typologies 144Perspectives 132, 148Phase 46PhD VPhysical activities

which 38Physical appearance, 119Physical inability 124Physical weaknesses 58

174

Physically demandingoccupations 61

Physiological strength 69Physiological stress 63Physiotherapy 64Pickard 76Pietroni 70Political interests 146Popular perception 59, 70Population projections 64Powell 30, 61, 108, 123, 158Preventive behaviour 94Preventive behaviours 91,

103Previous studies 23Probing 119Project funding 92Psychiatric health there 42Psychological 11, 13, 14,

42, 55, 58, 63,90, 116, 117, 120,

127, 131Psychological weaknesses

were 58Psychology 144Public health 56, 70, 71,

139, 142Qualitative 45Qualitative comments 158Qualitative opinions 118Question change 35, 37, 135Question wording 32Questionnaire 158Questionnaire, 159Racquet sports 79Random digit dialling 152Random procedure 152-154Rare events 79Recall period 80Recommendation 23Recommendations 55, 148Recreatieve sport 161Recreation 57Refusals 154Regional differences 20Regression analysis 34Rehabilitation 64Religious obligations 10Remington 93, 158Research questions 61Respiratory diseases 123Response rate 154Rheumatic 71Rheumatic diseases 64Richards 67Riley 119

Rimer 127Rising crime 58Risk 75Risk factors and 90Risks 142Roberts 10Rogers 39Rosenstock 109, 127Ross 89RUHBC V, 42, 109, 152RUHBC-CATI 151RUHBC-CATI question-

naire, 159RUHBC-CATI survey 152-154Running 27, 47, 68, 78, 159Safety 52Salience 109, 120, 146Salience of health 116Salient opinions 148Sallis 75, 80Salt 98, 159Salt users, 93Sample changes 34Sample frame 155Sample surveys 79Sampling 153Sampling procedure 152Sampling procedure and VISandelin 76Scale parameter 45Schoenborn 21, 30, 93, 158Schuman 40Scientific groups 132Scientific traditions 65Scientists 132Scotland 135, 151, 152, 155Scotland has 20Scott 71Scottish Home and Health

Department VSeasonal 116Seasonal change 138Seasonal variation 41, 135,

138Seasonality 135Seatbelt 101, 102Seatbelt use 91, 103Seatbelts 94, 159Sebold 154Serfass 123Serious accidents 75Settings 12Sexual behaviour 91, 101Sexual behaviours 92Sexual partners 91, 94, 145SHEG 151

175

Shephard 57, 61, 67, 69, 90Sherman 63SHHD 151Sigfusson 73Simple random 152Sinaki 64, 68Smith 76Smokers 90Smoking 91, 93, 95, 96, 104,

141Smoking behaviour and 63Snow 59Soames Job 146Soccer 11, 75, 78Social 104Social class 97Social classes 59, 136, 137Social deprivation 62Social developments 57Social functioning 127Social groups 143Social norm 69Social norms 137Social participation 127Social pressure 69Social Science 143Social sciences 132, 134Social success 127Social-science knowl-

edge. 144S o c i o - p s y c h o l o g i c a l

models 109Sociological 13, 14, 42, 65,

72, 90, 135, 143,144, 145

Sociology 56, 120, 139, 144Sociology of medicine 139Spector 66Spirits 93, 159Sport 121SPSS-X 160Stableforth 78Stages of change model 109Standard errors 35Statistical analysis 23Statistical description 134Statistical fit 45Stephens 18, 20, 21, 23, 24,

30, 33, 89, 93Stop exercising 86Strain injuries 78Stromme 10, 55, 62, 123, 136Struna 125Sullivan 108Support 124Survey questions 119

Survey research 79Survey weights 155Sustaining injuries 82, 86Suter 42, 117Sutton 146Suurmeijer 66Swimming 21, 27, 37, 38,

47, 48, 50, 75,77, 78, 86

Swiss 21, 32Sytkowski 73T-value 160Table elaboration 115Tamm 70Tappe 109, 119Target 108Targets 19Targets for the year

2000 19, 20Tator 76Technological develop-

ment 62, 144Technological develop-

ments 143Telephone 152, 153, 155Telephone coverage 155,

156, 158Telephone exchange area 157Telephone interviewing 153Telephone numbers 154Telephone ownership 155,

156Telephone survey 155Telephone survey method-

ology, 151Tennis 27, 38, 76, 79Tennis elbow 79The individual 58Theodorakis 109Theory 13, 116Theory application 13Theory of reasoned

action 109Tong 44Tracy 141Treatment 59, 76Trend 38Trends 32, 45Tsementzis 42, 51, 52Turner-Warwick 123Type ’A’ personality 144Typology 145U.S. 64Uitenbroek 33, 45, 50, 80,

94, 108, 117,120, 152, 155,

176

160United States 108Unknown 153Urban areas 108Values 143Veblen 10Venereal diseases 101Verbatim comments 118Vitulli 75, 80, 109, 119Vuori 18, 19, 108Waksberg 153Walkers 37Walking 18, 19, 27, 28, 37,

38, 40, 47, 57,59, 65, 66, 68,

71, 76, 108Wankel 119Wehr 51, 117Weight 91, 94, 98-100, 103Weight losing behaviour 99Weights 155Well being 10Wellbeing 69, 127, 131WHO guidelines 21Williams 59Wilmore 19, 108Wine 93, 159Work related 130Workplace 130Workplace might 62Young 66, 6719th century 60, 61, 73, 142, 143, 14520th century 73, 142, 143

Abel 94accidents (see injuries) 78, 163ADL-score 68adolescents 20advice (see target) 75, 127aerobic 62- fitness 70aerobics 28, 38, 39, 49affective disorders 126aging 68, 70, 140, 151, 152- and exercise 67- effects 32AIDS/HIV 155alcohol use 61, 94, 95, 97

99-101, 107, 108Aldrich 36, 164Alexander 79alienation 128, 142amenities (see facilities) 121amplitude (see seasonality) 47analysis (see survey) 164- by age 89Anderson 44, 53, 54arthritis (see rheumatic) 71, 75asthma 126Astrand 10, 58, 94attitudes 119, 121, 129, 131, 147Australian 112

awareness 123

barriers 83, 89, 131Basmajian 67, 71Bauman 112behavioural 125, 129, 130- epidemiology 20- factors 94benefits 131, 145, 150Biddle 113biomedical measurements 138Blackburn 20, 94Blair 81, 94, 111blood pressure 66, 74, 98

105-107, 143, 163Blumenfield 73, 127BMA 80-82BMI (see weight) 98, 102-104bone mineral density 70bowel functioning 70BRFS 162Britain 19, 21, 29, 67, 107, 112British 29- cities 19- Telecom 156Brooks 34, 112

calcium (see bone) 71Campostrini 156Canada 22, 25, 30, 34, 96, 162cardiopulmonary fitness 24cardiovascular disease 44, 63, 94, 130- mortality 21Carroll 66Caspersen 112, 162CASRO 158CATI (see RUHBC) 155-159, 161, 163CDC 97, 162changes 116- in health 116- in lifestyle 130Chief Scientist Office Vchildcare 128, 129children 20cholesterol 66chronic diseases 67, 70, 125, 145, 151cigarette smoking (see smok-

ing) 65, 97climate (see seasonal) 52climatological society 62clinical environment 147- rehabilitation 67clustering (see health behav-

iours) 157Cockerham 94cohort 31- effects 32, 140comments 121, 122, 124, 128, 134community development 128condom use (see sexual)105, 106, 163continuous data 138Cooper 112coping 66, 127coronary (see cardiovascular) 44- health 64, 65, 74- heart disease 62-66, 73, 95, 126, 143cosinor analysis 46coverage (see sample) 159, 160cultures 94Curfman 58, 74

177

Curry 88cycling 28, 39, 49, 61, 79

daily activities 68, 69Dannenberg 43, 65definition 22, 23, 25, 72, 162Dennis 67depression (see psychological) 126DHHS 21, 112diet (see eating) 107, 130, 131, 144diffusion theories 40disability 126, 127, 135disease (see health) 127, 135- prevention 58- rehabilitation 66Dishman 21, 31, 77, 83, 122Douglas 44Drinkwater 70drowning while swimming 80Duda 113, 122d u m m y v a r i a b l e s ( s e e

regression) 35dynamic perspective 14Dzewaltowski 113Eastwood 53, 54, 120eating behaviours 61, 95, 102, 108Economic and Social Research

Council 155

economic growth 147economy 15, 68, 141Edinburgh 19elderly (see age) 135Elford 21eligible (see sample) 157, 158emergency departments 79emergency medical care 82energy expenditure (see mets) 24enjoyment (see psychological) 122environmental influences VIepidemiological 63, 64, 73, 108

143, 148, 151- research 59, 65, 94epidemiologists (see medical) 59Epstein 144etiology (see disease) 66exchange codes (see telephone) 156, 157exercise 3- historians 60- paradox 145- injuries 87, 89Eyler 61

face-to-face survey (see sur-veys) 159

facilitating factors (see bar-riers) 129

facilities 125, 128, 130134, 135, 140 144

Farrell 71fear arousing messages 149females (see gender) 25, 51Finland 22, 33, 34, 40, 79, 112fitness 47, 70, 113, 115, 116, 118, 122Fitzgerald 72Fletcher 162footbal (see soccer) 28, 29Ford 93Fowler 3fractures (see injuries) 70, 75

Fries 71frostbite (see injuries) 81functional abilities (see

ADL) 69

gardening 22, 39, 84, 163Gauvin 122gender differences (see

females) 27German 34Getzen 67gezondheid (see health) 165GHS 159Giddens 61Glanz 130, 135Glasgow 19glim (see regression) 46, 164Godin 113, 122Goldberg 126Goldman 76, 144golf 28, 29, 31, 49, 50, 163Green 61, 94green ideas (see health) 143guidelines (see targets) 22, 75

habit 44Hansen 144Haskell 66health 58, 59, 64, 113-118, 134, 143- and fitness 116- aspects 137, 142- behaviours 94, 95, 108, 148, 151- belief model 113- benefits 60, 145- care 67- damage 89- education 121, 125, 131, 135- informed lifestyle 148, 151- policy 58 112, 120, 142, 150-152- promotion 14, 15, 58, 65, 74, 89

112, 113, 120, 121, 131, 133142, 149, 150-152, 155

- risk 77, 122- survey 155HEBS V, 155Helmert 34high density lipoprotein 66hip fractures 71historical (see exercise) 60, 139, 141- analysis of 73, 128, 139HMSO-CSO 67Hofstetter 78, 81, 83Hogelin 97holidays (see season) 10, 130Hopkins 20household 157, 159- sampling (see survey) 160human behaviour 151

ineligible 157, 158infectious diseases 63injury 79, 145, 163- catastrophic 78- prone 83- risk 81, 88, 89Instrumental ADL (see ADL) 68interrelated health beha-

viours 94

Jacobsen 53, 120

178

Jaglai 71Johnson 81

Kelly 81Kempen 69Kenny 46Kickbush 94Kiely 65King 79Klint 78, 83Koplan 80, 81, 122

Laerum 69, 72Lamb 64Laporte 79LaVecchia 21leisure time behaviour 64Lemmens 97Lethwaite 122Levy 135lichamelijke beweging 165lifestyle 15, 16, 52, 65, 94, 108

125, 131, 144, 148, 151 155linear regression (see

regression) 36Livengood 74log-linear analysis 101, 103logistic regression 36, 98, 164London 19, 158- Transport Executive 64loneliness (see psychological) 135low fat spread (see diet) 102, 103, 104Lowenthal 58, 69

Magnus 43, 44, 52, 54males (see gender) 25, 50Manton 67Marcus 113, 123Marti 22, 33, 34, 94, 112Marzouk 67Mason 10, 19, 20, 58, 111, 112Mathes 113, 122McDowall 35McGinnis 112McLeroy 13McQuail 13McQueen 94, 156, 159Mechanic 73, 127medical 73, 142, 146- costs 59, 67, 80, 143- knowledge 57, 58- perspective 57, 62, 73, 151- profession 59, 127- research 143, 147- sociologists 147- treatment 79, 88memory function (see psycho-

logical) 68methodological (see survey) 23, 156METS 24, 25, 29, 31, 138, 140Meyers 69middle classes (see occup-

ation) 61Minor 72misconception 72, 135mood fluctuations (see sea-

sonal) 53morbidity (see injury) 65- statistics 82Morris 64, 66

mortality 78, 83- rate 21motives 134Mueller 78muscular exercises 62

Najem 76natural balance (see health) 61NCHS 83, 162Nelson 46, 53, 120neurasthenia 61, 73Nixon 88norms (see attitudes) 130, 146Nowak 135numbers of partners (see sex-

ual) 105, 107

objectives (see targets) 162occupational (see social) 65- categories 26, 138, 139, 159, 160- physical activity 64odds-ratios (see logistic) 99oestrogen replacement 71official statistics 89Ontario 79Ooms 71OPCS 135, 161, 163opinions (see attitudes) 135- toward exercise 134orthopaedic beds 67osteoporosis (see bone) 67, 70, 75Ostrow 122Ostry 61overtime changes 151overuse (see injuries) 79, 80oxygen supply 66

p-value (see t-value) 164Paffenbarger 60Panush 71paradigm 135Park 60, 61Parker 10patients (see medical) 58, 67, 147Pelletier 79perceived health 149perception 88, 111, 113, 115Perry 113personality (see psychology) 148- typologies 147perspectives 135, 151phase (see seasonal) 48physical appearance (see

weight) 122physical inability 127physical weaknesses 61physically demanding occupa-

tions 64physiological strength 72physiological stress 66physiotherapy 67Pickard 79Pietroni 73political interests 149popular perception (see atti-

tudes) 62, 73population projections (see

aging) 67Powell 31, 64, 112, 126, 162

179

preventive behaviour 95, 98, 107project funding 96psychiatric health 44psychological 11, 13, 14, 44, 58

61, 66, 94, 119, 120, 123, 130, 134psychology 147public health 59, 73, 74, 142, 145qualitative 47- comments 162- opinions 121

question wording 33, 35, 36, 38, 138questionnaire 162, 163

racquet sports 81random digit dialling 156random procedure (see sample) 156-158rare events 82recommendations 24, 58, 151recreative sport 165recreation 60regional differences 21regression analysis 35rehabilitation (see disease) 67religious obligations 10Remington 97, 162research questions (see ques-

tion) 64respiratory diseases (see

asthma) 126response rate (see sample) 158rheumatic 67, 74Richards 70Riley 122Rimer 130risk 77, 145- factors 94Roberts 10Rogers 40Rosenstock 113, 130Ross 93RUHBC V, 44, 113, 155- CATI survey 155-159, 163running 28, 49, 71, 81, 163

salience 113, 123, 149, 151- of health 119Sallis 78, 83salt use (see diet) 97, 102, 163sample frame 159- surveys 82sampling 156, 157Sandelin 79Schoenborn 22, 30, 97, 162Schuman 40scientific groups 135- traditions 68Scotland 21, 138, 155, 156, 159Scott 74Scottish Home and Health Dep-

artment Vseasonal 119- variation 43, 138, 141seasonality 138seatbelt use 95, 98, 105-107, 163Sebold 158Serfass 126sexual behaviour 95, 96, 105- partners (see number) 95, 98, 148SHEG 155

Shephard 60, 64, 70, 72, 94Sherman 66SHHD (see Scottish) 155Sigfusson 76Sinaki 67, 71Smith 79smoking 66, 94-100, 108, 144Snow 62Soames Job 149soccer 11, 78, 81social (see occupation) 108- class 62, 139, 101, 140- deprivation 65- developments 60- functioning 130- groups 146- norm 72, 140- participation 130- sciences 135, 137, 146, 147- success 130socio-psychological models 113sociological 13, 14, 44, 68

75, 94, 138, 146-148sociology 59, 123, 142, 147Spector 69spirits (see alcohol) 97, 163sport 124SPSS-X (see analysis) 164Stableforth 81stages of change model (see

theory) 113statistical analysis (see ana-

lysis) 24, 47, 137Stephens 19, 21, 22

24, 25, 31, 34, 93, 97stop exercising (see barrier) 89strain injuries (see injury) 81Stromme 10, 58, 65, 126, 139Struna 128Sullivan 112survey questions (see ques-

tion) 122- research 82- weights (see sample) 159sustaining injuries 85, 89Suter 44, 120Sutton 149Suurmeijer 69swimming 22, 28, 38, 39

49, 50, 52, 78, 80, 89Swiss 22, 33Sytkowski 76

t-value (see p-vlue) 164Tamm 73Tappe 113, 122target (see aims) 20, 112- for the year 2000 20, 21Tator 79technological development 65, 146, 147telephone (see weight) 156, 157, 159- coverage 159, 160, 162- exchange area 161- interviewing 157- numbers 158- ownership 159-161- survey 155, 159tennis 28, 39, 79, 82Theodorakis 113theory 13, 119

180

- of reasoned action 113Tong 46Tracy 144treatment (see medical) 62, 79trend (see logistic) 33, 39, 47Tsementzis 44, 53, 54Turner-Warwick 126type ’a’ personality 147typology 148

Uitenbroek 34, 47, 52, 83, 98,112, 120, 123, 156, 159, 164

United States22, 30, 34, 40, 67, 97, 112, 162urban areas (see region) 112

Veblen 10venereal diseases (see sexual) 105verbatim comments (see quali-

tative) 121Vitulli 77, 83, 113, 122Vuori 20, 112

Waksberg 157walking 19, 20, 28, 29, 38, 39, 41

49, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 74, 79, 111Wankel 122Wehr 53, 120weight (see BMI) 95, 98, 102-104, 107- losing behaviour 103weights (see sample) 159wellbeing 10, 72, 130, 134WHO guidelines 22Williams 62Wilmore 20, 21, 112wine (see alcohol) 97, 163work related (see occupation) 133workplace 65, 133

Young 69, 70

181

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