University of Georgia Campus · University of Georgia ... concord grapes –38 chromosomes. Native...
Transcript of University of Georgia Campus · University of Georgia ... concord grapes –38 chromosomes. Native...
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Dr. Patrick Conner
University of Georgia – Tifton Campus
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Vitis rotundifolia
• Muscadinia
– V. rotundifolia
– V. musoniana
– V. popenoi
– 40 chromosomes
• Euvitis
– V. vinifera – wine
grapes
– V. labrusca –
concord grapes
– 38 chromosomes
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Native Muscadines
• Found growing wild throughout the Southeast.
• Excellent regional adaptation.
• Muscadine was the first domesticated American grape.
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First Cultivars - Wild selections
'Scuppernong' was the dominant
cultivar from 1750-1947.
Several different 'Scuppernong'
cultivars likely exist.
Female vines •'Scuppernong'
•'Thomas'
•'Flowers'
•'Mish'
•'James'
•'Memory'
Male vines •'White Male #1'
•'Black Male'
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History of the UGA muscadine program
First era: 1909-1938
H.P. Stuckey and J.G. Woodroof
• 3 female vines and 2 male vines used
as parents.
• 13 cultivars released (1917-1938).
• 'Hunt', 'Dulcet', 'Yuga', 'Creek' most
important cultivars.
• Selected for yield, sweet tender pulp,
and non-shattering berries. Often
cluster picked.
'Hunt'
‘Yuga'
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History of the UGA muscadine program
Second era: 1951-1968
B.O. Fry
• Selected for large size, bronze color,
high soluble solids.
• 'Higgins' created – source of large size
in most muscadine cultivars.
• Lower vine vigor and increased
susceptibility to fruit rots.
'Higgins' - 1955
'Fry', 'Cowart', 'Higgins', 'Jumbo'
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'Fry' muscadine
'Fry' - 1971
'Fry' most important fresh use cultivar developed,
9.3 g / berry.
Bronze
Large Size
High soluble solids
Good green flavor
Fruit rot susceptible
Female
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Perfect flowered cultivars developed.
'Cowart', first perfect flowered cultivar
with good fruit quality released.
Male Perfect Female
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• Wanted large size of 'Fry' combined with perfect flowers.
• 'Triumph' – bronze perfect flowered.
• 'Summitt' – female with higher productivity than 'Fry'.
• 'Tara' – large size with perfect flowers.
• 'Scarlett' – new pink color.
• 'Golden Isles' – juice grape with less pronounced muscadine taste
History of the UGA muscadine program
Third era: 1969-1996
R.P. Lane
'Triumph' 'Scarlett' 'Summitt'
Most of these cultivars feature
'Fry' heavily in their pedigree.
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Creating the perfect muscadine.
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Muscadine Breeding Techniques
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Muscadine seedlings have vigorous growth.
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Flowering begins in
2nd year.
Turnover seedling
vineyard in 3-4
years.
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• Yield trials take place on UGA farms and with a local grower.
• Observational trials take place at several grower vineyards and at
cooperative universities.
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1. Good flavor: flesh and skin.
Ideally will have good flavor even when picked
before fully ripe. Skin should break up when chewed
and lack bitter and sour flavors.
Desirable Traits for a New Muscadine Cultivar
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2. Self-fertile flowers
Yield of female vines reduced due to “cap-
stick”, smaller cluster size, lack of pollination.
Desirable Traits for a New Muscadine Cultivar
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Avg. % full crop 2004-2008
• Pistillate cultivars
– Fry – 70
– Supreme – 90
– Sweet Jenny – 50
– Pam – 60
– Scarlett – 30
– Darlene - 40
• Self-fertile cultivars
– Alachua - 100
– Cowart – 90
– Nesbitt – 100
– Pollyanna – 80
– Tara – 90
– Triumph - 100
• Very large berry size with perfect flowers. – Need to replace all female cultivars.
Current Goals of the Program
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• Self-fertile cultivars are usually smaller than female cultivars, but more consistent in size.
• Minimum = 10-11 grams, 1 inch diameter
'Supreme'
14.7 g
Ga. 5-1-38
13.9 g
3. Large berry size
Desirable Traits for a New Muscadine Cultivar
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4. Dry stem scars and firm flesh. Torn and split berries are often juiced rather than
packed. Often juice up to 1/3 of cultivars with wet
scars.
Split scar
Desirable Traits for a New Muscadine Cultivar
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5. Vigorous, disease resistant vines.
Much easier in purple varieties.
Desirable Traits for a New Muscadine Cultivar
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Short-range goals of the program
• Very large berry size with perfect flowers.
– Bronze and black color.
– Early, mid, and late-season harvest.
– Two cultivars for each category.
Supreme
14.7g Lane
13.9g
Ga. 6-2-26
15.0g
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Short-range goals of the program
• Red berry color.
– Flavor also seems to vary.
– Requires shelf space in
market.
HPLC analysis Low total anthocyanins (400 ug/g)
High % Cyanidin (60%)
Low % Delphinidin (20%)
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Mid-range goals of the program
• Improved fruit texture – Firm crisp flesh.
– Friable skin.
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Flowers
Scuppernong
Thomas Yuga
Dawn
Albermarle
Southland Cowart
Carlos Fry
Noble
Triumph Granny Val
Nesbitt
Supreme
Late Fry
Scarlett
Ga. 15-19-2 Ga. 1-1-48
Ga. 4-3-147
Ga. 6-2-101
Ga. 6-2-192 Ga. 6-2-46
Lane
Ga. 10-1-269
Ga. 10-1-3 Ga. 10-1-633
Blue Lake Midnight Beauty
Ga. 8-1-338
Ga. 10-1-26
Ga. 6-2-46 Ga. 6-2-52
Ga. 8-1-38
Ga. 10.1-294
Sugraone
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Ber
ry p
un
ctu
re w
ork
(m
J)
Flesh maximum force (N)
Tough skin
Tender skin
Firm flesh Soft flesh
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Long-range goals of the program Euvitis × Muscadinia hybrids
– Expanding the germplasm
Possible traits from Euvitis
– Seedless berries
– Stable juice color
– Pigmented flesh
– Improved berry flesh
– New flavors
– Larger clusters
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Where we are now.
• Crosses between bridge hybrids and several
seedless Euvitis clones starting in 2011.
• We have flowering and self-fertile flowers,
potential seedless selections being crossed
to female muscadines next year.
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‘Lane’ and ‘Hall’ are harvestable last week of July in Tifton, at the
beginning of the harvest season.
Cultivar Avg. day of first
harvest (day of year)z
Percent of total yield
of first harvest
Percent soluble solids
of first harvest
Fry Aug. 14 74 14.9
Hall July 30 66 15.7
Lane Aug. 1 72 16.0
Supreme Aug. 12 59 14.8
Tara July 30 51 14.6
Triumph Aug. 5 52 16.1
New UGA Muscadine Cultivars
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Cultivar Flower type Berry color Berry weight
(g)
Berry
diameter
(mm)
Percent
soluble solids
of all harvests
Fry F Bronze 11.9 27.2 14.6
Hall SF Bronze 10.6 26.2 14.5
Lane SF Black 10.1 25.9 16.3
Supreme F Black 15.2 29.5 14.6
Tara SF Bronze 10.3 25.7 12.7
Triumph SF Bronze 9.4 25.1 15.5
‘Lane’ and ‘Hall’ have similar size to other self-fertile cultivars and
‘Lane’ has particularly good sugar content.
New UGA Muscadine Cultivars
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‘Lane’ muscadine
‘Lane’ has moderate yields and can split at the stem scar. We
currently recommend planting ‘Lane’ for early season black
production and transitioning into ‘Supreme’ for main season black
production.
Lane
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‘Hall’ muscadine
‘Hall’ has good yields with very low stem scar split and tear.
‘Hall’ berries are similar to ‘Tara’ with a better flavor and higher
brix.
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‘Hall’ muscadine ‘Hall’ is more yellow in color than many other bronze cultivars.
‘Hall’ should be sprayed and picked promptly to minimize ripe rot
infection. ‘Hall’ is recommended as a replacement for ‘Tara’ and as
an early season, self-fertile bronze cultivar.
Hall
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Coming Attractions : Ga 6-2-26
• Self-fertile flowers with a size similar to female cultivars.
• Main-season self-fertile replacement for ‘Supreme’.
• Excellent storage ability.
• Excellent picking scar.
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Questions?