UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

PERCEPTION TOWARDS A PPLICATION OF GREEN ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE AMONG PROFESSIONALS AND THE

PUBLIC IN TEHRAN CITY, IRAN

MOHAMMAD REZA TAHERI

FRSB 2008 8

PERCE PTION TOWARDS A PPLICATION OF GREEN ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE A MONG PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLIC

IN TEHRAN CITY, IRAN

MOHAMMAD REZA TAHERI

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI PllTRA MALAYSIA

PE RCEPTION TOWAR DS APPLICA TION OF G R EE N ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE AMONG PROFESSI ONALS AND THE PUBLIC

IN TEHRAN C ITY, I RAN

By

MOHAMMA D REZA TAH E RI

Thesis Submitted to ihe School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

September 2008

11

DEDICATION

TO MY LA TE FATHER AND MOTHER,

MY W IFE, M Y SON AND DAUGHTERS

AND

TO ALL OF MY FRIENDS W H O MARTYRIZED IN WAR

111

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Univers i t i Putra Malaysia i n fulfi lment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Phi losophy

PERCEPTION TO\VARDS APPLICATION OF G REEN ROOFTOP AND VERTICAL LANDSCAPE AMONG PROFESSIONALS AND THE PUBLI C

IN TEHRAN CIT Y, I RAN

By

M OHAMMAD REZA TAHERI

September 2008

Chairman: Associate Professor Nordin Abd Rahman, PhD

Faculty: Design and Architecture

The high temperature duri ng the hot season in Iran i s the greatest challenge i n

cool ing down residentia l and commerc ia l buildings i n ci ties because heati ng a n d

cooling cdnsume the h ighest amount o f energy a t the expense o f environmental

quality. Air pol lution, urban heat effect and heat waves, peak energy demands, lack

of green space are amongst the most crit ical environmental issues i n Iranian urban

areas especial ly in Tehran. The study i mplemented a humanistic approach integrated

in a qual i tat ive research methodology to develop a green roof strategy for Iran from

amongst professional experts and publ ic responses for reducing the h i gh temperature.

This study used. in-depth interviews among professionals and public about their

perception towards the appl ication of green roof policy and planning, and thei r

related technical: and vertical landscape. Among the factors interv iewed include the

development of a loca l ized green roof policy, consideration of d ifferent weather

condit ions, adaptation of new irrigat ion and water supply technologies , selection of

plant species, certification, development of an education awareness program, and

IV

m itigation of h igh capital investment. The study used descriptive analys is where it

concluded with severai practical recommendations that the authorities coul d take to

improve the social acceptance and implement the educational awareness program .

They i nclude creating cuiturai behaviour towards green roof pol icy, developing pilot

projects with selected publ ic bui ldings, encouraging part ic ipation of non-profit

organizations i n d isseminati ng information and promoting green roof and vertical

l andscape, forming a green roof forum combining public and professional

participants, addi ng value to green roof pol icy, and deve loping experts and technical

support for the implementation. The study also made several specific

recommendations for the City of Tehran to i mplement green roof pol icy.

In concluding th is study, we m ade several c laims where th is study I) extends green

roof appl ication to arid and semi -arid climatic zones; 2 ) identify technical knowledge

and educational awareness programs as catalysts to promoting green roof pol icy in

Iran; 3) identi fy ing key components rel at ing to green roof systems, bui lding

specifications , i rrigation technologies, and se lection of plant species for further

detai led study; and 4) using a humanistic approach in a research methodology for

understanding and identify the chal lenges and barriers i n i mplementing green roof

policy i n metropoli tan cit ies of Iran . The i mplementation of the green roof policy

w i l l develop further basis for commerc ial i zation of loca l ly-developed research

products that are nat ive and carry low mainte nance costs whi le the publ ic w i l l enjoy

better qual i ty of l ife in cit ies i n Iran. Much future studies wil l be required In

promoting such policy, and the establ i shment of a Green Roof Inst i tute IS

recommended i n Iran to meet th is purpose.

v

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukan kepada Senat Universit i Putra Malaysia sabegai memenuhi syar�t nntllk Ijazah Doktor Fal safah

PERSEPSI TERHADAP APLIKASI BUMBUN G HIJAU DAN LANDSKAP MENEGAK DI KALANGAN PROFESI ONAL DAN ORANG

A W AM DI BANDARA YA TEHRAN, I RAN

Oleh

MOHAMMAD REZA TAHERI

September 2008

Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Nordin Abd Rahman, PhD

F akulti: Rekabentuk d:m Senibina

Sllhll t inggi semasa mllsim panas di Iran adalah cabaran utama untuk mendi nginkan

kediaman dan bangllnan pejabat di bandar kerana pemanasan dan pendinginan

menggunakan tenaga yang tertinggi yang mencemarkan kualiti alam sekitar.

Pencemaran lldara, kesan haba perbandaran dan gelombang haba, keperluan tenaga

yang tinggi , kekurangan ruangan hijau adalah di antara isu-isu alam seki tar yang

krit ikal di kawasan perbandaran Iran terutamanya di Tehran. Kajian in i

menggunakan pendekatan kemanusiaan dari kalangan pakar profess ional dan awam

yang di integrasikan di dalam sebuah kaedah penye l idikan kualitat if untllk

membangunkan sebuah strategi peJaksaan pol isi bumbung hijau di Iran bagi

mengurangkan suhu yang tinggi .

Kaj ian in i menggunakan temu ramah mendalam di kalangan profesional dan orang

awam mengenai persepsi mereka terhadap aplikasi pol isi dan perancangan bumbung

hijau di Iran dan aspek teknikul yang berkaitan. Di antara faktor-faktor yang ditemu

ramah termasuklah pembanguna� pol isi yang d iadptasikan kepada keadaan tempatan,

pertimbangan terhadap keadaan cuaca yang berbeza, mengadaptLisikan teknologi

VI

pengairan dan sumber a Ir yang bam. periii l ihan �pesl� tanaman. pensiji lan ,

pembangunan sebuah program pendidikan untuk memperkenalkan teknologi dan

pol isi bumbung hijau dan mengurangkan pelaburan yang t inggi . Kajian i n i

menggunakan analisa deskriptif di mana I<mya memberikan daparan yang

mencadangkan secara prakticai bagaimana untuk memperbaiki penenmaan sosial

dan mengadakan program pendidikan mengenamya. Di anlara cadangan tersebu t

adalah mewujudkan budaya perlakuan yang menyokong pol isi bumbung hijau.

membangunkan sebuah projek peri nt is menggunakan beberapa bangunan awam

terpil ih , menggalakkan pengl ibatan orgamsasl bukan kerajaan di dahlm

menyampaikan maklumat dan �empromosikan bumbung hijau dan landskap

menegak, pembentukan sebuah forum bumbung hijau yang melibatkan profesional

dan orang awam, menambah ni lai kepada pol isi tersebut dan membangunkan sumber

manusia bagi menjayakan implementasi. Kajian i n i turut membuat beberapa

cadangan khusus untuk di implementasi di Bandar Tehran , Iran.

Di akhi r kaj ian, kami i ngin membuat beberapa tuntutan di mana kajian ini telah I )

memanjangkan aplikasi bumbung h i jau ke zan keri ng dan dan separa-kering; 2 )

mengenalpasti i lmu teknikal dan program pendidikan yang boleh menjadi katal i s

untuk mempromosikan pol isi bumbung hijau d i Iran ; 3 ) mengenalpasi komponen

utama mengenai sistem bumbung hijau, spesifikasi bangunan, teknologi penga i ran.

pemi l ihan spesis tanaman untuk kajian lanjutan dan 4) menggunakan pendekatan

kemanusiaan di dalam kaedah penyel id ikan untuk memahami dan mengenalpasti

cabaran dan rint:mgan u n tuk mengimplementasikan polisi bumbung hijau di

bandaraya d i Iran. Implementasi pol i si bumbung h ijau ini akan dikembangkan

dengan lebih mendalam yang mana bolch menghasi lkan produk-produ k penyel idikan

\1\

tempatan yang dapat dlkomersIlkan ydng mana leblh 111,,:,ra tempatan dan mel IbJtkan

ko� penJagaan yang leblh murah selam membolehkan vf3ng awam untuk memkmJl1

kehidupan yang berkualtil d, Iran Lebdl ban) dl.- kaJlan turut dlperlUh.an u ntuk

mempromoslkan polIsl tersebut. dan penubunan <;ebuah Instllllt K3J/dll Bumbung

HiJau adalah dlCadangkan dl Iran untuk mcmenuhl obJektlf tersebut

'v III

ACKNOWLE DGEMENTS

Glory and praIse to be Allah (SWT), the Umnlpotent , On lnl\Clenl ,HlU Ommpre\cIH

for opemng doors of 0pVOflllil.ty to me throughout m y l i fe and for gIVing me the

strength and health to achIeve what I have achIeved so far I hope and pray that I t

does not end here ThIS �tudy could not have been completed successful ly WI thout

the generous aSSI')tance dnd k ind support of many i ndIvIduals and orgamzatlon\

FIrst and foremo'>t, I ,""ould l I ke to express my heartfe l t apprecldtlon to my dedfe�t

mother HaJlah Gohar and late father HdJJl Ahmad who,e ,>upport and encourdgement

has made reach thl:' level of my academlc achIevement I .1\<'0 wl�h to expre\<; my

specIal gratitude to m y belmed wIfe Batool my <;on Ahmad and my d,lUghter<;

(Fatemeh and Maryam) who have dlway<; been d source of strength and .11<;0 \\ ho

shared my burden and contI nuou�ly gl\,e mp \OPpolt dnd encouragement I n

competmg m y study, for whom WIthout them tlll� theSIS ,""ould never bc pO'nlble I

am deeply mdebted to the househo\d� who grdclou�\y ,>hared theIr experIence \\ \th

me by allowmg my assIstants \pecld l ly my brother Al I Reza dnd h l� Wife M,lryam

and also m y sisters Fatemeh dnd Zahrd My hedrtfe l t thanks and apprecldtlon goe<, to

the understandmg wlfe' � fdm i ly e�pecla l ly her father and mother Has<;an All Azam

for the support, saCrIfice, pdtlence, under<,tandlng, throughout the �tudy

I would lIke to express my gratItude to the Government of l'>\amlc Republ Ic 01 Irdn,

the Umverslty of Tehran for the fmancl:!1 a�SI\tance whIch ha<, enabled me to

conduc t thIS study

I X

I would l i ke to express my utmost grati tude to my highly respecteG supervI sor,

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nordin Abd Rahman, chairman of my supervisory committee. for

his advice, invaluable guidance, hospitality, support and encour�gement throughout

the period of the study. His patience and understanding have been fuliy exerci�eJ in

assisting me to overcome the many problems of being a foreign student here in

Malaysia. Moreover, I would l ike to acknowledge to the late wife of Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Nordin Abd Rahman. I wi l l not forget her ever.

It is my pleasure to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the chairman of

m y thesis supervisory committee, Professor Dr. Elia� Saiiel-', Associate Professor Dr.

Azizah Seyed Sal im for them patience and persistent guidance in the preparation of

this thesis . They generous suggestions and friendly supervi sion made me reach the

height of my study.

Special thanks are also dedicated to Professor Dr. Mustafa Kamal Mohd. Sharif and

Associate Professor Dr. Rahinah Ibrahim who taught me what a PhD degree entai ls

and how to accompl ish a higher-level research . It i s also my pleasure to thank Dr.

Osman Mohammad Taher, Dr. Suhardi Maulan , Dr. Kamariah Dola, Associate

Professor Dr. Noorizan Mohamed and Mr Mohd Nasir Baaruddin , not forgett ing all

the lecturers and stuffs at the Department of Landscape Architecture, Facu l ty of

Design and Archi tecture, UPM's for their guid�nce and support throughout duri ng

my study.

x

I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 4 July 2008 to conduct the final examination of Mohammad Reza Taheri on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled

"Perception Towards Application of Green Rooftop and Vertical Landscape Among Professionals and the Public in Tehran City, Iran" in accordance with Universiti

Pertanian Malaysia (Higher degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher degree) Regulation 1981. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the

Doctor of Philosophy.

Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:

Kamariah Dola, PhD Lecturer Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

Mustapha Kamal Mohd Shariff, PhD Professor

Faculty of Design and Architecture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Suhardi Maulan, PhD Lecturer

Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner)

Julaihi Wahid, PhD Associate Professor School of Housing, Building and Planning Universiti Sains Malaysia (External Examiner)

.<'Ul'I�.LJjJ. GHAZALI, PhD Professo uty Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date: 26 August 2008

Thi s thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as fulfilment of the requi rement for the degree of Doctor of Phi losophy_

Members of the Supervisory Committee were as fol lows:

Nordin A bd Rahman, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

Elias Salleh, PhD Professor Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Azizah Seyed Salim, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Design and Architecture Universit i Putra Malaysia (Member)

XII

-e ··1�· J AINI IDE RIS, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date : I I September 2008

DECLARA TION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations

and citations, which have bee n duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra

Malaysia or other institutions.

X III

DEDICATION ABSTRACT

TABLE O F CONTENTS

ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARA TION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND AC RONYIVIS LIST OF APPENDIC ES

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1 . 1 Background of study 1 .2 Problem statement 1 .3 Importance of study 1 .4 Research questions 1 .5 Main goal and research objecti ves

2 LITE RA TURE REV IEW

Page

lii IV VI I X XI

XIII xvii xix XXI

xxiii

2 7 9 13 1 3

1 5

2 . 1 I ntroduction 1 5 2 . 1 . 1 What are the green roofs? 1 5 2. 1 .2 What are vertical landscapes? 2 1 2. 1 .3 Reasons for green roof and vertical landscape 23 2. 1 .4 Effect of green roof and vert ical landscape on cooli ng of bui lding 23 2 . 1 .5 Extends l i fe of the roof 27 2. 1 .6 Greatly reduces interior sound levels and noise barriers 2 7 2 . 1 .7 Environmental ly friend ly 28 2 . 1 .8 Restores ecological and aesthetic value to open spaces 28 2 . 1 .9 Storm water management 28 2 . 1 . 1 0 Rooftop gardening and agricu lture 29

2.2 B ackground and h istory

2.3 Development, transition and usage of green roofs and wal l s 2 .3 . 1 Green roof and vertical landscape in the Europe 2 .3 .2 Green roof and vertical landscape in the North America 2 .3 .3 Green roof and vertical landscape in the As ia and Ocean ia

2.4 General characteristics of Iran 2 .4. 1 Climate and weather

2.5 Architectural style and roof shapes

30

32 34 37 42

5 1 53

54

2.6 Historical transition usage from Persian garden till green roof and wal l 55 2.6. 1 Clay straw house 56 2.6.2 Persian tradit ional courtyards 58 2.6.3 Traditional green wal ls in Iran 60

XIV

3

2.6.4 Contemporary green roofs and vert ical landscapes in I ran

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1

3.2

Methodological framework

Theoretica i framework

3.3 Data collection techniques 3 .3. 1 Literature study 3.3.2 Semi -stmctured-i nterview 3.3.3 Pho to-i nterviewing m ethod for publ ic people 3.3.4 Content analysis 3.3.5 Observation and s i te v is i t 3.3.6 Photo documentation 3.3.7 Secondary data

3.4 Data col lection procedures 3.4.1 S3mpl ing design, fram e and size

3.5 Source of data 3.5.1 Prim ary data 3.5.2 Secondary data

3.6 Questionnaire design 3 .6. 1 Ma in contents of the quest ionnaire 3.6.2 Questionnaire sections 3.6.3 Items Selection Cri teri a 3.6.4 Question ,wording 3.6.5 Sequences of the questions 3.6.6 Pre-test ing of the quest ionnaire

3.7 Data analysis 3.7.1 Descriptive analy s i s 3.7.2 Site vis i t and observation

62

73

73

76

79

79

80

83

84

85

86

86

87

88

90

90

91

91

92

92

93

94

94

94

95 97

97

4 The perception of green roof and vertical landscape among the experts 99

4.1

4.2

4.3 4.4

4.5

Introduction

Demographic profi le of respondents' professionals

Distribution professionals' respondent to policy making profiles

Distribution of professionals' response to technical i ssues

Summary of chapter four

99

100

102

117

121

5 The Perception of green roof and vertical landscape among the public 124

5.1 Introduction 124

5.2 Public respondents' profi le 124

5.3 Publ ic opi nion regardi ng green roof and vertical l andscape 126

5.3. i R esults on overcoming percei ved damages when implementing

5.4

green roofs

Summary of chapter fi ve

xv

i3!

136

6 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 138

6.1 Introduction 138

6.2 Summary of l i terature review 138

6.3 Summary of research methodology 140

6.4 Summary of resul ts on professionai response 141

6.5 Summary of resu l ts of publ ic responses 144

6.6 Recommendations for green roof policy and p lanning 146

-6.6.1 Develop a local ized policy 146 6.6.2 Consider d ifferent weather condi tion 146 -6.6.3 Irrigation and water supply 147 -

-6.6.4 Plant species 148 6.6.5 Green roof certification, warrantee, insurance 148 6.6.6 Developing an education awareness program me 148 6.6.7 Mitigating high capi tal investment 149

-6.6.8 Bui lding requirements 149

6.7 Improving soc ial acceptance and implementation of education awareness programme ISO

6.8

6.9

6.10

6.11

6.12

Specific recommendations for the City of Tehran

Knowledge contributions

Impacts of study

Future studies

Conclusions

REFER ENCES APPENDICES LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BIODA TA OF STUDENT

XV!

IS3

155

156

156·

157

J59 168 189 190

Table 4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

LIST OF TABLES

Demographic profi le of respondents (professionals)

Profi le of field of professionals

Present posi tion held of professionals

Years of working experience (in l andscaping of u rban area)

Distribut ion of professionals respondent concerning green roof planning and pol icy' s profi le (Forced-choice questions' section B)

Ways promoting Green Roof & Vertical Landscape to professionals

Distribut ion of professionals' respondent about reasons that can create motives in green roofs development in ci t ies (Forced-choice questions' section B)

Level attraction tmvards advantages of green roof

Professional s opinion levels' agreement to overcome the perceived damages to the bui ld i ngs implementi ng green roof appl ication

Pages 100

101

101

102

103

104

106

107

108

4.10 Barriers and chal l enges against implementation and populari ty of 110 green roofs in cities of Iran from experts ' opinion

4.11 High l i ghted encouragi ng variety items toward green roof planning 112 and pol i cy (experts' opinion)

4.12 High l ighted best places for starting of green roof and vertical 113 landscape from viewpoint of local professionals

4.13 Experts' opinion regarding degree of important the green roofs 114

4.14 Professionals' suggestion concerni ng best choices to motlvate green 115 roofs establishment to Iranian

4.15 Requirement of high quality establish ing green roof pol icy p lanni ng 116 from viewpoints of l ocal professionals

4.16 Sui tabi li ty of governm ental organization responsibi l i ty concern on 116 green roof advance from professiona ls ' opinion

4.17 Appropriate of techniques to solve the problem of the lack of 117 i rrigat ion water concern on green roof advance from professionals' Opll1 10n

4.18 Percentage or el igibi l ity toward i mport of green root equ ipmems 118

XVII

4.19 Concern regarding damage and green roof bui ldings 119

4.20 Percentage of el igibi l i ty of different type of roof structure for green 119 roof in Iranian build ing

4.21 Suitab i l ity of different type of roof- for green roof in Iranian building 120

5.1 Gender and age of respondents (Public) 125

5.2 Educational backgrou nd of respondents (Public) 125

5.3 Occupation types of respondents (public) 126

5.4 Distribution of publ ic people respondent concemlllg green roof 128 plann i ng and pol icy' profi le

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

Ways of promoting Green Roof and vertical Landscape to public

Publ ic opinion concerning advantages of green roof

Ways to improve publ ic perception on damage caused by green roof

Barriers and chal lenges against i mp lementation and popularity of green roofs in cit ies of Iran from public' opin ion

Recommendation to i ncrease acceptance of green roof and vertical landscape

130

130

132

133

135

L IST O F FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Potential of rooftop surface for green roof, common buildings design in

Tehran

1.2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

Potential of Tehran balconies and roofs for vertical landscape, Ekbatan

b uildings in Tehran

An extensive green roof covers the garage providing an aesthetically pleasing view for the building occupants

Roof garden in Britain, Gateway house, Basingstoke

Schematic view of layers of roof garden design

Vertical landscape system types

Schematic illustration of Babylon hanging garden

Schematic vie\v of Babylon hanging garden

A cross building, Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan

Across building , Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan

Bio-Lung , Expo, 2005 Aichi Japan

Roof garden in Regent international hotels Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia

Located, geographical and climatic map of Iran

Place of Ali Ghapu in Emam Sq uare, historical center of Isfahan, Iran

Place of Ali Ghapu and ablution pool roof on the second floor Isfahan,

Iran

2.14 Olya School Turf roof, Ferdows, Iran

Pages 5

5

16

17

18

21

30

31

44

45

47

50

52

56

56

57

2.15 A view of Sod roof, Rasht, (ran 57

2.16 A view of Palm tree, Ghasr -e- shireen ,West of Iran 57

2.17 Traditional courtyard, Amir Agha's house, restored 18th century in 59 Kashan- Iran

2.18 Traditional courtyard, Edifice of Eram Garden, Shiraz, Iran 60

2.19 Vitis Vine (Vilis Vinifera 'Brant') designed in different stages in South 61 of Tehran, Iran

XIX

2.20 Vertical p lanting on crib wall to soften the views along the Highways of Tehran , I ran

. 2 1 Common apartmen t roof garden b y the planting tree i n north of Tehran

2.22 Common villa apartment by roof garden in North West of Tehran

2.23 A v i ew skyscraper by roof garden in North West of Tehran.

2.24 A view Skyscraper roof garden by Honeysuckle (Lonicera Tragophyl la)

2.25 Roof top garden on the parking i n North of Tehran, I ran

2.26 Vertical landscape by B oston ivy (Parthenocissus Tricuspidata 'Vei tc h i i') in North of I ran

2 . 27 Rooftop garden balconies by Hedra I v y (Hedera h el i x spp) in North West o f Tehran, Iran

2.28 Balconies Rooftop garden in North W est of Tehran, Iran

2.29 Extensive green roof i n center of Tehran, Iran

2.30 Various rooftops landscaping in d i fferent buildi ngs and zones of Tehran, I ran

63

65

65

66

66

67

67

68

68

69

69

2.31 Azadi square and tower from western view, Tehran, Iran 71

2 .32 Figure 2.32: An aerial view of Azadi square and tower, 71

3 . I Shows a s impl ified strategy model of how the study was done 76

6.1 Shows a s implified s trategy typical sustilinable p lanning process toward 157

green roof and vertical l andscape

xx

TEAM

SPSS

KW h r

MRTs

ZVG

In

ft2

ETF

UHI

dB

CO

IFCO

SBS

LAI

UPM

EPDM

CGO

HDB

Psf

CCGT

EPA

USD

PVC

BES

UNE SCO

CASBEE

SEGE S

JPBD

FLL

GALK

TPO

EPDM

DAKU

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Technol ogy for Early Action Measures

Statistical Package for Social Science

Kilowatt hour

Mean rad i ation temperatures

Germany's Central Horticu lture Society

inch (I i nch= 2.540 cm)

Square feet

Environme ntal Task Force

Urban heat i sland

Decibel

Carbon Ox idant

Iranian Fue l Conservation Organization

Waterproofing layer product

Leaf area i ndex

University Putra Malaysia

Waterproofing layer product

Combined Sewer Overflow

Singapore Housing and Deve lopment B oard

Pound per square foot

Chicago C e nter for Green Technology

U.S Env i ronmental Protection Agency

United States dollars

Poly·vinyl Chloride

Bureau of Environmentai Service

United National Educational

Japanese guideline which contain gree n roof guide

Japanese guidel ine which contain green roof guide

Malays ian 's Department of Town and Country Planning

Germany ' s research soc iety for landscape construction and development The park administrators i n the German League of Citi es

Thermai Polyo!efin

Ethylene Propylene

Germany's Greell Roof B rand Name

XXI

ZinCo

NPB

NUS

KLIA

SCI

NYEIS

B .C

SCM

CHN

SGRVLP

Germany's Green Roof Brand Name

S i ngapore National Parks Board

S i ngapore National University S i ngapore

Kuala Lumpur International Airport

Stati stic Centre of Iran

New York Ecologicai Infrastructure Study

Before Christ

Sandu Cul tural i',1edia (Japanese Publisher)

Iranian Cultural Heritage News Agency

Sustai nable Green Roof and Vertical Landscape P lanning

XXII

Appendix A

Appeildix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

T ehran, Abadan, and Tabriz stereographic diagram 172

Clima!ic condition of capital of Iran's provinces (2002-03) ] 75

Example questionnaire form for professionals interview ] 77

Example questionnaire form for public people interview 187

XXIII

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Iran has a surface area of 1.648.000 km� and lies between 25 and 40 degree latitude.

Nearly, 23% of this surface is completely covered by deserts. Plateau of Iran enjoys a

relatively dry climate with average annual precipitation of 275mm considering these

climatic points; the crucial i mportance of green-spaces-development ip. Iran becomes

more obvious. Moreover, with the excessi\'e urbanization, the population explosion

in the cities of Iran, the increase of the land price in recent years, and the

construction of buildings on unequal surfaces in height, the extension and

employment of green spaces in the cities has decreased notably and has become one

of the most challenged issues in the country. Besides this, concentration of buildings

in cities tri ggers various environmental problems such as urban heat effect. The

Increase 111 urban heat effect is mainly due iO the loss of green spaces and

consequently caused climate change in urban areas.

In the development of green spaces, the emj11nyment of greell roof and vertical

iandscape has become a preferred choice where the access to enough spaces and land

is l imited for employment of traditional yards, especially In residential

condomini ums and high rise buildings. The term green roof refers to planned

vegetation on the rooftop. It can be divided into two groups: extensive and i ntensive.

Green roof is also defined as 'contained' green spaces on top of human-made

structures (Peck, et al., 1999; Boivin & Challies 1 998; Osmundson, 1 999; Nielsen,

2004). Vertical landscape involves grO\ving piants on walls. It includes vertical

green, bio-Iung, vertical g,lIdcn, facade greening, bio-walL living wall, green wall