UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public...
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UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801: Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918: Women allowed to attend university
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UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
• 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university
• 1801: Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building
• 1918: Women allowed to attend university
LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA
• Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia’s and would be centrally located for citizens to travel there.
• The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War.
LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA
• Louisville was not a capital city for very long because of the state’s westward expansion due to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers. Milledgeville became the 4th capital in 1807, followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital.
• One of the most memorable events to occur in the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the capitol building in 1796.
How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist churches?
University of Georgia• 1785: Federal US
government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university
• 1801:Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building
• 1918:Women allowed to attend university
Louisville, Georgia• 3rd capital of
Georgia• Centrally
located (at the time)
• Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution)
• Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records
Baptists and Methodists• The 2nd Great
Awakening helped these churches grow.
• Spread across the southeast United States.
• Interest in religion increased - people attended large camp meetings called “revivals”
• Southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt.
• Religion today is still important to the culture of the South
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• To attract settlers and economic development in Georgia, the government provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee River.
• Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had the “right” to receive anywhere from 200 – 1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their business
• 1782 – most of the land was given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service
INDIAN LAND CESSIONS
MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA
GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN
EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING
RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES
THE RESULT IS MORE
WESTWARD EXPANSION OF
SETTLERS
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• Four land companies bribed the governor of Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature) to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi.
• The companies bought up to 50 million acres of land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. The companies would then sell the land at much higher prices and share the profits with the legislators.
• When Georgia citizens found out they protested and the legislators were voted out of office.
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• The US government solved the scandal by forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1.25 million dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories.
• The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is today.
BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796
LAND LOTTERY
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
1782-1795
LAND LOTTERY
1805-1833
NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM 1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED
BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY.
OCONEE RIVER
What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM• Land east of
Oconee River.• White male
“head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers begin businesses
• 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service
LAND LOTTERY• 1805-1833 land
west of Oconee River
• Given to citizens after removal of Creeks and Cherokees.
• White males, orphans, and widows received land.
• Power and wealth for more people
• Agricultural economy -tobacco and cotton plantations
YAZOO LAND FRAUD• Land companies
bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River
• Sold land and shared profits with legislators.
• Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office.
• US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border.
COTTON GINThe modern cotton gin, first patented by Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while in Georgia in 1793, is a simple machine that separates cotton fibers from the seeds. The gin (short for engine) consists of wire teeth mounted on a boxed rotating cylinder that, when cranked, pulls cotton fiber through small grates to separate the seeds, while a rotating brush removes lint from the spikes to avoid jams. Its invention quickly transformed the course of agriculture in the Deep South, and in so doing deepened the reliance of southern society on slavery and the plantation system.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
COTTON GINThe economic impact of Whitney's gin was vast; after its invention, the yield of raw cotton nearly doubled each decade after 1800. The gin, whose invention coincided with much of the Deep South's opening to white settlement, helped to facilitate westward expansion into these potential cotton-producing areas. By the mid-nineteenth century America was supplying three-quarters of the world's cotton.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
COTTON GINA direct result of this growth was an expansion of slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, it did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow and pick the cotton. The demand for Georgia's cotton grew as new inventions such as spinning jennies and steamboats were able to weave and transport more of the crop. Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
How did the invention of the cotton gin affect Southern life?
Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.
ELI WHITNEYELI WHITNEY
• Invented the cotton gin in 1795. Unintentionally, his invention would create more of a dependency on slavery in the South.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE RAILROAD
GEORGIA RAILROAD• The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a
Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur.
• On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States. Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad.
- Wikipedia.com
GEORGIA RAILROADIndian removal and the discovery of gold encouraged new settlement in the region, but it was the railroad that actually brought Atlanta into being and eventually connected it with the rest of the state and region. In 1837 engineers for the Western and Atlantic Railroad (a state-sponsored project) staked out a point on a ridge about seven miles east of the Chattahoochee River as the southern end of a rail line they planned to build south from Chattanooga, Tennessee. The town that emerged around this zero milepost was called Terminus, which literally means "end of the line."
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
GEORGIA RAILROADAtlanta owes its origins to two important developments in the 1830s: the forcible removal of Native Americans (Creeks and Cherokees) from northwest Georgia and the extension of railroad lines into the state's interior. Both of these actions sparked increased settlement and development in the upper Piedmont section of the state and led to Atlanta's founding.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
GEORGIA RAILROAD• The area around the eastern terminus to the line
began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there. The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta". The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, 1847. - Wikipedia.com
UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870
COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE LEFT TO THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP
ON THE RIGHT. WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?
How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN• Machine that separated
the cotton fibers from the seeds.
• Increased cotton production
• Made economy of the south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton
• Led to more westward expansion
• Led to an increase in slavery
RAILROAD
• 1837 the city of Terminus is built (later named Atlanta)
• Atlanta becomes a transportation hub in the southeast
• Railroad transports Georgia agricultural products to the Midwest and Atlantic coast
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
A controversial Creek Indian leader in the 1780s and 1790s, Alexander McGillivray was one of many Southeastern Indians with a Native American mother and European father.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
After the Revolution, McGillivray used his growing influence within Creek society to resist Georgia's attempt to confiscate three million acres of land and to otherwise protect what he viewed as the sovereign rights of the Creek people. Oconee war led to removal of Creeks west of Oconee River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
The Yazoo land grants by Georgia and the federal government's desire to take control of Indian affairs led to U.S. president George Washington's signing of the 1790 Treaty of New York, in which the United States promised to defend Creek territorial rights. This treaty created a formal relationship between the United States and the Creek Nation and affirmed McGillivray's position as a legitimate national leader.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh Jr., also known as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White Warrior"), was born around 1778 in the Lower Creek town of Coweta to Captain William McIntosh, a Scotsman of Savannah, and Senoya, a Creek woman of the Wind Clan. He was raised among the Creeks, but he spent enough time in Savannah to become fluent in English and to be able to move comfortably within both Indian and white societies.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh was a controversial chief of the Lower Creeks in early-nineteenth-century Georgia. His general support of the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white encroachment on Indian land.- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
McIntosh's participation in the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs (signed away all Creek lands) cost him his life. According to a Creek law that McIntosh himself had supported, a sentence of execution awaited any Creek leader who ceded land to the United States without the full assent of the entire Creek Nation. Just before dawn on April 30, 1825, Upper Creek chief Menawa, accompanied by 200 Creek warriors, attacked McIntosh to carry out the sentence. They set fire to his home, and shot and stabbed to death McIntosh. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
What role did Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
Alexander McGillivray William McIntosh
Protected Creek lands from white settlers
Attacked white settlers during Oconee War.
Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River.
Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution
Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks
Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself
Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs.
Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation
Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a
European descent
father and Creek
mother
In 1825 cousins William McIntosh, a Creek leader, and George Troup, the governor of Georgia, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized the sale of Creek lands in the state to the federal government. McIntosh was murdered shortly thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.
SEQUOYAH
Sequoyah was the legendary creator of the Cherokee syllabary. Impressed by the whites' ability to communicate over distances by writing, Sequoyah invented a system of eighty-four to eighty-six characters that represented syllables in spoken Cherokee (hence it is a syllabary, not an alphabet). - New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
Completed in 1821, the syllabary was rapidly adopted by a large number of Cherokees, making Sequoyah the only member of an illiterate group in human history to have single-handedly devised a successful system of writing. There are monuments, parks, and schools named for Sequoyah in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Oklahoma, and other states. The giant sequoia tree, found in California, is named for him.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
It is fact that the syllabary was used to print some articles in the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper, published in New Echota, Georgia (then the capital of the eastern Cherokees), from 1828 to 1834. The appearance of the newspaper, as well as the organized government of the Cherokee Nation, including tribal council and supreme court, infuriated the state of Georgia, which had an agreement with the U.S. government (the Compact of 1802) to remove the Native Americans. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
When the Cherokees were removed, the buildings and printing press were destroyed, and the type for the syllabary was dumped in a well that was then sealed. Excavations in the 1950s led to partial restoration, and the New Echota State Historic Site opened near Calhoun in 1962.- New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
John Ross became chief of the Cherokee Nation in 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States. He presided over the nation during the apex of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present-day Oklahoma. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
His family moved to the base of Lookout Mountain, an area that became Rossville, Georgia. At his father's store Ross learned the customs of traditional Cherokees, although at home his mixed-blood family practiced European traditions and spoke English. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
As Ross took the reins of the Cherokee government in 1827, white Georgians increased their lobbying efforts to remove the Cherokees from the Southeast. The discovery of gold on Cherokee land fueled their desire to possess the area, which was dotted with lucrative businesses and prosperous plantations like Ross's. The Indian Removal Bill passed by Congress in 1830 provided legal authority to begin the removal process. Ross's fight against the 1832 Georgia lottery, designed to give away Cherokee lands, was the first of many political battles. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
Accompanying his people on the "trail where they cried," commonly known as the Trail of Tears, Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife died of exposure after giving her only blanket to a sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH• Created the
Cherokee syllabary (1st Native American written language)
• Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be accepted
• His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper
JOHN ROSS
• 1828 - Chief of Cherokees
• Modeled the Cherokee Nation government after the US government
• Tried to protect Cherokee lands
• Protested Georgia’s land lottery and Indian Removal Act
• Survived the Trail of Tears
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSHThere are several popular stories of the beginning of Georgia's gold rush; but in fact, no one is really certain who made the first discovery or when. According to one anecdote, John Witheroods found a three-ounce nugget along Duke's Creek in White County. Another says that Jesse Hogan, a prospector from North Carolina, found gold on Ward's Creek near Dahlonega. Yet another finds a young Benjamin Parks kicking up an unusual-looking stone while on the lookout for deer west of the Chestatee River in 1828.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH• The Great Intrusion
• By late 1829 north Georgia, known at the time as the Cherokee Nation, was flooded by thousands of prospectors lusting for gold. Niles' Register reported in the spring of 1830 that there were four thousand miners working along Yahoola Creek alone.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSHWhile in his nineties, Benjamin Parks recalled the scene in the Atlanta Constitution (July 15, 1894):
“The news got abroad, and such excitement you never saw. It seemed within a few days as if the whole world must have heard of it, for men came from every state I had ever heard of. They came afoot, on horseback and in wagons, acting more like crazy men than anything else. All the way from where Dahlonega now stands to Nuckollsville [Auraria] there were men panning out of the branches and making holes in the hillsides.”
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSHThe sudden influx of miners into the Cherokee Nation was known even at the time as the Great Intrusion. One writer said in the Cherokee Phoenix, "Our neighbors who regard no law and pay no respects to the laws of humanity are now reaping a plentiful harvest. . . . We are an abused people." But there was little the Cherokees could do; it seemed the louder they protested, the more eagerly the miners came.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSHGold rush towns sprang up quickly in north Georgia, particularly near the center of the gold region in present-day Lumpkin County. Auraria became an instant boomtown, growing to a population of 1,000 by 1832. The county seat, called Licklog at the time, in 1833 became known as Dahlonega, for the Cherokee word tahlonega, meaning golden. Within a few months after its establishment nearly 1,000 people were crowded into the settlement, with about 5,000 people in the surrounding county.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
Branch Mint at Dahlonega
Congress soon authorized the establishment of a federal Branch Mint at Dahlonega, and in 1838 the new mint went into operation. It coined more than $100,000 worth of gold in its first year, and by the time it closed in 1861, it had produced almost 1.5 million gold coins with a face value of more than $6 million.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
EFFECTS OF THE DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
Between 1805 and 1832 the state of Georgia held lotteries to distribute land seized from the Cherokees and Creeks. Nearly three quarters of the land in Georgia was allocated by the lottery system. Finally, the U.S. Army drove the Cherokees northwestward to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma during the bitterly cold winter of 1838-39. Deprived of proper food and clothing, at least 4,000—one-fifth of the entire Cherokee population—died on the journey. The forced migration became known as the Trail of Tears.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
• 1828 Gold attracted white settlers to north Georgia
• Land belonged to Cherokee Nation
• US Mint built in Dahlonega
• 1830 Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act
• 1838 Trail of Tears
ANDREW JACKSON
RECOGNIZE THIS GUY?
JOHN MARSHALL
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He ruled in favor of Sam Worcester in the court case titled Worcester v. Georgia.
“The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a "distinct community" with self-government "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force," establishing the doctrine that the national government of the United States, and not individual states, had authority in Indian affairs.”
–wikipedia
WORCESTER V. GEORGIAU.S. Supreme Court Decision: - www.law.jrank.org
Samuel Worcester, tried, convicted, and sentenced by the state of Georgia for illegally living in the lands of the Cherokee Nation encompassed by the state of Georgia, was found by the Supreme Court to have legally lived in Cherokee Nation, by virtue of the facts that the Cherokee Nation is a nation within itself, and that the state of Georgia had no authority to mandate laws within the territory confined by the Cherokee Nation. The acts established by the state of Georgia that affected the lands of the Cherokee Nation were deemed unconstitutional and void.
WORCESTER V. GEORGIAUnited States Supreme Court Decision:
Student Translation: Samuel Worcester (a white missionary) was given permission by Cherokees to live in the Cherokee Nation. However, he and others were arrested by the state of Georgia for not having a state license to live on Cherokee land. There were jailed and sentenced to serve four years of hard labor. Their appeal made it to the US Supreme Court, and Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of Georgia did not have the right to arrest these people because they were living in a sovereign (free) Cherokee nation. In other words, the laws of Georgia did not apply to the lands of the Cherokee Nation in north Georgia.
ANDREW JACKSON
The removal of the Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi River had been a major part of Andrew Jackson’s political agenda. After his election he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The Act authorized the President to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands further west, outside of existing U.S. state borders. He signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 that would remove all Cherokees from Georgia in exchange for lands in Oklahoma. -wikipedia
ANDREW JACKSONWhile frequently frowned upon in the North, the Removal Act was popular in the South, where population growth, slavery, and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on tribal lands. The state of Georgia became involved in a dispute with the Cherokees, culminating in the 1832 U.S. Supreme Court decision (Worcester v. Georgia) which ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands. -wikipedia
ANDREW JACKSONJackson is often quoted as having
possibly said,
"John Marshall has made his decision,
now let him enforce it!"
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
WORCESTERV.
GEORGIA
EXECUTIVEPRESIDENT
Andrew Jackson
JUDICIALSUPREME COURT
Chief Justice John Marshall
LEGISLATIVEGEORGIA ASSEMBLY
Legislators
Created a state law making people have to carry a state license to live on Cherokee territory
Did not enforce the Supreme court decision
Ruled that it is unconstitutional for states to create laws inside Indian territories.
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES WERE NOT USED PROPERLY IN AMERICAN HISTORY
CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS• After the signing of the Treaty of New
Echota, the Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native Americans, including many members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee. -wikipedia
WHAT DO YOU THINK THE COLOR PURPLE REPRESENTS ON THE MAP?
IF YOU SAID THE LOCATION OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS THEN YOU ARE CORRECT.
• www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com• www.kingcotton.co.uk• unitedcats.files.wordpress.com• Adherents.com• Wikipedia.com• Summertownstock.com• googleimages• www.us-coin-values-advisor.com• Georgia in the American Experience textbook
