UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTY … · 2013-07-11 ·...

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

CLUJ-NAPOCA

FACULTY OF HORTICULTURE

Biol. Ghizela-Daniela ALEC (VONICA)

[SUMMARY OF THE PHD THESIS]

IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ORNAMENTAL POTENTIAL OF SOME CENTAUREA

SPECIES FROM TRANSYLVANIA SPONTANEOUS FLORA WITH THE PURPOSE OF

COMPLIMENTING THE CULTIVATED ASSORTMENT

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR:

Prof. PhD. MARIA CANTOR

CLUJ-NAPOCA

2013

Ghizela D. ALEC (VONICA) Summary of PhD thesis

2

THE PHD TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 10

Chapter 1

HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF CENTAUREA SPECIES WITH DECORATIVE POTENTIAL 12

1.1. Historical research of Centaurea species 12

1.1.1. Historical research in Romania 12

1.1.2. Historical research in Europa 17

1.2. Economical importance of Centaurea genus 25

1.2.1. The ornamental purposes 25

1.2.2. The medicinal purposes 30

1.2.3. Species of Centaurea genus as weed plants 31

1.2.4. Species of Centaurea genus with protective status 32

Chapter 2

INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC DIVERSITY OF CENTAUREA GENUS FROM

TRANSYLVANIA

35

2.1. Systematic position of Centaurea species at national and international level 35

2.1.1. Centaurea subgenus 38

2.1.2. Cyanus subgenus 41

2.1.3. Lopholoma subgenus 42

2.2. Centaurea species from Transylvania 43

2.2.1. Morphological characteristics of Centaurea species from Transylvania 43

2.2.2. Chorology and ecological requirements of Centaurea species from Transylvania 61

Chapter 3

PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF TRANSYLVANIA 71

3.1. Geographic location and limits 71

3.2. Geological characteristics 72

3.3. The relief of Transylvania 72

3.4. Hydrography 74

3.5. Climate 74

3.6. Soils 75

PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION

Chapter 4

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH 76

4.1. Morphological research objectives 76

4.2. Research objectives of acclimatization of Centaurea species with decorative potential 77

Chapter 5

RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHODS 79

5.1. The materials and methods used in morphological research on Centaurea species 79

5.1.1. Biological materials used in research 79

5.1.2. Research methods used in the field 81

5.1.3. Research methods used in the laboratory 86

5.2. Materials and methods used in research acclimatization 90

5.2.1. Biological materials used in acclimatization 90

5.2.2. Methods used in the field research 91

5.2.2. Methods used in the laboratory research 92


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Chapter 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 94

6.1. Morphological research in the Centaurea genus from Transylvania 94

6.1.1. Centaurea subgenus 94

6.1.2. Cyanus subgenus 175

6.1.3. Lopholoma subgenus 178

6.2. Research of morphological and ecological characters of Centaurea species with

decorative potential grown in the garden condition

193

6.2.1.Centaurea stenolepis subsp. ratezatensis (Prod.)(comb. nov.) 195

6.2.2. Centaurea orientalis L. 208

6.2.3. Centaurea atropurpurea Waldst. et Kit. 217

6.3. Key determination of Centaurea genus from Transylvania 231

Chapter 7

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 237

REFERENCES 247

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF AUTHORS 262

INDEX OF TABLES 268

INDEX OF FIGURES 273

INDEX OF PHOTOS 276

ANNEX 280

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPER, WITH SUBJECTS FROM PHD THESIS 283

SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN LANGUAGE 285

KEY WORDS

Centaurea Subgenus

Interspecific diversity

Morphology and morphometrie

Polymorphism

Polyploids

Hybridization

Systematic

Ordination analysis

Classification analysis

Canoco software

Past software

Acclimatization

Dichothomous key

Transylvania

Romania


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INTRODUCTION

Centaurea genus is considered from a systematic point of view, a critical group of

plants. This situation is mainly due to the result of the large number of the natural hybrids

between plant species, with high polymorphism. This polymorphism is the result of their

hybridization capacity or due to incomplete diagnoses or the lack of many species

description. For these reasons, the Centaurea genus has not been peer-reviewed for

decades and the newest studies took the results from the beginning of XX th

Century,

which come into conflict data with their geographical spread. This entire situation leads

to the Centaurea genus „marginalization” and failure to address in different scientific

works.

Until now, the unresolved taxonomic problems plus the fact that Centaurea

species are plants with tall steams, not easy to collect and keep it in the herbarium, with

common insect attacks, lead the plant researcher to avoid them.

Many scientific papers occurred comments like: „can not correctly determine

the...”, „ no one knows what species/ hybrid is this...”, „the species have an uncertain

taxonomic status...” etc.

The approach of Centaurea themes, has gone from the vacuum information, the

only taxonomic study of the groups is due to the studies developed by Juliu Prodan and

Erasmus Nyárády, known both in Romania and Europa (PRODAN & NYÁRÁDY, 1964). It

is too difficult to fill the gap of Nyárády and Prodan studies, but the research from this

thesis make a contribution to clarify taxonomic issues and to stimulate the research on

this group. On the other hand, the knapweeds are very attractive plants for decorating the

parks, gardens, balconies or for cat flower arrangements and bouquets.

Thus, the motivation to study these plants is due to the ornamental value given by

the variety of colors, robustness and their beauty. On the other hand, the chance to

elucidate the taxonomic problems, rewarding professional and systematic studies of the

group increases.

Due to the large number of Centaurea species at the national level, the research

was reduced to the Transylvanian level, which is an interesting area from a climatic and

relief forms point of view. This area is an inner-mountain shelter for diversity of


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vegetation and flora and here are found many species of Centaurea but also the rare

species from the flora of Romania and Europe.

During the research field, the human impact is often felt and for this reason is

necessary to protect and preserve the rare species of Centaurea.

This thesis is divided into seven chapters, it contains a number of 318 pages which

include 75 tables, 45 figures or graphs and 40 photo plates. The first three chapters have

an informational and general character and the last chapters bring personal contribution.

Chapter 6, Results and discussions, is divided into three subsections and the first section

tackles the taxonomic and morphological problems of Centaurea genus from

Transylvania. The second section represents the data recorded after the acclimatization of

Centaurea species to the garden condition and the dichotomous key of Centaurea genus

from Transylvania is the third subsection of this chapter.

The documentation for the correct understanding of the topic taken under study,

the research organization, the carriage of the observations and measurements, the

statistical processing, the interpretation and presentation of the results and, finally the

development of the thesis consist in the consultation of 205 references. In addition to the

references, the thesis also includes the alphabetical index of authors, tables’ index, graphs

and photo plate’s index and annex. Preliminary results of research over the years are

materialized in 11 scientifically papers presented and published in national and

international symposiums (see the list of scientific papers with thesis subject who is

added at the end of the thesis).

CHAPTER 1

THE HYSTORICAL RESEARCH OF CENTAUREASPECIES

1.1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF CENTAUREA SPECIES FROM ROMANIA AND EUROPE

Studies of Centaurea genus began with the first appearance of floristic research,

made by various botanists in Transylvania. The most important research of the genus, at

the national level, belongs to Professor Dr. Julius Prodan, from the Academy of

Agriculture Cluj (today UASVM Cluj-Napoca). He described in the first monograph of


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Centaurea genus (1930), many taxons and hybrids form Cluj surrounding and Dobrogea

area. This monograph contains 168 taxa identified in Romania, including hybrids. For a

long time, this monograph which was the result of Prodan’s work has been a major

resource (the only way) for botanists, because in describing of the species, are graphically

detailed the inflorescence items which are very important issues in species recognition.

Besides the works of Prodan, the Nyárády's studies have a great importance in the

evolution of the Centaurea genus study at national and Transilvanian level. Nyárády E. I.

tried to solve the "mystery" of this kind of morphological variability, describing many

taxa and hybrids of Centaurea species (NYÁRÁDY, 1943(a), 1943(b)).

Currently, the floristic research made on the Centaurea genus, focused on

determining species in Romania and Transylvania Plateau and was based on information

provided by the foreign papers, thus raising the quality of the information related to the

Centaurea genus issue. These works draw attention to the morphological variability and

hybridization of these species, indicating that the information provided by morphological

determination and separation are often insufficient and research must be completed with

molecular and chorological information. Taken these aspects into consideration, several

species of Romanian flora were put in synonymy or were misidentified (CIOCÂRLAN,

2009). Nevertheless, the studies of Ciocârlan (2009), compared with Prodan’s research

(1930), reduce the number of certain species on the Romania flora, from a few hundred to

54 species and he considers the presence of introduced species as doubtful or wrong in

Romanian flora (CIOCÂRLAN, 2008, 2009).

Regarding the systematic species of Centaurea genus, note that the last approach

of this kind of research was made in Romania by Julius Prodan, at 1930th

and it was based

on the Augustus von Hayek view (1901), which was a less conservative approach,

dividing the genus into seven genera.

In Europe, the Centaurea genus has been extensively studied, proved by numerous

studies on the systemic group, it updated the name of the species and the geographic

distribution of Centaurea species (BENTHAM &HOOKER, 1873; BREMER, 2004;

CASSINI,1829; FLANN et all., 2010; GREUTER, 2006–2009; KOUTEKÝ et all., 2012. PÉTIT

et all., 2001; TUTINet all., 1964-1980; EURO+MED, 2006; Flora Europaea -http://rbg-

web2.rbge.org.uk). Likewise, the taxa with uncertain positions have been the subject of


7

thorough studies from genetically and palynologically point of view, which relieved the

positioning decision in phylogenetic system.

In Europe, the most important studies have adopted the conservationist

classification of the Centauries genus, bringing the seven types of Bentham and Hooker

(1873) in three subgenera (Centauries s. str., Cyanus, Lopholoma), boundary

classification which has been confirmed by molecular-palynological studies and

biogeographically patterns (FONT, 2007; GARCIA-JACAS et all., 2001; SUSANNA et all.,

1995; WAGENITZ & HELLWIG, 1996).

On the other hand, the number of species in the entire genus has been constantly

changing, depending on the evolution of genetic and morphological studies. Therefore,

the Centaurea species of the old subgenus has now become separate genera, as

Rhaponticum and Phesellus, and based on genetic analysis, the species C. ruthenica and

C. marschalliana were excluded from the current classification and included the Cnicus

benedictus species (AGABABIAN, 1997; ŐZLERet all., 2009).

1.2. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE CENTAUREA GENUS

Centaurea genus has caught the attention of specialists due to the ornamental

quality and healing importance. At the national level, Centaurea species were introduced

only one or two native species in the culture as ornamental species, the rest of species

being exotic which have adapted more easily to climatic and soil conditions.

Floriculture was included in courses, the descriptions of just a few decorative

Centaurea species: C. moschata, C. cyanus, C. dealbata, which are imported from abroad

(BUTA et all., 2009; CANTOR & ZAHARIA, 2002; CANTOR &POP, 2005). Therefore, the

flower crops, parks, private gardens and pots have been lacked by the presence of native

flora, the beautiful "cornflowers".

As medicinal plant, C. cyanus L. (Bachelor's button) is well known for diuretic,

astringent, stomachic, hypoglycemic, eye anti-inflammatory and relieving properties

(ALEXAN et all., 1988; COICIU & RÁCZ, 1962; DRĂGULESCU, 1995, 2008; PÎRVU et all.,

2008).


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Attention of the agronomy specialists turned on the C. cyanus species when it

became a threat to cereal crops, acting in this way, but also leading to reduced

populations of inventory floristic (CIOCÂRLAN, 2004).

In terms of the protective status of Centaurea species, in Romania only two

Centaurea taxa are threatened with extinction at the Europe level, according to the

protected plant list of the Appendix II b from the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).At

Transylvania level, the protective species status is including three endemic Centaurea: C.

phrygia L. ssp. rarauensis (Prod.) Dostál, ssp. ratezatensis (Prod.) Dostál and C.

pinnatifida Schur (DIHORU & PÂRVU, 1987; DIHORU & NEGREAN, 2009; DOSTÁL, 1976;

SÂRBU et all., 2007).

CHAPTER 2

INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC DIVERSITY OF

CENTAUREAGENUS FROM TRANSYLVANIA

Centaurea Lineé genus is part from Asteraceae (Compositeae) family, Cardueae

tribe, Centaurineae subtribe. Regarding the systematic analysis under genus level is

corroborated by morphological, palynological, genetic studies and geographical patterns

(SUSANNA & GARCIA-JACAS, 2007).

Currently, in Romania, it does not exist an updated classification system, to take

account of recent molecular or biogeographically studies, therefore this thesis will adopt

the systematic classification proposed by Garcia-Jacas and Susanna (1992), which is

largely over lapping with the classification of Wagenitz and Hellwig (1996) (Tab. 2.1).

The identified species from Transylvania are systematically assigned to three subgenera

(Centaurea s. str., Cyanus, Lopholoma) and eigth sections (Acrolophus, Jacea,

Lepteranthus, Calcitrapa, Cnicus, Cyanus, Protocyanus, Acrocentron).

In Centaurea s. str. subgenus were identified in Transylvania the following

species: C. stoebe, C. micranthos, C. diffusa, C. reichenbachii, C. triniifolia, C. jacea

with subspecies banatica and angustifolia, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia with subspecies

phrygia, erdneri, pseudophrygia, indurata, ratezatensis, carpatica, rarauensis,


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Table 2.1.

Systematic classification of Centaurea species from Transylvania*

Subgen

Subgenus

Secţie

Section

Subsecţie

Subsection

Specie

Species

Centurea s.str.

Acrolophus

(Acrolophus,

Willkommia,

Phalolepis)

Maculosae

C. stoebe

subsp. stoebe

subsp. micranthos

C. reichenbachii

C. triniifolia

Cylindraceae C. diffusa

Jacea Jacea (Juss.) Koch

C. jacea

subsp. angustifolia

subsp. bannatica

Nigrescentes, C. nigrescens

Lepteranthus (DC.)

DC Phrygia

C. phrygia

subsp. phrygia

subsp. erdneri

subsp. pseudophrygia

subsp. indurata

subsp. carpatica

subsp. ratezatensis

subsp. rarauensis

C. stenolepis

subsp. razgradensis

subsp. stenolepis

C. uniflora subsp. nervosa

C. macroptilon subsp.

oxylepis

Calcitrapa

Eucalcitrapa

C. calcitrapa

C. iberica

Mesocentron C. solstitialis

Cnicus - C. benedicta

Cyanus

Cyanus - C. cyanus

Protocyanus

C. triumfetti

subsp. axillaris

subsp. triumfetti

subsp. adscendens

subsp. stricta

subsp. pinnatifida

C. mollis subsp. mollis

Lopholoma Acrocentron

Acrocentron C. atropurpurea

Lopholoma

C. orientalis

C. kotschyana

C. scabiosa

subsp. spinulosa

*după / after: Garcia-Jacas & Susanna, 1992; Wagenitz & Hellwig, 1996


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C. stenolepis, C.macroptilon subspecies oxylepis, C. uniflora subspecies nervosa, C.

calcitrapa, C.

sostitialis, C. iberica, C. benedicta. The species C. cyanus, C. mollis, C. triumfetti with

subspecies axillaris, stricta, adscendens, pinnatifida mentionated in Transylvanian flora,

are part from Cyanus subgenus and C. orientalis, C. atropurpurea, C. kotschyana and C.

scabiosa with subspecies spinulosa are reprezenatives for Acrocentron subgenus.

CHAPTER 3

PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON

INTRA-CARPATHIAN AREA STUDIED (TRANSYLVANIA)

Intra-Carpathian area of Romania, where the morphological studies of the

Centaurea genus were taken, overlaps with historical and geographical area of

Transylvania.

The depression hillside of Transylvania is central physical-geographical unit to

our country and it is limited by mountainous slopes of the three mountain branches: the

Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians and the Western Carpathians with Apuseni

Mountains and intra-Carpathian yoke.

CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To achieve the goal regarding the identification of Centaurea species with the

decorative value from spontaneous flora of Transylvania and with the purpose of

complimenting the cultivated assortment, objectives were divided into two parts: the

objective of identifying morphological diversity and systematic of Centaurea species and

objectives of acclimatization Centaurea species with decorative value in the garden

conditions.


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CHAPTER 5

MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

In order to solve the problems related to taxonomy, detailed studies were made on

the polymorphic species that are relatively easy crossing, giving a rise number of

polymorphic individuals. In the wild flora of Transylvania were identified the following

polymorphic Centaurea species that were tracked in-situ: C. stoebe, C. jacea, C. phrygia

and the other species that are part of Phrygia group (C. phrygia subsp. indurata, C.

phrygia subsp. pseudophrygia, C. phrygia subsp. ratezatensis, C. stenolepis and C.

uniflora subsp. nervosa). Besides these polymorphic species, there were monitored the

following Centaurea species with decorative potential, in the wild flora of Transylvania:

C. cyanus, C. orientalis, C. atropurpurea and C. mollis.

To achieve the goals of acclimatization objectives of Centaurea species with

ornamental value, there were monitored in the garden condition the following species: C.

phrygia subsp. ratezatensis (C. stenolepis subsp. ratezatensis comb. nova), C. orientalis

and C. atropurpurea.

In addition to the biological material studied, for observations and measurements

on the field and laboratory, it was used an electronic caliper (Powerfix), USB Digital

microscope (400X zoom), Optical microscope B4 Optec, stereo magnifier Novex (40X)

and the electronic caliper.

For each species were made several morphological measurements (quantitative,

qualitative and reports) and the measurements were made on almost every vegetative

organ (stem, leaf, inflorescence, involucre bracts and achene). The numbers of characters

differ and depend on morphological peculiarity of each species.

As methods for the interpretation of morphological differences which occur in

some polymorphic species, we used ordination and classification statistical methods

computed by PAST-Paleontological Statistics 2.15 package (HAMMER, 1999-2012) and

CANOCO for Windows 4.5 package (TEER BRAAK & ŠMILAUER, 2002).

The ordination and classification analysis applied on theCentaurea genus are new

approaches in Romania, which are intended to clarify the morphological differences.

Morphological studies on the Centaurea genus which formed the basis of the thesis


12

analysis were conducted in 2010-2012, on the spontaneous flora of Transylvania or on

the herbarium material (Herbarium of the Natural History Museum Sibiu-HSIB,

Herbarium of Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden-HCL).

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUTIONS

In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the research there were identified

in the Transylvanian flora a total of 22 species and 11 subspecies, based on the literature,

herbarium material (HSIB and HCL) and field research. For each subspecies there were

mentioned the synonymy and the herbarium material where reviewed from taxonomical

point of view.

Regarding the morphological monitoring in the spontaneous flora, it was made on

the polymorphic species that exhibited a high difficulty in determining species but also

have decorative values (VONICA & CANTOR, 2011(a), 2011(b)). For each species,

cytotypes or hybrids, discriminating morphological characters were presented, which can

differentiate the taxa and distribution maps on Transylvania area.

1. Regarding the differentiation of C. stoebe species (synonym with C. rhenana),

although it was known that the species has two ploidy levels (2x, 4x), we do not know if

in Transylvania flora could be found and how to differentiate the two cytotypes.

Following the ordination (PCA, CCA, RDA and UPGMA) and classification

analysis two cytotypes were found from morphologically point of view, which have been

identified in Europe flora by other botanists (Fig. 6.3).

C. stoebe subsp. stoebe (2n = 18), the diploid cytotype differs from the tetraploid

cytotype, C. stoebe subsp. micranthos (2n = 36), by inflorescence characters (length and

width-IL, IW), leaflets bracts and life cycle.

C. stoebe subsp. stoebe is, an annual species that grows well in open spaces, lack

of competition, the inflorescence height (measured from the base of the inflorescence to

the top of the last row of leaflets bracts) of 13.5 to 17 mm, appendage of leaflets bracts

has 6-10 pairs of fimbriae, lighter to the top and achene pappus is approximately half the

length of the achene.


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Figure 6.3. Discriminant score of two groups of C. stoebe individuals

(F 1,95; p 0,32)

C. stoebe subsp. micranthos is, a perennial species that grows in ruderalised

vegetation, with height from 19 to 23 mm of a cylindrical inflorescences, the appendage

of middle bracts with 4-7 pairs of fimbriae that have the same color throughout their

length and the pappus is about a quarter of the length of achene.

2. Regarding the differentiation of C. jacea individuals (other polymorphic group),

the results were obtained between this species and its hybrids with species from

Lepteranthus section. The ordination and classification analysis revealed four

discriminate morphological characters: appendage of middle bracts width (MW), the ratio

between length and width of leaflet bracts (BLW), leaf width (LW) and number of

fimbriae (FN) (Fig. 6.8).

C. jacea species differs, at first appearance by the hybrids, by shape of middle

bracts appendage, which is membranous, oval-rounded to C. jacea (5 to 5.6 mm) with

lacerate margin and lacking fimbriae, and by leaf width (6-8 mm in C. jacea). There

resulted hybrids from the crossing of C. jacea species and species of Lepteranthus

section differ from C. jacea by the irregular fimbriae on the margin which are focused in

small bouquets and by shape of middle bracts appendage to ovate-triangular to triangular-

lanceolate, with 3-4 mm appendage width, depending on the parent plant (Fig. 6.9). The

leaf width of hybrids achieves double the size comparing with C. jacea. Regarding the

-40 -32 -24 -16 -8 0 8 16 24 32

Scorul discriminant / Discriminant score

0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2

2,4

2,8

3,2

3,6

4

Fre

cven

ta /

Fre

quen

cy

Group I Group II


14

ratio of the length and width of leaflet bracts it can be said that the C. jacea has 3.7-4.4

mm and hybrids 2.2-3.2 mm values.

Figure 6.8. CCA analysis of discriminant variable to

C. jacea species and its hybrids

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Axa / Axis 1

-4-2

02

46

8

Axa

/ A

xis

2

SAMPLES

jacea xjacea mel

C. jacea

C. x jaceaC. x melanocalathia

C. x melanocalathia

Figure 6.9. CCA plot of analysed individuals

(C. jacea, C. jacea hybrids and C. x melanocalathia)

Legend

jacea - C. jacea

xjacea –hybrid of C. jacea

mel - C. x melanocalathia

discriminant characters IL,

FN, LW, MW, BLW-

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

Axa / Axis 1

-15

-10

-50

510

15

Axa

/ A

xis

2

jacea

xjacea

mel

LW

IL

BLW

MW

FN

SPECIES ENV. VARIABLES


15

3. Regarding the C. phrygia species (synonym with C. austriaca) it was found that

on flora of Transylvania two cytotypes (2x, 4x) are present, identified in Europe also as

C. phrygia subsp. phrygia (2n = 22) and C. phrygia subsp. erdneri (2n = 44) and

confirmed by the studies of this thesis (KOUTEKÝ et all., 2012). The two ploidy levels are

distinguished by morphological characteristics of middle bracts appendage and shape of

leaf. The middle bracts appendage of diploid cytotype has a width of 1 to 1.4 mm

compared with tetraploid cytotype (1-1.8 mm), the ratio between the length and width of

the leaflet bracts is 6.5 to the diploid or 5.8 to the tetraploid cytotype. Appendage of the

middle bracts has dark brown color at the base and light brown to yellow color to the

apex for diploid and dark brown to blackish brown at the base and dark brown at the apex

for the tetraploid. In terms of the leaf shape it can be said that the diploid cytotype has the

whole leaf slightly serrated on the margin with regular teeth and less than 1 mm long and

the tetraploid cytotype has lobed or toothed leaves with unequal lobes / teeth, larger than

1 mm long.In terms of geographical distribution it was found that C. phrygia subsp.

erdneri has a wider distribution in the studied intra-Carpathian area and it is present in

pastures where human influence felt, degraded grassland, grazed intensively etc. The C.

phrygia subsp. phrygia is distributed in the eastern part of Transylvania, in the meadows

of the Carpathians Mountains, depriving the southern, western and central Transylvania

(Photo 6.10).

Photo 6.10. Distribution of C. phrygia and C. erdneri taxa in Transylvania


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-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

Forta discriminanta / Discriminant

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Frec

vent

a / F

requ

ency

4. Regarding the issue of the taxonomic approach of C. phrygia subsp.

ratezatensis, a diploid species (synonym with C. ratezatensis), it is observed that there is

a resemblance to the species C. phrygia subsp. pseudophrygia and C. stenolepis

(CIOCÂRLAN, 2009; DRĂGHIA et all., 2010). The ordination and classification analyses

revealed a morphological overlap of endemic species, C. ratezatensis, across species C.

stenolepis. Discriminating morphological characters evidenced by CCA are leaf width

(LW), branched stem length (measured from the first branching to the terminal

inflorescence-SBL), visibility of middle bracts appendage (MV) and the number of

fimbriae (FN) (Fig. 6.15).

Figure 6.15. CCA plots of C. stenolepis and C. ratezatensis species

Although, there are some characters that distinguish the two species, the

MANOVA test used to discriminating analysis (Hotelling) calculated a rate of

classification for both species by 92.05%, indicating that some of the morphological

characters of C. ratezatensis individuals overlap the morphological characters of C.

stenolepis (Fig. 6.16).

Figure 6.16. Cannonical score histogram of C. stenolepis and C. ratezatensis species

Legend

C. ratezatensis

C. stenolepis

-3.0 0.0 3.0

Axa / Axis 1

-0.6

0.0

1.0

Axa

/ A

xis

2

C. stenolepis

C. ratezatensis

SBLLW FN MV SPECIES ENV. VARIABLES


17

The classification analysis results confirmed that the C. ratezatensis taxon must be

included in the C. stenolepis species and treated as its subtaxons-Centaurea stenolepis

subsp. ratezatensis (Prod.) comb. nova (VONICA et all., 2013(a)).

5. Regarding the nomenclature approach of C. x prodanii and C. x devensis

hybrids, it was observed that the two hybrids are morphologically undifferentiated under

CCA analysis (VONICA et all., 2013 (b)). Classification analysis computed a score by

61.11% and morphological differences between the two hybrids are insignificant

according to the similarity test Hotelling's T–squared. (Fig. 6.21).

-0,9 -0,6 -0,3 0 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8

Forta discriminanta / Discriminant

0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2

2,4

2,8

3,2

3,6

4

Fre

cventa

/ F

requency

Figure 6.21. Linear Discriminant analysis (LDA) of the

C. x prodanii şi C. x devensis hybrids

Due to lack of differential characters between the two hybrids, highlighted by

classification and ordination analyses, C. x prodanii described by Wagner (1910) as a

hybrid between C. phrygia and C. indurata and C. x devensis also described by Wagner

(1910) as a hybrid between C. stenolepis and C. phrygia are synonyms. The accepted

name for C. x prodanii was appointed by analyzing the geographical distribution of the

two parental species and the hybrid C. x devensis passed into synonymy.

6. Regarding the issue of taxonomic approach to species C. indurata (synonym

with C. phrygia subsp. indurata) may indicate that this species differs from C. stenolepis

with different ploidy level, length of leaf and inflorescence length. Although there is a

Legend

C. x prodanii

C. x devensis


18

partial morphological overlap and C. indurata species must not be treated as an inferior

taxon of the C. stenolepis species and, it will remain in the group Phrygia because it

requires additional morphological studies.

7. Regarding the morphological differences occurring in C. atropurpurea species

(subgenus Lopholoma), it can be said that they are directly related to the amount of

calcite in the soil. (VONICA et all., 2012). C. atropurpurea was monitored in several

populations of Transylvania and it was observed that in some populations (Turda Gorge -

CJ), the individuals of C. atropurpurea differ from higher values of lacinia length and

width, number of inflorescences and number of leaves compared to other individuals

populations (Lomb Mountain -CJ) (Fig.6.34). C. atropurpurea species is known as

calciphile plants and the higher values of morphological discriminating characters were

observed also in other populations.

Figure 6.32. PCA plots of C. atropurpurea species

(Jolliffe cut-off=0,74, confidence interval=95%)

8. Regarding the monitoring of rare species of Centaurea (C. stenolepis subsp.

ratezatensis, C. orientalis, C. atropurpurea) in the garden condition at Natural History

Museum Sibiu garden, it can be said the following (VONICA & CANTOR, 2012):

Componenta 1 (55,96 %, eigenvalue 6,53)

Co

mp

on

enta

2 (

18

,59 %

, ei

gen

val

ue

2,1

7)

Legend: Cheile Turzii

Dealul Lomb

Roşia de Secaş

Guşteriţa


19

-In terms of germination, it can be said that the greatest success recorded at C.

stenolepis subsp. stenolepis species (45.85%), followed by C. atropurpurea (18.66 %)

and C. orientalis (12.14 %).

- In terms of phenological phases of development, the C. atropurpurea species

blooming after 90-100 days from seeding followed by C. orientalis and later by C.

stenolepis subsp. ratezatensis.

- Between analyzed individuals developed in the garden conditions and

spontaneous flora, the ordination analyses showed a few discrimination morphological

characters. The plants of C. stenolepis subsp. ratezatensis developed in the garden

condition are different from plants from spontaneous flora, from the ratio between length

and width of the inflorescence, the ratio between length and width of the leaves and stem

height (Fig. 6.38).

Figure 6.38. CCA plots of two analysed groups (developed in the garden condition and

spontaneous flora) by C. stenolepis subsp. ratezatensis species

Individuals of the C. atropurpurea species developed in the garden condition

differ from individuals of spontaneous flora, in inflorescence and leaf width and length,

and between individuals grown in the garden and the spontaneous flora of the C.

orientalis species there is no difference (Fig. 6.43).

-2.0 0.0 4.0

Axa / Axis 1

-1.0

1.0

Axa /

Axis

2 Grãdinã

Flora spontanã

SLILW

LLW

Legend

ILW, LLW, SL –

discriminant

characters


20

Figure 6.43. CCA plot of two analysed group of C. atropurpurea species

(garden and spontaneous flora)

Recommendations:

C.stenolepis subsp. ratezatensis species grown in the garden conditions, along

with the other grassy species carpet, in shady and moist areas, it is recommended for

decorating brick walls or unsightly places in the surroundings of the house. It can be

recommended for floral spots in the parks or public gardens but can be also included in

the composition of flower carpet because it supports mowing grass and it has the ability

to regenerate from buds ingrown. The introduction of this species in the range of

ornamental species is a welcome ex-situ conservation of the species which is considered

endemic in Romania.

C. orientalis species is considered a relict species in Transylvania, but it is more

often outside the Carpathian arch and it is decorative in its yellow inflorescences. The

species is recommended for floral spots, intersections, parks and public gardens, in areas

with high insolation. It can be used as decorative species because the flowering stem is

straight and long, ended with one or two-three inflorescences. Being a perennial,

flowering in the first year, the vegetative success is very low and in unfavorable season

(winter), many plants do not survive at low temperatures and thermal protective measures

are required.

C. atropurpurea species grows well in the garden conditions, especially if the soil

is loose and contains calcite. The species can be used in the floral borders of the

intersections, or in parks and gardens. As a calciphile species, it can be recommended for

rocky gardens but with the condition to be limestone rocks. The species is also

-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Axa / Axis 1

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Axa

/ A

xis

2

Flora spontanã

Grãdinã

LWIL

Legend

IL, LW- discriminant

characters


21

recommended as cut flowers in floral arrangements and even as dried plant because the

inflorescence has a lacy appearance.

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