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DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT

Author’s full name : Sasan Parniani Date of birth : 21 March 1984

Title : STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF HIGH VOLUME SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE

Academic Session : 2010/2011 I declare that this thesis is classified as : I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:

1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose

of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.

Certified by :

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date : 20 November 2010 Date :

NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the

organization where research was done)* OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access

(full text) √

R12440726 Professor.Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin

“I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion this

report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree

of Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure)”

Signature :

Academic Supervisor: Professor.Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin

Date : November, 2010

STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF HIGH VOLUME SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE

SASAN PARNIANI

(MA081371)

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Technologi Malaysia

November, 2010

ii

I declare that this project report entitled “strength properties of high volume slag

cement concrete” is the result of my own research except as cited in the

references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not

concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ....................................................

Name : SASAN PARNIANI

Date : November, 2010

iii

To my beloved mother and father

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor,

Professor.Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin (Faculty of Civil Engineering) and for his patience,

guidance, support and time which have contributed thoroughly in this study. Next, I

wish to thank the staffs of Structures and Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Civil

Engineering, for their assistance in the experimental works.

I also take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved family

and dear friends (Farnoud .Achara), for their moral support, through the duration of this

study.

Lastly, I would like to express my appreciation to those who have given me

either direct or indirect assistance in this project.

v

ABSTRAK

Sangga relau bagas terkenal sebagai salah satu bahan dalam proses penghasilan

konkrit. Pada tahun 1905, sangga relau bagas berbutir telah mula digunakan untuk

menghasilkan campuran simen di Amerika Syarikat. Pada masa kini, telah

dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan sebagai unsur atau bahan pengikat yang dicampur

bersama dengan simen Portland dalam proses penghasilan konkrit. Kajian ini dilakukan

bertujuan untuk mengkaji ciri kekuatan sangga relau bagas dalam konkrit. Kerja-kerja

makmal telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan tiga aspek kekuatan konkrit yang mengandungi

simen sangga relau bagas. Bagi langkah pertama, konkrit dengan peratusan kandungan

sangga relau bagas penggantian telah disediakan dan diuji bagi mengenalpasti kapasiti

optimum sangga relau bagas berbutir dalam konkrit untuk mencapai kekuatan tertinggi.

Untuk mencapai objektif ini, sampel-sampel berbentuk kubus (dimensi: 100m x 100mm

x 100mm) telah disediakan dan diuji bagi mengenalpasti pecahan terbaik kandungan

sangga relau bagas yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kapasiti kekuatan mampatan

maksima. Sampel-sampel berbentuk prisma (dimensi: 100mm x 100mm x 500mm) juga

disediakan dan diuji untuk mengenalpasti kekuatan lentur bagi konkrit simen sangga.

Bagi langkah kedua, dua rasuk konkrit bertetulang rasuk telah disediakan dan diuji untuk

mengenalpasti serta membandingkan ketinggian isipadu simen sangga relau bagas

dengan konkrit biasa berdasarkan sifat kelenturan untuk konkrit dari jenis ini. Akhir

sekali, kesan-kesan dari penyembuhan keadaan disiasat dan kehilangan kekuatan simen

sangga relau bagas apabila terdedah kepada penyembuhan yang lemah diperiksa.

Keputusan ujian menunjukkan bahawa 40% sangga relau bagas penggantion

menghasilkan kekuatan mampatan yang terbaik bagi konkrit pada usia 28 hari. Walau

bagaimanapun, kesan daripada kekuatan lentur konkrit sangga relau bagas adalah

berbeza. Selain itu, adalah dipelajari bahawa flexibility rasuk berkurang dengan

peningkatan penggantian ketinggian isipadu sangga relau bagas dalam rasuk konkrit

bertetulang. Daripada keputusan-keputusan ujian tersebut, didapati bahawa kehilangan

kekuatan dalam konkrit sangga relau bagas berbutir adalah lebih tinggi jika

dibandingkan dengan konkrit biasa dalam keadaan penyembuhan yang lemah.

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ABSTRACT

The use of blast-furnace slag as constitute of concrete is well known. The

use of ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBFS) slag for producing blended

cement commenced in 1905 in United States. Recent consideration has been

given to use of GGBFS as separate cementitious material mixed along with

Portland cement in production of concrete. This study was conducted to

investigate strength properties GGBF slag in concrete. Laboratory work was done in

three aspects of slag cement concrete strength. At first step different percentages of

replacement slag in concrete was done and tested to determine the optimum strength

volume o GGBFS in concrete. To accomplish this objective, cube samples

(100mmx100mmx100mm) was prepared and tested to evaluate the best proportion

of slag to reach maximum compressive strength. Also prism samples

(100mmx100mmx500mm) were tested to determine flexural strength of slag cement

concrete. At second step, two reinforced concrete beams were cast and tested for

evaluating and comparing high volume slag cement with plain concrete in according

to flexural behavior of this type of concrete. Finally the effect of curing condition

investigated. And strength loss of slag cement concrete in expose to poor curing was

examined. The test results conclude that 40% replacement of slag has best

compressive strength in concrete at 28 days .but effect of flexural strength of

GGBFS concrete was different. Furthermore it shows that ductility and flexibility of

beam decrease with substitute of high volume slag in reinforced beam. Eventually

results indicate that strength loss in GGBF slag concrete is more than normal

concrete in poor curing conditions.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ii

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

v

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 4

1.2 Problem statement 6

1.3 Objective 6

1.4 Scope of study 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Hydration process – reactions 8

2.3 Hydraulic activity of slag 10

viii

2.4 Factors determining cementitious properties 12

2.5 Compressive and flexural strength 14

2.6 Proportioning of GGBFS in concrete 16

2.7 Temperature development of concrete made with slag

21

2.8 Effects of curing conditions on properties of concrete

………using slag replacement

24

2.9 Uses of GGBF slag in concrete and mortal 28

2.10 Effect of components fineness on strength of blast

……….furnace slag cement

30

3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Material to be used 33

3.3 Determination and evaluation of strength property of

……..slag cement replacement concrete in different proportions

36

3.3.1 Compressive Strength Test 36

3.3.2 Flexural Strength Test 38

3.4 Flexural performance of reinforced concrete beam with

.......... .high volume slag

39

3.4.1 Steel Reinforcement Design and Preparation of

........................Steel Bars

41

3.4.2 Preparation of Formwork 42

3.4.3 Four-Point Loading Tes 42

3.5 Effect of curing conditions in slag cements concrete

.......... ..strength

43

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 45

4.1 General 45

ix

4.2 Optimum replacement of GGBFS 45

4.2.1 Compressive Strength Results 45

4.2.2 Flexural Strength Results 47

4.3 Workability 49

4.4 Flexural Performance of GGBF slag in reinforced

………concrete beam

49

4.4.1 Ultimate Strength 49

4.4.2 Load-Deflection 50

4.4.3 Steel Strain 52

4.4.4 Mode of Failure 52

4.5 Effect of curing conditions in slag cement concrete

...........strength

54

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57

5.1 Conclusion 57

5.2 Recommendations 58

References 59

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

1.1 Slag-activity index standards for various grades as prescribed in

ASTM C 989

4

2.1 Benefiting of improved strength 15

2.2 Specific replacement rates of slag in concrete 19

2.3 Compressive strength in different temperatures 27

3.1 Chemical composition and fineness of the ccementitous material 35

3.2 Tests program to determine high strength concrete (7and28days) 38

3.3 Summary of testing program to study flexural performance of slag

cement Beams

39

3.4 Compressive strength of 50%slag cement and OPC concrete in

different condition curing (3 days, 7 days, 28day and 90 days)

44

4.1 Compressive strength of normal and slag cement concrete cubes 46

4.2 Flexural strength of normal and slag cement concrete cubes 47

4.3 Slump test for determining the workability 49

4.4 Ultimate load and first crack Load of RC beams 50

4.5 Ultimate load and deflection at ultimate load 51

4.6 Cracking properties of the RC beams 54

4.7 Compressive strength Vs age with diffretent curing condition 55

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

2.1 Ternary diagram indicating composition of Portland cement and

blast-furnace slag in the system CaO-SiO2- Al2O3

13

2.2 Rate of heat liberation of cements with and without GGBF slag at

27 C (80 F)

13

2.3 Comparison of heat generated in mass concrete with portland

cement, Portland cement-fly ash, and portland cement-slag concrete

mixture

22

2.4

2.5

2.6

Experimental and calculated compressive result of OPC concrete

Experimental and calculated compressive result of 30% slag

concrete

Experimental and calculated compressive result of 50% slag

concrete

26

26

27

3.1 Compressive test equipment 37

3.2 Cross Section of RC Beams 40

3.3 Arrangement of reinforcement bars and wooden formwork 41

3.4 Strain gauge installation at the center of reinforcement bars 41

3.5 Beam test schematic 43

3.6 Four point loading test 43

4.1 Compressive strength Vs Age of mixes with diffretent percentage of

GGBFS

46

xii

4.2 Flexural strength Vs age of mixes with diffretent percentage of

GGBFS

47

4.3 Load versus deflection graph of the beams 51

4.4 Load versus steel strain curve 52

4.5 Mode of Failure of high volume slag replacement concrete beam 53

4.6 Mode of Failure of normal concrete(G30) beam 53

4.7 Compressive strength of different curing conditions 55

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Slag cement, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), has been used in

concrete projects more than a century in worldwide. Earlier usage of slag cements

explains that long-term performance is improved in several ways. Based on these recent

experiences researchers have found that main effects of improved durability are in life

cycle costs and reduce maintenance costs. Consuming slag cement to substitute a portion

of portland cement in a concrete mixture is a useful technique to make concrete better

and more consistent. Main effects of slag cement usage are:

• Easier finish ability

• Higher compressive and flexural strengths

• Lower permeability

• Improved resistance to aggressive chemicals

• More consistent plastic and hardened properties

When iron is manufactured using a blast furnace, the furnace is continuously

charged from the top with oxides, fluxing material, and fuel. Two products—slag and

iron—gather in the bottom of the hearth. Molten slag floats on above the molten iron;

both are tapped distinctly. The molten iron is transferred to the steel producing facility,

while the molten slag is changed to a granulator. This process, known as granulation, is

2

the rapid cooling with water of the molten slag into a raw material called granules.Rapid

cooling prevents the development of crystals and forms glassy, non-metallic, silicates

and alumina silicates of calcium. These granules are dried and then ground to a suitable

fineness, the result of which is slag cement. The granules can also be jointed as an

ingredient in the manufacture of blended Portland cement. GGBFS cement has exactly

the same chemical ingredients as ordinary Portland cement, only in slightly differing

proportions. Thus it can replace Portland cement by up to 85% in making ready-mixed

concrete. nowadays, slag cement is used to produce blended cement that complies with

ASTM C 595 (1992).Slag cement can be used as a constituent in hydraulic cement

produced under ASTM C 1157(1992).

ASTM C 989, first adopted in 1982, provides for three strength grades of GGBF

slag, depending on their related mortar strengths when mixed with an equal mass of

portland cement. The classifications are Grades 120, 100, and 80, based on the slag-

activity index expressed as:

SAI = slag-activity index, percent = (SP/P x 100)

SP = average compressive strength of slag-reference cement mortar cubes, psi

P = average compressive strength of reference cement mortar cubes, psi

Classification is in accordance with Table 1.1 (adapted from ASTM C 989) as

follows:The slag-activity index test is influenced by the Portland cement used; ASTM C

989 specifies total alkalies and 28- day compressive strengths for the reference cement.

The precision of this test is such that the coefficient of variation is 4.1 percent for single

laboratory testing and 5.7 percent for multilaboratory testing.

In addition to requirements on strength performance, the specification limits the

residue on a 45-mm (No. 325) sieve to 20 percent and the air content of a mortar

containing only GGBF slag to a maximum of 12 percent.

3

The specification also includes two chemical requirements: one limiting the

sulfide sulfur (S) to a maximum of 2.5 percent and the other limiting the sulfate content

(reported as SO3) to a maximum of 4.0 percent.

Canadian standards CSA A363 and CSA A23.5 differentiate between GGBF

slags that react hydraulically with water and those that require activators to develop their

cementitious properties quickly.

Blended cements, in which the GGBF slags are combined with portland cement,

are covered by ASTM C 595. Three types of such cements are addressed: 1) slag-

modified Portland cement [Type I (SM)], in which the GGBF slag constituent is less

than 25 percent of the total mass; 2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement (Type IS), which

contains 25 to 70 percent GGBF slag; and 3) slag cement (Type S), containing 70

percent or more GGBF slag. While the specifications permit the GGBF slag and the

other ingredients to be ground either together or separately and blended, most portland

blastfurnace slag cements have been interground. Such cements have been used

worldwide for almost 100 years, and have excellent service records (Lea 1971).

4

Table 1.1—Slag-activity index standards for various Grades as prescribed in

ASTM C 989

Grade Slag-activity index, minimum percent

Average of last five

consecutive samples

Any individual sample

7-day index

80 ------ -----

100 75 70

120 95 90

28-day index

80 75 70

100 95 90

120

115

110

1.1 Background

First usage of slag was at 1700s, when the material was mixed with lime to make

mortars. The first U.S. production was in 1896. Until the 1950s, granulated slag was

used in the manufacture of blended portland cements, or as raw feedstock to make

cement clinker. However, the 1950s saw slag cement become available in other

countries as a separate product. The first granulation facility in the U.S. to make a

separate slag cement product was Sparrows Point, Maryland, in the early 1980s.

Recently the supplying and adding of slag to concrete increase rapidly in compare with

before.

5

Same as Portland cement slag cement is hydraulic material and tend to react with

water to form cementitious material (calcium-silicate hydrate or CSH). Like pozzolans,

slag cement consumes by-product calcium hydroxide from the hydration of portland

cement to form additional CSH. The resulting cement paste is stronger and denser, thus

improving the concrete.

The beneficial influence of slag cement in concrete depends on many factors

such as proportion of replacement and curing conditions, but in general use of GGBFS

in concrete has the following advantages:

• Slag increases the amount of C-S-H gel in concrete thereby increasing density

and reducing permeability.

• GGBFS raise ability of concrete against sulphate attacks by diluting the total

amount of C3A in concrete.

• Usage of slag cement will reduce the potential of ASR in system by decreasing

pore size and total alkalis in concrete.

• Slag reduces temperature of hydration therefore decline thermal stress in

concrete.

• GGBFS may increase the compressive and flexural strength of concrete in long

time (after 28 days) if it is cured in specific conditions.

• Slag cement can help the environment because the emission of CO2 in this type

of concrete is about half of the OPC concrete

6

1.2 Problem statement

Durability and strength are the most important objects in concrete mix design ,cement is

well know as a important factor to produce concrete, which means it is essential to use

cementitius material in any construction activities. Recently most of the countries are

faced to lack of cement. The industrial and agricultural material has been developed to

produce new cementitious material instead of cement .providing and developing of these

materials is not really sufficient enough to make use in concrete. Therefore, full

profitable utilization can be achived by further development and adjustment for the

material that have been studied.

1.3 Objective

• To study the effects of slag cement replacement on the compressive strength of

concrete.

• To determine the effects of slag cement replacement on the flexural strength of

concrete.

• To evaluate slag cement concrete in different curing conditions.

• To assess cracking behaviour and deflection of slag cement reinforced concrete

beam

7

1.4 Scope of study

The scope of study is established to achieve the objectives, and this study will be

mainly concentrated on experimental works. Experiments regarding to the compressive

and flexural strength tests to suit with study period, will be done in different percentages

of slag and different curing conditions